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CES522 A 01 - Topic 1

The document discusses structural design concepts including member selection, geometry, loadings, materials, dimensions, stresses, strengths, and failure modes. It covers reinforcement ratios, concrete and steel properties, limit state design principles, load factors, and considerations for durability and fire protection.

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Aizuddin
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66 views7 pages

CES522 A 01 - Topic 1

The document discusses structural design concepts including member selection, geometry, loadings, materials, dimensions, stresses, strengths, and failure modes. It covers reinforcement ratios, concrete and steel properties, limit state design principles, load factors, and considerations for durability and fire protection.

Uploaded by

Aizuddin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Member arrangement

Structural Design Member selection


Member geometry

Concept Why?
Conc. steel
R.C.
External → Loadings Material C
T
V
Internal Dur.
Forces fire
Dimensions
÷ effective How?
area Dimensions & Conc. protect steel
material +
Stresses Strength strength Steel assist in
< safe resistance
> failed Resistance to forces through composite
action
Ductile failure!!!! (bonding!)
To standardize the process:
Code of practice
(Individual) Material properties →  vs.  relation
Conc. Steel – hot rolled
- tested on 28 days ultimate
 fail
150
300 @ 150
yield Ductility class:
150 ductility A, B, C
150
EC BS Es
characteristic 
fck
c  
strength max  fail
y
(highest
Conc. achievable fyk Es = 200 kN/mm2
class: stress)
C20 Ec* *
c2 cu2
* 
N/mm2 y
C30 
C16/20 * → refer T3.1, EC2 T – fyk = 460 N/mm2
C20/25 (according to fck) Y – fyk = 410 N/mm2
C25/30… H – fyk = 500 N/mm2
Conc. tensile strength, fctk
EC2 recognize fyk = 400 - 600
C
N.A. 

T if > fct → crack


tension
Minimum steel content: resist by steel, fy
(As,min → for T & C) compression
cast in conc.
Due to: When C > fc
1. Shrinkage of conc.
with restraints
2. Thermal movement
Steel can assist, fy
3. Creep (slow & tensile stress
continuous links
deformation) cracks
Need to provide restraints
min. tensile at suitable interval (for
Flexural member: steel req’d! comp. steel)
comp. surf. → add. Contract
→ add. elongatn. at tens. surf. min. comp. Max. allowable spacing
steel! (smax)
Limit State Design

Under acceptable unfavourable probabilities that a structure


will be fit for its intended use

2 principal types:
U.L.S. S.L.S.
safety comfortability

Probabilities → by introducing factors when combining loadings! →


(EC0)
Symbols so far:
Loadings Material to cater for uncertainties
In EC → actions during fabrication,
density transportation, weather,
• Can be calculated
X etc.
with high accuracy
dimension
Permanent action: G, g (EC1) c
introduce pFOS for
• Difficult to usage of s material (m)
estimate accurately the space
Variable action: Q, q (EC1)

Initial value: characteristic fyk/s → fyd


actions (Gk, Qk, gk, qk)
Design
= 1.15 strength
to cater for uncertainties:
Combinations = Gk x pFOS (fck/c) x cc → fcd
+ f: fg
Design load Qk x pFOS & = 1.5 Long term
fq
effect


fck fyk
fcd fyd

Ec c2 cu2 Es 
 y

Strength: characteristic → design

kN/N
Gk
@
Qk
f → refer EC0
(slides) Action: characteristic (Gk, Qk)
t ➔ design action
(depends on ULS @ SLS)
Variable actions: - if > 1 → leading variable
accompanying variable
- when combined → requires additional factors
0, 1, 2 EC0 @
text book
combination
quasi-permanent
frequent
value

Durability:
• Design starts with this consideration!
• Influenced by: exposure condition, conc. mix, protection to
reinf’t, width of crack
• Achieved by: cover, conc. quality, allowable crack width

Fire protection → cover + minimum dimension

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