Drawing UML with PlantUML

Language Reference Guide

(Version 5737)

PlantUML is an Open Source project that allows to quickly write: Sequence diagram, Usecase diagram, Class diagram, Activity diagram, Component diagram, State diagram, Object diagram. Diagrams are dened using a simple and intuitive language.

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1 Sequence Diagram
1.1 Basic examples
Every UML description must start by @startuml and must nish by @enduml. The sequence -> is used to draw a message between two participants. Participants do not have to be explicitly declared. To have a dotted arrow, you use -->. It is also possible to use <- and <--. That does not change the drawing, but may improve readability. Example:
@startuml Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request Alice <-- Bob: another authentication Response @enduml

To use asynchronous message, you can use ->> or <<-.

@startuml Alice -> Bob: synchronous call Alice ->> Bob: asynchronous call @enduml

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1.2 Declaring participant

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.2 Declaring participant

It is possible to change participant order using the participant keyword. It is also possible to use the actor keyword to use a stickman instead of a box for the participant. You can rename a participant using the as keyword. You can also change the background color of actor or participant, using html code or color name. Everything that starts with simple quote ' is a comment.
@startuml actor Bob #red ' The only difference between actor and participant is the drawing participant Alice participant "I have a really\nlong name" as L #99 FF99 Alice ->Bob: Authentication Request Bob ->Alice: Authentication Response Bob ->L: Log transaction @enduml

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1.3 Use non-letters in participants

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.3 Use non-letters in participants

You can use quotes to dene participants. And you can use the as keyword to give an alias to thoses participants.
@startuml Alice -> "Bob ()" : Hello "Bob ()" -> "This is very\nlong" as Long ' You can also declare: ' "Bob ()" -> Long as "This is very\nlong" Long --> "Bob ()" : ok @enduml

1.4 Message to Self

A participant can send a message to itself. It is also possible to have multilines using \n.
@startuml Alice ->Alice: This is a signal to self .\nIt also demonstrates\nmultiline \ntext @enduml

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1.5 Message sequence numbering

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.5 Message sequence numbering

The keyword autonumber is used to automatically add number to messages.
@startuml autonumber Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response @enduml

You can specify a startnumber with autonumber 'start' , an increment with autonumber 'start' 'increment'
@startuml autonumber Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response autonumber 15 Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response autonumber 40 10 Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response @enduml

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1.5 Message sequence numbering

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

You can specify a format for your number by using between double-quote. The formatting is done with the Java class DecimalFormat (0 means digit, # means digit and zero if absent). You can also use some html tags in the format.
@startuml autonumber "<b >[000]" Bob -> Alice : Authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Authentication Response autonumber 15 "<b>(<u>##</u>)" Bob -> Alice : Another authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Another authentication Response autonumber 40 10 "<font color=red ><b>Message 0 " Bob -> Alice : Yet another authentication Request Bob <- Alice : Yet another authentication Response @enduml

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1.6 Title

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.6 Title
The title keywords is used to put a title.
@startuml title Simple communication example Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response @enduml

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1.7 Splitting diagrams

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.7 Splitting diagrams

The newpage keyword is used to split a diagram into several images. You can put a title for the new page just after the newpage keyword. This is very handy to print long diagram on several pages.
@startuml Alice -> Bob : message 1 Alice -> Bob : message 2 newpage Alice -> Bob : message 3 Alice -> Bob : message 4 newpage A title for the\nlast page Alice -> Bob : message 5 Alice -> Bob : message 6 @enduml

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1.8 Grouping message

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.8 Grouping message

It is possible to group messages together using the following keywords: alt/else opt loop par break critical group, followed by a text to be displayed It is possible a add a text that will be displayed into the header. The end keyword is used to close the group. Note that it is possible to nest groups.
@startuml Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request alt successful case Bob -> Alice: Authentication Accepted else some kind of failure Bob -> Alice: Authentication Failure group My own label Alice -> Log : Log attack start loop 1000 times Alice -> Bob: DNS Attack end Alice -> Log : Log attack end end else Another type of failure Bob -> Alice: Please repeat end @enduml

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1.9 Notes on messages

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.9 Notes on messages

It is possible to put notes on message using : note left or note right keywords just after the message. You can have multilines note using the end note keyword.
@startuml Alice ->Bob : hello note left: this is a first note Bob ->Alice : ok note right: this is another note Bob ->Bob : I am thinking note left a note can also be defined on several lines end note @enduml

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1.10 Some other notes

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.10 Some other notes

It is also possible to place notes relative to participant with: note left of, note right of or note over keywords. It is possible to highlight a note by changing its background color. You can also have multilines note using the end note keywords.
@startuml participant Alice participant Bob note left of Alice #aqua This is displayed left of Alice. end note note right of Alice: This is displayed right of Alice. note over Alice: This is displayed over Alice. note over Alice , Bob #FFAAAA: This is displayed\n over Bob and Alice. note over Bob , Alice This is yet another example of a long note. end note @enduml

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1.11 Formatting using HTML

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.11 Formatting using HTML

It is also possible to use few html tags like : <b> <u> <i> <s>, <del>, <strike> <font color="#AAAAAA"> or <font color="colorName"> <color:#AAAAAA> or <color:colorName> <size:nn> to change font size <img src="file"> or <img:file> : the le must be accessible by the lesystem
@startuml participant Alice participant "The <b>Famous </b> Bob" as Bob Alice -> Bob : A <i>well formated </i> message note right of Alice This is <size :18> displayed </size > <u>left of </u> Alice. end note note left of Bob This is <color :#118888 > displayed </color > <b><color:purple >left of </color > <strike >Alice </strike > Bob </b>. end note note over Alice , Bob This is hosted by <img:sourceforge.jpg > end note @enduml

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1.12 Divider

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.12 Divider
If you want, you can split a diagram using == separator to divide your diagram into logical steps.
@startuml == Initialisation == Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response == Repetition == Alice -> Bob: Another authentication Request Alice <-- Bob: another authentication Response @enduml

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1.13 Lifeline Activation and Destruction

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.13 Lifeline Activation and Destruction

The activate and deactivate are used to denote participant activation. Once a participant is activated, its lifeline appears. The activate and deactivate apply on the previous message. The destroy denote the end of the lifeline of a participant.
@startuml participant User User -> A: DoWork activate A A -> B: << createRequest >> activate B B -> C: DoWork activate C C --> B: WorkDone destroy C B --> A: RequestCreated deactivate B A -> User: Done deactivate A @enduml

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1.13 Lifeline Activation and Destruction

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Nested lifeline can be used, and it is possible to add a color on the lifeline.
@startuml participant User User -> A: DoWork activate A #FFBBBB A -> A: Internal call activate A #DarkSalmon A -> B: << createRequest >> activate B B --> A: RequestCreated deactivate B deactivate A A -> User: Done deactivate A @enduml

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1.14 Participant creation

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.14 Participant creation

You can use the create keyword just before the rst reception of a message to emphasize the fact that this message is actually creating this new object.
@startuml Bob -> Alice : hello create Other Alice -> Other : new create String Alice -> String note right : You can also put notes! Alice --> Bob : ok @enduml

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1.15 Incoming and outgoing messages

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.15 Incoming and outgoing messages

You can use incoming or outgoing arrows if you want to focus on a part of the diagram. Use square brackets to denotate the left [ or the right ] side of the diagram.
@startuml [-> A: DoWork activate A A -> A: Internal call activate A A ->] : << createRequest >> A<--] : RequestCreated deactivate A [<- A: Done deactivate A @enduml

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1.16 Stereotypes and Spots

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.16 Stereotypes and Spots

It is possible to add stereotypes to participants using << and >>. In the stereotype, you can add a spotted character in a colored circle using the syntax (X,color).
@startuml participant "Famous Bob" as Bob << Generated >> participant Alice << (C,# ADD1B2) Testable >> #EEEEEE Bob ->Alice: First message @enduml

@startuml participant Bob << (C,# ADD1B2) >> participant Alice << (C,# ADD1B2) >> Bob ->Alice: First message @enduml

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1.17 More information on titles

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.17 More information on titles

You can use some HTML tags in the title.
@startuml title <u>Simple </u> communication example Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response @enduml

You can add newline using \n in the title description.

@startuml title <u>Simple </u> communication example\non several lines Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response @enduml

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1.17 More information on titles

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

You can also dene title on several lines using title and end title keywords.
@startuml title <u>Simple </u> communication example on <i>several </i> lines and using <font color=red >html </font > This is hosted by <img src=sourceforge.jpg > end title Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response @enduml

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1.18 Participants englober

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.18 Participants englober

It is possible to draw a box arround some participants, using box and end box commands.

You can add an optional title or a optional background color, after the box keyword.
@startuml box "Internal Service" #LightBlue participant Bob participant Alice end box participant Other Bob -> Alice : hello Alice -> Other : hello @enduml

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1.19 Removing Footer

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.19 Removing Footer

You can use the hide footbox keywords to remove the footer of the diagram.
@startuml hide footbox title Footer removed Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request Bob --> Alice: Authentication Response @enduml

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1.20 Skinparam

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.20 Skinparam
You can use the skinparam command to change colors and fonts for the drawing. You can use this command : In the diagram denition, like any other commands, In an included le, In a conguration le, provided in the command line or the ANT task.
@startuml skinparam backgroundColor #EEEBDC skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam sequenceArrowColor DeepSkyBlue sequenceParticipantBorderColor DeepSkyBlue sequenceActorBorderColor DeepSkyBlue sequenceLifeLineBorderColor blue sequenceParticipantBackgroundColor DodgerBlue sequenceParticipantFontName Impact sequenceParticipantFontSize 17 sequenceParticipantFontColor #A9DCDF sequenceActorBackgroundColor aqua sequenceActorFontColor DeepSkyBlue sequenceActorFontSize 17 sequenceActorFontName Aapex

skinparam sequenceLifeLineBackgroundColor #A9DCDF actor User participant "First Class" as A participant "Second Class" as B participant "Last Class" as C User -> A: DoWork activate A A -> B: Create Request activate B B -> C: DoWork activate C C --> B: WorkDone destroy C B --> A: Request Created deactivate B A --> User: Done deactivate A @enduml

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1.21 Skin

1 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

1.21 Skin
Use the keyword skin to change the look of the generated diagram. There are only two skins available today (Rose, which is the default, and BlueModern), but it is possible to write your own skin.
@startuml skin BlueModern actor User participant "First Class" as A participant "Second Class" as B participant "Last Class" as C User -> A: DoWork activate A A -> B: << createRequest >> activate B B -> C: DoWork activate C C --> B: WorkDone destroy C B --> A: Request <u>Created </u> deactivate B A --> User: Done deactivate A @enduml

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USE CASE DIAGRAM

2 Use Case Diagram

2.1 Usecases
Use cases are enclosed using between parentheses (because two parentheses looks like an oval). You can also use the usecase keyword to dene a usecase. And you can dene an alias, using the as keyword. This alias will be used latter, when dening relations.
@startuml (First usecase) (Another usecase) as (UC2) usecase UC3 usecase (Last\nusecase) as UC4 @enduml

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2.2 Actors

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.2 Actors
Actor are enclosed using between two points. You can also use the actor keyword to dene an actor. And you can dene an alias, using the as keyword. This alias will be used latter, when dening relations. We will see than actor denitions is optional.
@startuml :First Actor: :Another\nactor: as Men2 actor Men3 actor :Last actor: as Men4 @enduml

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2.3 Basic example

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.3 Basic example

To link actors and use cases, the arrow --> is used. The more dashes - in the arrow, the longer the arrow. You can add a label on the arrow, by adding a : character in the arrow denition. In this example, you see that User has not been dened before, and is implicitly dened as an actor.
@startuml User -> (Start) User --> (Use the application) : A small label :Main Admin: ---> (Use the application) : This is\nyet another\nlabel @enduml

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2.4 Extension

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.4 Extension
If one actor/use case extends another one, you can use the symbol <|-- (which stands for As for smiley, when you turn your head, you will see the symbol
@startuml :Main Admin: as Admin (Use the application) as (Use) User <|-- Admin (Start) <|-- (Use) @enduml

).

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2.5 Using notes

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.5 Using notes

You can use the : note left of, note right of, note top of, note bottom of keywords to dene notes related to a single object. A note can be also dene alone with the note keywords, then linked to other objects using the .. symbol.
@startuml :Main Admin: as Admin (Use the application) as (Use) User -> (Start) User --> (Use) Admin ---> (Use) note right of Admin : This is an example. note right of (Use) A note can also be on several lines end note note "This note is connected\nto several objects ." as N2 (Start) .. N2 N2 .. (Use) @enduml

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2.6 Stereotypes

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.6 Stereotypes
You can add stereotypes while dening actors and use cases using << and >>.
@startuml User << Human >> :Main Database: as MySql << Application >> (Start) << One Shot >> (Use the application) as (Use) << Main >> User -> (Start) User --> (Use) MySql --> (Use) @enduml

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2.7 Changing arrows direction

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.7 Changing arrows direction

By default, links between classes have two dashes -- and are verticaly oriented. It is possible to use horizontal link by putting a single dash (or dot) like this:
@startuml :user: --> (Use case 1) :user: -> (Use case 2) @enduml

You can also change directions by reversing the link:

@startuml (Use case 1) <.. :user: (Use case 2) <- :user: @enduml

It is also possible to change arrow direction by adding left, right, up or down keywords inside the arrow:
@startuml :user: -left -> (dummyLeft) :user: -right -> (dummyRight) :user: -up -> (dummyUp) :user: -down -> (dummyDown) @enduml

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2.8 Title the diagram

USE CASE DIAGRAM

You can shorten the arrow by using only the rst character of the direction (for example, -d- instead of -down-) or the two rst characters (-do-). Please note that you should not abuse this functionnality : GraphViz gives usually good results without tweaking.

2.8 Title the diagram

The title keywords is used to put a title. You can use title and end title keywords for a longer title, as in sequence diagrams.
@startuml title Simple <b>Usecase </b>\ nwith one actor usecase (Use the application) as (Use) User -> (Use) @enduml

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2.9 Left to right direction

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.9 Left to right direction

The general default behaviour when building diagram is top to bottom.
@startuml 'default top to bottom direction user1 --> (Usecase 1) user2 --> (Usecase 2) @enduml

You may change to left to right using the left to right direction command. The result is often better with this direction.
@startuml left to right direction user1 --> (Usecase 1) user2 --> (Usecase 2) @enduml

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2.10 Skinparam

USE CASE DIAGRAM

2.10 Skinparam
You can use the skinparam command to change colors and fonts for the drawing. You can use this command : In the diagram denition, like any other commands, In an included le, In a conguration le, provided in the command line or the ANT task.
@startuml skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam usecaseBackgroundColor DarkSeaGreen usecaseArrowColor Olive actorBorderColor black usecaseBorderColor DarkSlateGray usecaseActorFontName Courier

User << Human >> :Main Database: as MySql << Application >> (Start) << One Shot >> (Use the application) as (Use) << Main >> User -> (Start) User --> (Use) MySql --> (Use) @enduml

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3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3 Class Diagram
3.1 Relations between classes
Relations between classes are dened using the following symbols : Extension Composition Agregation <|-*-o--

It is possible to replace -- by .. to have a dotted line. Knowing thoses rules, it is possible to draw the following drawings:
@startuml Class01 <|-- Class02 Class03 *-- Class04 Class05 o-- Class06 Class07 .. Class08 Class09 -- Class10 Class11 <|.. Class12 Class13 --> Class14 Class15 ..> Class16 Class17 ..|> Class18 Class19 <--* Class20 @enduml

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3.2 Label on relations

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.2 Label on relations

It is possible a add a label on the relation, using :, followed by the text of the label. For cardinality, you can use double-quotes "" on each side of the relation.
@startuml Class01 "1" *-- "many" Class02 : contains Class03 o-- Class04 : agregation Class05 --> "1" Class06 @enduml

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3.3 Adding methods

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.3 Adding methods

To declare elds and methods, you can use the symbol : followed by the elds or methods name. The system checks for parenthesis to choose between methods and elds.
@startuml Object <|-- ArrayList Object : equals () ArrayList : Object [] elementData ArrayList : size () @enduml

It is also possible to group between brackets {} all elds and methods.

@startuml class Dummy { String data void methods () } @enduml

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3.4 Dening visibility

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.4 Dening visibility

When you dene methods or elds, you can use characters to dene the visibility of the corresponding item: # + private protected package private public

@startuml class Dummy { -field1 #field2 method1 () +method2 () } @enduml

You can turn o this feature using the skinparam classAttributeIconSize 0 command :
@startuml skinparam classAttributeIconSize 0 class Dummy { -field1 #field2 method1 () +method2 () } @enduml

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3.5 Notes and stereotypes

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.5 Notes and stereotypes

Stereotypes are dened with the class keyword, << and >>. You can alse dene notes using note left of, note right of, note top of, note bottom of keywords. A note can be also dene alone with the note keywords, then linked to other objects using the .. symbol.
@startuml class Object << general >> Object <|--- ArrayList note top of Object : In java , every class\nextends this one. note "This is a floating note" as N1 note "This note is connected\nto several objects ." as N2 Object .. N2 N2 .. ArrayList @enduml

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3.6 More on notes

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.6 More on notes

It is also possible to use few html tags like : <b> <u> <i> <s>, <del>, <strike> <font color="#AAAAAA"> or <font color="colorName"> <color:#AAAAAA> or <color:colorName> <size:nn> to change font size <img src="file"> or <img:file> : the le must be accessible by the lesystem You can also have a note on several lines.
@startuml note top of Object In java , every <u>class </u> <b>extends </b> <i>this </i> one. end note note as N1 This <size :10>note </size > is <u>also </u> <b><color:royalBlue >on several </color > <s>words </s> lines And this is hosted by <img:sourceforge.jpg > end note @enduml

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3.7 Abstract class and interface

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.7 Abstract class and interface

You can declare a class as abstract using abstract or abstract class keywords. The class will be printed in italic. You can use the interface and enum keywords too.
@startuml abstract class AbstractList abstract AbstractCollection interface List interface Collection List <|-- AbstractList Collection <|-- AbstractCollection Collection <|- List AbstractCollection <|- AbstractList AbstractList <|-- ArrayList ArrayList : Object [] elementData ArrayList : size () enum TimeUnit TimeUnit : DAYS TimeUnit : HOURS TimeUnit : MINUTES @enduml

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3.8 Using non-letters

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.8 Using non-letters

If you want to use non-letters in the class (or enum...) display, you can either : Use the as keyword in the class denition Put quotes "" around the class name
@startuml class "This is my class" as class1 class class2 as "It works this way too" class2 *-- "foo/dummy" : use @enduml

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3.9 Hide attributes, methods...

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.9 Hide attributes, methods...

You can parameterize the display of classes using the hide/show command. The basic command is: hide empty members. This command will hide attributes or methods if they are empty. Instead of empty members, you can use: empty fields or empty attributes for empty elds, empty methods for empty methods, fields or attributes which will hide elds, even if they are described, methods wich will hide methods, even if they are described, members wich will hide elds and methods, even if they are described, circle for the circled character in front of class name, stereotype for the stereotype. You can also provide, just after the hide or show keyword: class for all classes, interface for all interfaces, enum for all enums, <<foo1>> for classes which are stereotyped with foo1, an existing class name. You can use several show/hide commands to dene rules and exceptions.
@startuml class Dummy1 { +myMethods () } class Dummy2 { +hiddenMethod () } class Dummy3 <<Serializable >> { String name } hide members hide <<Serializable >> circle show Dummy1 method show <<Serializable >> fields @enduml

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3.10 Specic Spot

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.10 Specic Spot

Usually, a spotted character (C, I, E or A) is used for classes, interface, enum and abstract classes. But you can dene your own spot for a class when you dene the stereotype, adding a single character and a color, like in this example:
@startuml class System << (S,# FF7700) Singleton >> class Date << (D,orchid) >> @enduml

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3.11 Packages

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.11 Packages
You can dene a package using the package keyword, and optionally declare a background color for your package (Using a html color code or name). When you declare classes, they are automatically put in the last used package, and you can close the package denition using the end package keyword. You can also use brackets { }. Note that package denitions can be nested.
@startuml package "Classic Collections" #DDDDDD { Object <|-- ArrayList } package net.sourceforge.plantuml #Snow Object <|-- Demo1 Demo1 *- Demo2 end package @enduml

You can also dene links between packages, like in the following example:
@startuml package foo1.foo2 end package package foo1.foo2.foo3 { class Object } foo1.foo2 +-- foo1.foo2.foo3 @enduml

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3.12 Namespaces

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.12 Namespaces
In packages, the name of a class is the unique identier of this class. It means that you cannot have two classes with the very same name in dierent packages. In that case, you should use namespaces instead of packages. You can refer to classes from other namespaces by fully qualify them. Classes from the default namespace are qualied with a starting dot. Note that you dont have to explicitly create namespace : a fully qualied class is automatically put in the right namespace.
@startuml class BaseClass namespace net.dummy #DDDDDD .BaseClass <|-- Person Meeting o-- Person .BaseClass <|- Meeting end namespace namespace net.foo { net.dummy.Person <|- Person .BaseClass <|-- Person net.dummy.Meeting o-- Person } BaseClass <|-- net.unused.Person @enduml

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3.13 Changing arrows direction

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.13 Changing arrows direction

By default, links between classes have two dashes -- and are verticaly oriented. It is possible to use horizontal link by putting a single dash (or dot) like this:
@startuml Room o- Studient Room *-- Chair @enduml

You can also change directions by reversing the link:

@startuml Studient -o Room Chair --* Room @enduml

It is also possible to change arrow direction by adding left, right, up or down keywords inside the arrow:
@startuml foo -left -> dummyLeft foo -right -> dummyRight foo -up -> dummyUp foo -down -> dummyDown @enduml

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3.14 Lollipop interface

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

You can shorten the arrow by using only the rst character of the direction (for example, -d- instead of -down-) or the two rst characters (-do-) Please note that you should not abuse this functionnality : GraphViz gives usually good results without tweaking.

3.14 Lollipop interface

You can also dene lollipops interface on classes, using the following syntax: bar ()- foo, bar ()-- foo, foo -() bar
@startuml class foo bar ()- foo @enduml

3.15 Title the diagram

The title keywords is used to put a title. You can use title and end title keywords for a longer title, as in sequence diagrams.
@startuml title Simple <b>example </b>\nof title Object <|-- ArrayList @enduml

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3.16 Association classes

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.16 Association classes

You can dene association class after that a relation has been dened between two classes, like in this example:
@startuml Student : Name Student "0..*" - "1..*" Course (Student , Course) .. Enrollment Enrollment : drop () Enrollment : cancel () @enduml

You can dene it in another direction:

@startuml Student : Name Student "0..*" -- "1..*" Course (Student , Course) . Enrollment Enrollment : drop () Enrollment : cancel () @enduml

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3.17 Skinparam

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.17 Skinparam
You can use the skinparam command to change colors and fonts for the drawing. You can use this command : In the diagram denition, like any other commands, In an included le, In a conguration le, provided in the command line or the ANT task.
@startuml skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam classBackgroundColor PaleGreen classArrowColor SeaGreen classBorderColor SpringGreen stereotypeCBackgroundColor YellowGreen

Class01 "1" *-- "many" Class02 : contains Class03 o-- Class04 : agregation @enduml

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3.18 Splitting large les

3 CLASS DIAGRAM

3.18 Splitting large les

Sometimes, you will get some very large image les. You can use the page (hpages)x(vpages) command to split the generated image into several les : hpages is a number that indicated the number of horizontal pages, vpages is a number that indicated the number of vertical pages.
@startuml ' Split into 4 pages page 2x2 class BaseClass namespace net.dummy #DDDDDD .BaseClass <|-- Person Meeting o-- Person .BaseClass <|- Meeting end namespace namespace net.foo { net.dummy.Person <|- Person .BaseClass <|-- Person net.dummy.Meeting o-- Person } BaseClass <|-- net.unused.Person @enduml

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4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4 Activity Diagram
4.1 Simple Activity
You can use (*) for the starting point and ending point of the activity diagram. Use --> for arrows. Example:
@startuml (*) --> "First Activity" "First Activity" --> (*) @enduml

4.2 Label on arrows

By default, an arrow starts at the last used activity. You can put a label on a arrow using brackets [ and ] just after the arrow denition.
@startuml (*) --> "First Activity" -->[You can put also labels] "Second Activity" --> (*) @enduml

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4.3 Changing arrow direction

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.3 Changing arrow direction

You can use -> for horizontal arrows. It is possible to force arrows direction using the following syntax: -down-> (default arrow) -right-> or -> -left-> -up->
@startuml (*) -up -> "First Activity" -right -> "Second Activity" --> "Third Activity" -left -> (*) @enduml

You can shorten the arrow by using only the rst character of the direction (for example, -d- instead of -down-) or the two rst characters (-do-). Please note that you should not abuse this functionnality : GraphViz gives usually good results without tweaking.

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4.4 Branches

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.4 Branches
You can use if/then/else keywords to dene branches.
@startuml (*) --> "Initialisation" if "Some Test" then -->[true] "Some Activity" --> "Another activity" -right -> (*) else ->[false] "Something else" -->[Ending process] (*) endif @enduml

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4.5 More on Branches

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.5 More on Branches

By default, a branch is connected to the last dened activity, but it is possible to override this and to dene a link with the if keywords. It is also possible to nest branches.
@startuml (*) --> if "Some Test" then -->[true] "activity 1" if "" then -> "activity 3" as a3 else if "Other test" then -left -> "activity 5" else --> "activity 6" endif endif else ->[false] "activity 2" endif a3 --> if "last test" then --> "activity 7" else -> "activity 8" endif @enduml

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4.6 Synchronization

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.6 Synchronization
You can use === code === to display synchronization bars.
@startuml (*) --> ===B1=== --> "Parallel Activity 1" --> ===B2=== ===B1=== --> "Parallel Activity 2" --> ===B2=== --> (*) @enduml

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4.7 Long activity description

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.7 Long activity description

When you declare activities, you can span on several lines the description text. You can also add \n in the description. It is also possible to use few html tags like : <b> <i> <font size="nn"> or <size:nn> to change font size <font color="#AAAAAA"> or <font color="colorName"> <color:#AAAAAA> or <color:colorName> <img:file.png> to include an image You can also give a short code to the activity with the as keyword. This code can be used latter in the diagram description.
@startuml (*) -left -> "this <size :20> activity </size > is <b>very </b> <color:red >long </color > and defined on several lines that contains many <i>text </i>" as A1 -up -> "Another activity\n on several lines" A1 --> "Short activity <img:sourceforge.jpg >" @enduml

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4.8 Notes

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.8 Notes
You can add notes on a activity using the commands: note left, note right, note top, note bottom, just after the description of the activity you want to note. If you want to put a note on the starting point, dene the note at the very beginning of the diagram description. You can also have a note on several lines, using the end note keywords.
@startuml (*) --> "Some Activity" note right: This activity has to be defined "Some Activity" --> (*) note left This note is on several lines end note @enduml

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4.9 Partition

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.9 Partition
You can dene a partition using the partition keyword, and optionally declare a background color for your partition (using a html color code or name). When you declare activities, they are automatically put in the last used partition. You can close the partition denition using the end partition keyword.
@startuml partition Conductor (*) --> "Climbs on Platform" --> === S1 === --> Bows end partition partition Audience #LightSkyBlue === S1 === --> Applauds partition Conductor Bows --> === S2 === --> WavesArmes Applauds --> === S2 === end partition partition Orchestra #CCCCEE WavesArmes --> Introduction --> "Play music" end partition @enduml

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4.10 Title the diagram

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.10 Title the diagram

The title keywords is used to put a title. You can use title and end title keywords for a longer title, as in sequence diagrams.
@startuml title Simple example\nof title (*) --> "First activity" --> (*) @enduml

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4.11 Skinparam

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.11 Skinparam
You can use the skinparam command to change colors and fonts for the drawing. You can use this command : In the diagram denition, like any other commands, In an included le, In a conguration le, provided in the command line or the ANT task.
@startuml skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam (*) --> --> --> --> --> backgroundColor #AAFFFF activityStartColor red activityBarColor SaddleBrown activityEndColor Silver activityBackgroundColor Peru activityBorderColor Peru activityFontName Impact

--> "Climbs on Platform" === S1 === Bows === S2 === WavesArmes (*)

@enduml

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4.12 Complete example

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

4.12 Complete example

@startuml 'http :// click.sourceforge.net/images/activity -diagram -small.png title Servlet Container (*) --> "ClickServlet.handleRequest ()" --> "new Page" if "Page.onSecurityCheck" then ->[true] "Page.onInit ()" if "isForward ?" then ->[no] "Process controls" if "continue processing ?" then -->[yes] === RENDERING === else -->[no] === REDIRECT_CHECK === endif else -->[yes] === RENDERING === endif if "is Post ?" then -->[yes] "Page.onPost ()" --> "Page.onRender ()" as render --> === REDIRECT_CHECK === else -->[no] "Page.onGet ()" --> render endif else -->[false] === REDIRECT_CHECK === endif if "Do redirect ?" then ->[yes] "redirect request" --> == BEFORE_DESTROY === else if "Do Forward ?" then -left ->[yes] "Forward request" --> == BEFORE_DESTROY === else -right ->[no] "Render page template" --> == BEFORE_DESTROY === endif endif --> "Page.onDestroy ()" -->(*) @enduml

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4.12 Complete example

4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

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5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5 Component Diagram
5.1 Components
Components must be bracketed. You can also use the component keyword to denes a component. And you can dene an alias, using the as keyword. This alias will be used latter, when dening relations.
@startuml [First component] [Another component] as Comp2 component Comp3 component [Last\ncomponent] as Comp4 @enduml

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5.2 Interfaces

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5.2 Interfaces
Interface can be dened using the () symbol (because this looks like a circle). You can also use the interface keyword to denes a usecase. And you can dene an alias, using the as keyword. This alias will be used latter, when dening relations. We will see latter that interface declaration is optional.
@startuml () "First Interface" () "Another interface" as Interf2 interface Interf3 interface "Last\ninterface" as Interf4 @enduml

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5.3 Basic example

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5.3 Basic example

Links between elements are made using combinaisons of dotted line .., straight line --, and arrows --> symbols.
@startuml DataAccess - [First Component] [First Component] ..> HTTP : use @enduml

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5.4 Using notes

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5.4 Using notes

You can use the note left of, note right of, note top of, note bottom of, keywords to dene notes related to a single object. A note can also be dened alone with the note keywords, then linked to other objects using the .. symbol.
@startuml interface "Data Access" as DA DA - [First Component] [First Component] ..> HTTP : use note left of HTTP : Web Service only note right of [First Component] A note can also be on several lines end note @enduml

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5.5 Grouping Components

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5.5 Grouping Components

You can use the package keyword to group components and interfaces together.
@startuml package "Some Group" { HTTP - [First Component] [Another Component] } package "Other Groups" { FTP - [Second Component] [First Component] --> FTP } @enduml

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5.6 Changing arrows direction

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5.6 Changing arrows direction

By default, links between classes have two dashes -- and are verticaly oriented. It is possible to use horizontal link by putting a single dash (or dot) like this:
@startuml [Component] --> Interface1 [Component] -> Interface2 @enduml

You can also change directions by reversing the link:

@startuml Interface1 <-- [Component] Interface2 <- [Component] @enduml

It is also possible to change arrow direction by adding left, right, up or down keywords inside the arrow:
@startuml [Component] [Component] [Component] [Component] @enduml -left -> left -right -> right -up -> up -down -> down

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5.7 Title the diagram

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

You can shorten the arrow by using only the rst character of the direction (for example, -d- instead of -down-) or the two rst characters (-do-). Please note that you should not abuse this functionnality : GraphViz gives usually good results without tweaking.

5.7 Title the diagram

The title keywords is used to put a title. You can use title and end title keywords for a longer title, as in sequence diagrams.
@startuml title Very simple component\ndiagram interface "Data Access" as DA DA - [First Component] [First Component] ..> HTTP : use @enduml

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5.8 Skinparam

5 COMPONENT DIAGRAM

5.8 Skinparam
You can use the skinparam command to change colors and fonts for the drawing. You can use this command : In the diagram denition, like any other commands, In an included le, In a conguration le, provided in the command line or the ANT task.
@startuml skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam skinparam componentFontSize 13 interfaceBackgroundColor RosyBrown interfaceBorderColor black componentBackgroundColor gold componentBorderColor orange componentArrowColor #FF6655 componentArrowFontColor #777777 componentFontName Courier componentArrowFontName Impact

() "Data Access" as DA DA - [First Component] [First Component] ..> () HTTP : use @enduml

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6 STATE DIAGRAM

6 State Diagram
6.1 Simple State
You can use [*] for the starting point and ending point of the state diagram. Use --> for arrows.
@startuml [*] --> State1 State1 --> [*] State1 : this is a string State1 : this is another string State1 -> State2 State2 --> [*] @enduml

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6.2 Composite state

6 STATE DIAGRAM

6.2 Composite state

A state can also be composite. You have to dene it using the state keywords and brackets.
@startuml [*] --> NotShooting state NotShooting { [*] --> Idle Idle --> Configuring : EvConfig Configuring --> Idle : EvConfig } state Configuring { [*] --> NewValueSelection NewValueSelection --> NewValuePreview : EvNewValue NewValuePreview --> NewValueSelection : EvNewValueRejected NewValuePreview --> NewValueSelection : EvNewValueSaved state NewValuePreview { State1 -> State2 } } @enduml

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6.3 Long name

6 STATE DIAGRAM

6.3 Long name

You can also use the state keyword to use long description for states.
@startuml [*] -> State1 State1 --> State2 : Succeeded State1 --> [*] : Aborted State2 --> State3 : Succeeded State2 --> [*] : Aborted state State3 { state "Accumulate Enough Data\nLong State Name" as long1 long1 : Just a test [*] --> long1 long1 --> long1 : New Data long1 --> ProcessData : Enough Data } State3 --> State3 : Failed State3 --> [*] : Succeeded / Save Result State3 --> [*] : Aborted @enduml

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6.4 Concurrent state

6 STATE DIAGRAM

6.4 Concurrent state

You can dene concurrent state into a composite state using the -- symbol as separator.
@startuml [*] --> Active state Active { [*] -> NumLockOff NumLockOff --> NumLockOn : EvNumLockPressed NumLockOn --> NumLockOff : EvNumLockPressed -[*] -> CapsLockOff CapsLockOff --> CapsLockOn : EvCapsLockPressed CapsLockOn --> CapsLockOff : EvCapsLockPressed -[*] -> ScrollLockOff ScrollLockOff --> ScrollLockOn : EvCapsLockPressed ScrollLockOn --> ScrollLockOff : EvCapsLockPressed } @enduml

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6.5 Arrow direction

6 STATE DIAGRAM

6.5 Arrow direction

You can use -> for horizontal arrows. It is possible to force arrows direction using the following syntax: -down-> (default arrow) -right-> or -> -left-> -up->
@startuml [*] -up -> First First -right -> Second Second --> Third Third -left -> Last @enduml

You can shorten the arrow by using only the rst character of the direction (for example, -d- instead of -down-) or the two rst characters (-do-). Please note that you should not abuse this functionnality : GraphViz gives usually good results without tweaking.

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6.6 Note

6 STATE DIAGRAM

6.6 Note
You can alse dene notes using: note left of, note right of, note top of, note bottom of keywords. You can also dene notes on several lines.
@startuml [*] --> Active Active --> Inactive note left of Active : this is a short\nnote note right of Inactive A note can also be defined on several lines end note @enduml

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6.7 More in notes

6 STATE DIAGRAM

6.7 More in notes

You can put notes on composite states.
@startuml [*] --> NotShooting state "Not Shooting State" as NotShooting { state "Idle mode" as Idle state "Configuring mode" as Configuring [*] --> Idle Idle --> Configuring : EvConfig Configuring --> Idle : EvConfig } note right of NotShooting : This is a note on a composite state @enduml

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OBJECTS DIAGRAM

7 Objects Diagram
7.1 Denition of objects
You dene instance of objects using the object keywords.
@startuml object firstObject object "My Second Object" as o2 @enduml

7.2 Relations between objects

Relations between objects are dened using the following symbols : Extension Composition Agregation <|-*-o--

It is possible to replace -- by .. to have a dotted line. Knowing thoses rules, it is possible to draw the following drawings:
@startuml object Object01 object Object02 object Object03 object Object04 object Object05 object Object06 object Object07 object Object08 Object01 Object03 Object05 Object07 @enduml <|-- Object02 *-- Object04 o-- "4" Object06 .. Object08 : some labels

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7.3 Adding elds

OBJECTS DIAGRAM

7.3 Adding elds

To declare elds, you can use the symbol : followed by the elds name.
@startuml object user user : name = "Dummy" user : id = 123

@enduml

It is also possible to ground between brackets {} all elds.

@startuml object user { name = "Dummy" id = 123 } @enduml

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8 COMMON COMMANDS

8 Common commands
8.1 Footer and header
You can use the commands header or footer to add a footer or a header on any generated diagram. You can optionally specify if you want a center, left or right footer/header, by adding a keywork. As for title, it is possible to dene a header or a footer on several lines. It is also possible to put some HTML into the header or footer
@startuml Alice -> Bob: Authentication Request header <font color=red >Warning :</font > This is a demonstration diagram. Do not use in production. endheader center footer Generated for demonstration @enduml

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8.2 Zoom

8 COMMON COMMANDS

8.2 Zoom
You can use the scale command to zoom the generated image. You can use either a number or a fraction to dene the scale factor. You can also specify either width or height (in pixel). And you can also give both width and height : the image is scaled to t inside the specied dimension. scale 1.5, scale 2/3, scale 200 width, scale 200 height, scale 200*100
@startuml scale 180*90 Bob ->Alice : hello @enduml

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8.3 Rotation

8 COMMON COMMANDS

8.3 Rotation
Sometimes, and especially for printing, you may want to rotate the generated image, so that it ts better in the page. You can use the rotate command for this.
@startuml rotate title Simple Usecase\nwith one actor "Use the application" as (Use) User -> (Use) @enduml

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CHANGING FONTS AND COLORS

9 Changing fonts and colors

9.1 Usage
You can change colors and font of the drawing using the skinparam command. Example:
skinparam backgroundColor yellow

You can use this command : In the diagram denition, like any other commands, In an included le (see Preprocessing), In a conguration le, provided in the command line or the ANT task.

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9.2 Color

CHANGING FONTS AND COLORS

9.2 Color
You can use either standard color name or RGB code.

Parameter name backgroundColor activityArrowColor activityBackgroundColor activityBorderColor activityStartColor activityEndColor activityBarColor usecaseArrowColor actorBackgroundColor actorBorderColor usecaseBackgroundColor usecaseBorderColor classArrowColor classBackgroundColor classBorderColor packageBackgroundColor packageBorderColor stereotypeCBackgroundColor stereotypeABackgroundColor stereotypeIBackgroundColor stereotypeEBackgroundColor componentArrowColor componentBackgroundColor componentBorderColor interfaceBackgroundColor interfaceBorderColor noteBackgroundColor noteBorderColor stateBackgroundColor stateBorderColor stateArrowColor sequenceArrowColor sequenceActorBackgroundColor sequenceActorBorderColor sequenceGroupBackgroundColor sequenceLifeLineBackgroundColor sequenceLifeLineBorderColor sequenceParticipantBackgroundColor sequenceParticipantBorderColor

Default Value
white #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 black black black #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #ADD1B2 #A9DCDF #B4A7E5 #EB937F #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #FBFB77 #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #A80036 #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036 #EEEEEE white #A80036 #FEFECE #A80036

Color

Comment
Background of the page Color of arrows in activity diagrams Background of activities Color of activity borders Starting circle in activity diagrams Ending circle in activity diagrams Synchronization bar in activity diagrams Color of arrows in usecase diagrams Heads color of actor in usecase diagrams Color of actor borders in usecase diagrams Background of usecases Color of usecase borders in usecase diagrams Color of arrows in class diagrams Background of classes/interface/enum in class diagrams Borders of classes/interface/enum in class diagrams Background of packages in class diagrams Borders of packages in class diagrams Background of class spots in class diagrams Background of abstract class spots in class diagrams Background of interface spots in class diagrams Background of enum spots in class diagrams Color of arrows in component diagrams Background of components Borders of components Background of interface in component diagrams Border of interface in component diagrams Background of notes Border of notes Background of states in state diagrams Border of states in state diagrams Colors of arrows in state diagrams Color of arrows in sequence diagrams Heads color of actor in sequence diagrams Border of actor in sequence diagrams Header color of alt/opt/loop in sequence diagrams Background of life line in sequence diagrams Border of life line in sequence diagrams Background of participant in sequence diagrams Border of participant in sequence diagrams

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9.3 Font color, name and size

CHANGING FONTS AND COLORS

9.3 Font color, name and size

You can change the font for the drawing using xxxFontColor, xxxFontSize and xxxFontName parameters. Example:
skinparam classFontColor red skinparam classFontSize 10 skinparam classFontName Aapex

You can also change the default font for all fonts using skinparam defaultFontName. Example:
skinparam defaultFontName Aapex

Please note the fontname is highly system dependant, so do not over use it, if you look for portability. Parameter Name activityFontColor activityFontSize activityFontStyle activityFontName activityArrowFontColor activityArrowFontSize activityArrowFontStyle activityArrowFontName circledCharacterFontColor circledCharacterFontSize circledCharacterFontStyle circledCharacterFontName circledCharacterRadius classArrowFontColor classArrowFontSize classArrowFontStyle classArrowFontName classAttributeFontColor classAttributeFontSize classAttributeIconSize classAttributeFontStyle classAttributeFontName classFontColor classFontSize classFontStyle classFontName classStereotypeFontColor classStereotypeFontSize classStereotypeFontStyle classStereotypeFontName componentFontColor componentFontSize componentFontStyle componentFontName componentStereotypeFontColor componentStereotypeFontSize componentStereotypeFontStyle componentStereotypeFontName componentArrowFontColor componentArrowFontSize componentArrowFontStyle componentArrowFontName Default Value black 14 plain black 13 plain black 17 bold Courier 11 black 10 plain black 10 10 plain black 12 plain black 12 italic black 14 plain black 14 italic black 13 plain Comment

Used for activity box

Used for text on arrows in activity diagrams

Used for text in circle for class, enum and others

Used for text on arrows in class diagrams

Class attributes and methods

Used for classes name

Used for stereotype in classes

Used for components name

Used for stereotype in components

Used for text on arrows in component diagrams

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9.3 Font color, name and size

CHANGING FONTS AND COLORS

noteFontColor noteFontSize noteFontStyle noteFontName packageFontColor packageFontSize packageFontStyle packageFontName sequenceActorFontColor sequenceActorFontSize sequenceActorFontStyle sequenceActorFontName sequenceDividerFontColor sequenceDividerFontSize sequenceDividerFontStyle sequenceDividerFontName sequenceArrowFontColor sequenceArrowFontSize sequenceArrowFontStyle sequenceArrowFontName sequenceGroupingFontColor sequenceGroupingFontSize sequenceGroupingFontStyle sequenceGroupingFontName sequenceGroupingHeaderFontColor sequenceGroupingHeaderFontSize sequenceGroupingHeaderFontStyle sequenceGroupingHeaderFontName sequenceParticipantFontColor sequenceParticipantFontSize sequenceParticipantFontStyle sequenceParticipantFontName sequenceTitleFontColor sequenceTitleFontSize sequenceTitleFontStyle sequenceTitleFontName titleFontColor titleFontSize titleFontStyle titleFontName stateFontColor stateFontSize stateFontStyle stateFontName stateArrowFontColor stateArrowFontSize stateArrowFontStyle stateArrowFontName stateAttributeFontColor stateAttributeFontSize stateAttributeFontStyle stateAttributeFontName usecaseFontColor usecaseFontSize usecaseFontStyle usecaseFontName

black 13 plain black 14 plain black 13 plain black 13 bold black 13 plain black 11 plain black 13 plain black 13 plain black 13 plain black 18 plain black 14 plain black 13 plain black 12 plain black 14 plain

Used for notes in all diagrams but sequence diagrams

Used for package and partition names

Used for actor in sequence diagrams

Used for text on dividers in sequence diagrams

Used for text on arrows in sequence diagrams

Used for text for else in sequence diagrams

Used for text for alt/opt/loop headers in sequence diagrams

Used for text on participant in sequence diagrams

Used for titles in sequence diagrams

Used for titles in all diagrams but sequence diagrams

Used for states in state diagrams

Used for text on arrows in state diagrams

Used for states description in state diagrams

Used for usecase labels in usecase diagrams

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9.3 Font color, name and size

CHANGING FONTS AND COLORS

usecaseStereotypeFontColor usecaseStereotypeFontSize usecaseStereotypeFontStyle usecaseStereotypeFontName usecaseActorFontColor usecaseActorFontSize usecaseActorFontStyle usecaseActorFontName usecaseActorStereotypeFontColor usecaseActorStereotypeFontSize usecaseActorStereotypeFontStyle usecaseActorStereotypeFontName usecaseArrowFontColor usecaseArrowFontSize usecaseArrowFontStyle usecaseArrowFontName footerFontColor footerFontSize footerFontStyle footerFontName headerFontColor headerFontSize headerFontStyle headerFontName

black 14 italic black 14 plain black 14 italic black 13 plain black 10 plain black 10 plain

Used for stereotype in usecase

Used for actor labels in usecase diagrams

Used for stereotype for actor

Used for text on arrows in usecase diagrams

Used for footer

Used for header

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9.4 Black and White

CHANGING FONTS AND COLORS

9.4 Black and White

You can force the use of a blackwhite output using the skinparam monochrome true command.
@startuml skinparam monochrome true actor User participant "First Class" as A participant "Second Class" as B participant "Last Class" as C User -> A: DoWork activate A A -> B: Create Request activate B B -> C: DoWork activate C C --> B: WorkDone destroy C B --> A: Request Created deactivate B A --> User: Done deactivate A @enduml

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10 PREPROCESSING

10 Preprocessing
Some minor preprocessing capabilities are included in PlantUML, and available for all diagrams. Thoses functionnalities are very similar to the C language preprocessor, except that the special character # has been changed to the exclamation mark !.

10.1 Including les

Use the !include directive to include le in your diagram. Imagine you have the very same class that appears in many diagrams. Instead of duplicating the description of this class, you can dene a le that contains the description.
@startuml !include List.iuml List <|.. ArrayList @enduml

File List.iuml:
interface List List : int size () List : void clear ()

The le List.iuml can be included in many diagrams, and any modication in this le will change all diagrams that include it.

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10.2 Constant denition

10 PREPROCESSING

10.2 Constant denition

You can dene constant using the !define directive. As in C language, a constant name can only use alphanumeric and underscore characters, and cannot start with a digit.
@startuml !define SEQUENCE (S,# AAAAAA) Database Sequence !define TABLE (T,# FFAAAA) Database Table

class USER << TABLE >> class ACCOUNT << TABLE >> class UID << SEQUENCE >> USER "1" -- "*" ACCOUNT USER -> UID @enduml

Of course, you can use the !include directive to dene all your constants in a single le that you include in your diagram. Constant can be undened with the !undef XXX directive.

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10.3 Conditions

10 PREPROCESSING

10.3 Conditions
You can use !ifdef XXX and !endif directives to have conditionnal drawings. The lines between those two directives will be included only if the constant after the !ifdef directive has been dened before. You can also provide a !else part which will be included if the constant has not been dened.
@startuml !include ArrayList.iuml @enduml

File ArrayList.iuml:
class ArrayList !ifdef SHOW_METHODS ArrayList : int size () ArrayList : void clear () !endif

You can then use the !define directive to activate the conditionnal part of the diagram.
@startuml !define SHOW_METHODS !include ArrayList.iuml @enduml

You can also use the !ifndef directive that includes lines if the provided constant has NOT been dened.

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11 INTERNATIONALIZATION

11 Internationalization
The PlantUML language use letters to dene actor, usecase and so on. But letters are not only A-Z latin characters, it could be any kind of letter from any language.

@startuml skinparam backgroundColor #EEEBDC actor participant "" as A participant "" as B participant "" as -> A: activate A A -> B: activate B B -> : activate --> B: destroy B --> A: deactivate B A --> : deactivate A @enduml

11.1 Charset
The default charset used when reading the text les containing the UML text description is system dependant. Normally, it should just be ne, but in some case, you may want to the use another charset. For example, with the command line:
java -jar plantuml.jar -charset UTF -8 files.txt

Or, with the ant task:

<!-- Put images in c:/ images directory --> <target name =" main">

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11.2 Font Issues

11 INTERNATIONALIZATION

<plantuml dir ="./ src" charset ="UTF -8" /> </target >

Depending of your Java installation, the following charset should be available: ISO-8859-1, UTF-8, UTF-16BE, UTF-16LE, UTF-16.

11.2 Font Issues

When using East Asian Fonts, you may have some issues, because Graphviz default fonts may not contains some characters. So you may have to force the usage of a system font that contains those characters, by adding the following lines in your diagram descriptions:
skinparam defaultFontName MS Mincho

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12 COLOR NAMES

12 Color Names

Here is the list of colors recognized by PlantUML. Note that color names are case insensitive.

AliceBlue AntiqueWhite Aquamarine Aqua Azure Beige Bisque Black BlanchedAlmond BlueViolet Blue Brown BurlyWood CadetBlue Chartreuse Chocolate Coral CornowerBlue Cornsilk Crimson Cyan DarkBlue DarkCyan DarkGoldenRod DarkGray DarkGreen DarkKhaki DarkMagenta DarkOliveGreen DarkOrchid DarkRed DarkSalmon DarkSeaGreen DarkSlateBlue DarkSlateGray DarkTurquoise DarkViolet Darkorange DeepPink DeepSkyBlue DimGray DodgerBlue FireBrick FloralWhite ForestGreen Fuchsia Gainsboro

GhostWhite GoldenRod Gold Gray GreenYellow Green HoneyDew HotPink IndianRed Indigo Ivory Khaki LavenderBlush Lavender LawnGreen LemonChion LightBlue LightCoral LightCyan LightGoldenRodYellow LightGreen LightGrey LightPink LightSalmon LightSeaGreen LightSkyBlue LightSlateGray LightSteelBlue LightYellow LimeGreen Lime Linen Magenta Maroon MediumAquaMarine MediumBlue MediumOrchid MediumPurple MediumSeaGreen MediumSlateBlue MediumSpringGreen MediumTurquoise MediumVioletRed MidnightBlue MintCream MistyRose Moccasin

NavajoWhite Navy OldLace OliveDrab Olive OrangeRed Orange Orchid PaleGoldenRod PaleGreen PaleTurquoise PaleVioletRed PapayaWhip PeachPu Peru Pink Plum PowderBlue Purple Red RosyBrown RoyalBlue SaddleBrown Salmon SandyBrown SeaGreen SeaShell Sienna Silver SkyBlue SlateBlue SlateGray Snow SpringGreen SteelBlue Tan Teal Thistle Tomato Turquoise Violet Wheat WhiteSmoke White YellowGreen Yellow

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Contents
1 Sequence Diagram 1.1 Basic examples . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Declaring participant . . . . . . . . 1.3 Use non-letters in participants . . . 1.4 Message to Self . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Message sequence numbering . . . 1.6 Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Splitting diagrams . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Grouping message . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Notes on messages . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Some other notes . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 Formatting using HTML . . . . . . 1.12 Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 Lifeline Activation and Destruction 1.14 Participant creation . . . . . . . . 1.15 Incoming and outgoing messages . 1.16 Stereotypes and Spots . . . . . . . 1.17 More information on titles . . . . . 1.18 Participants englober . . . . . . . . 1.19 Removing Footer . . . . . . . . . . 1.20 Skinparam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.21 Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Use 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Case Diagram Usecases . . . . . . . . . . Actors . . . . . . . . . . . Basic example . . . . . . . Extension . . . . . . . . . Using notes . . . . . . . . Stereotypes . . . . . . . . Changing arrows direction Title the diagram . . . . . Left to right direction . . Skinparam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 48 49 50

3 Class Diagram 3.1 Relations between classes . 3.2 Label on relations . . . . . 3.3 Adding methods . . . . . . 3.4 Dening visibility . . . . . . 3.5 Notes and stereotypes . . . 3.6 More on notes . . . . . . . . 3.7 Abstract class and interface 3.8 Using non-letters . . . . . . 3.9 Hide attributes, methods... 3.10 Specic Spot . . . . . . . . 3.11 Packages . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12 Namespaces . . . . . . . . . 3.13 Changing arrows direction . 3.14 Lollipop interface . . . . . . 3.15 Title the diagram . . . . . . 3.16 Association classes . . . . . 3.17 Skinparam . . . . . . . . . . 3.18 Splitting large les . . . . .

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS

4 Activity Diagram 4.1 Simple Activity . . . . . . 4.2 Label on arrows . . . . . . 4.3 Changing arrow direction 4.4 Branches . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 More on Branches . . . . 4.6 Synchronization . . . . . . 4.7 Long activity description . 4.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Partition . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Title the diagram . . . . . 4.11 Skinparam . . . . . . . . . 4.12 Complete example . . . . 5 Component Diagram 5.1 Components . . . . . . . . 5.2 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Basic example . . . . . . . 5.4 Using notes . . . . . . . . 5.5 Grouping Components . . 5.6 Changing arrows direction 5.7 Title the diagram . . . . . 5.8 Skinparam . . . . . . . . . 6 State Diagram 6.1 Simple State . . 6.2 Composite state 6.3 Long name . . . 6.4 Concurrent state 6.5 Arrow direction . 6.6 Note . . . . . . . 6.7 More in notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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7 Objects Diagram 7.1 Denition of objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Relations between objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Adding elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Common commands 8.1 Footer and header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Zoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Changing fonts and colors 9.1 Usage . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 Font color, name and size 9.4 Black and White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Preprocessing 10.1 Including les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 Constant denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Internationalization 11.1 Charset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Font Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Color Names

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