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Finite Element Analysis 17ME61 Module 2

The document discusses truss analysis using the finite element method. A truss is made of bars connected at joints that experience only tension or compression stress. Plane trusses remain in a single plane under loading, while space trusses can deform out of plane. The finite element model uses truss elements with stiffness matrices relating displacements at nodes. Assumptions in the analysis include prismatic cross sections, homogeneous isotropic materials, and applied loads only at joints. An example problem determines displacements and stresses in a two-bar truss under a applied load.

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gizea
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41 views

Finite Element Analysis 17ME61 Module 2

The document discusses truss analysis using the finite element method. A truss is made of bars connected at joints that experience only tension or compression stress. Plane trusses remain in a single plane under loading, while space trusses can deform out of plane. The finite element model uses truss elements with stiffness matrices relating displacements at nodes. Assumptions in the analysis include prismatic cross sections, homogeneous isotropic materials, and applied loads only at joints. An example problem determines displacements and stresses in a two-bar truss under a applied load.

Uploaded by

gizea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

A Truss is a two force members made up of bars that are


connected at the ends by joints. Every stress element is in
either tension or compression. Trusses can be classified
as plane truss and space truss.
Plane truss is one where the plane of the structure
remain in plane even after the application of loads
While space truss plane will not be in a same plane
Fig shows 2d truss structure and each node has two
degrees of freedom. The only difference between bar
element and truss element is that in bars both local and
global coordinate systems are same where in truss these
are different.
Fig shows 2d truss structure and each node
has two degrees of freedom. The only
difference between bar element and truss
element is that in bars both local and global
coordinate systems are same where in truss
these are different.
There are always assumptions associated with every finite
element analysis. If all the assumptions below are all valid for
a given situation, then truss element will yield an exact
solution. Some of the assumptions are:
•Truss element is only a prismatic member ie cross sectional
area is uniform along its length
• It should be a isotropic material
• Constant load i.e load is independent of time
• Homogenous material
• A load on a truss can only be applied at the joints (nodes)
• Due to the load applied each bar of a truss is either induced with
tensile/compressive forces
• The joints in a truss are assumed to be frictionless pin joints
• Self weight of the bars are neglected
Derive the element Stiffness matrix for Truss
Consider one truss element as shown that has nodes 1 & 2
The coordinate system that passes along the element (X’ axis) is
called local coordinate and X-Y system is called as global coordinate
system.
After the loads applied let the element takes new position say
locally node 1 has displaced by an amount q1’ and node2 has
moved by an amount equal to q2’.
As each node has 2 dof in global coordinate system .let node 1 has
displacements q1 and q2 along x and y axis respectively similarly
q3 and q4 at node 2.
Resolving the components q1, q2, q3 and q4 along the bar we get
two equations as
Also written using Direction Cosines

How to calculate direction cosines


Consider a element that has node 1 and node 2 inclined by an angle as shown .
let (x1, y1) be the coordinate of node 1 and (x2,y2) be the coordinates at node 2.
When orientation of an element is know we
use this angle to calculate l and m as:

and by using nodal coordinates we can


calculate using the relation

We can calculate length of the element as


Writing the same equation into the matrix form

Where L is called transformation matrix that is used for local –


global correspondence.
Strain energy for a bar element we have

Strain energy for a truss element we can write

Therefore
Where KT or K is the stiffness matrix of truss element
Taking the product of all these matrix we have stiffness matrix for truss element
which is given as
Problems on Trusses
For the two bar truss shown in Figure, Determine the
nodal displacements and the stress in each element also
find support reaction. Take E= 200GPA
Solution: For given structure if node numbering is not given we
have to number them which depend on user. Each node has 2 dof
say q1 q2 be the displacement at node 1, q3 & q4 be displacement
at node 2, q5 & q6 at node 3.
A1 = 1200mm2
A2 = 1000mm2
E = 200GPa = E1 = E2
Nodal coordinate data Table

Node No x y

1 0 0
2 750 500
3 0 500
Element Connectivity table
Element Node NO Length of the Direction cosines
Element (le)
l m
1 1-2 901.387 0.832 0.554
2 2-3 750 -1 0
Node No x y
le1 = √(x1-x2)² + (y1-y2)²
1 0 0
le1 = √(0-750)² + (0-500)² = 901.387
2 750 500
le2 = √(x3-x2)² + (y3-y2)²
3 0 500
le2 = √(0-750)² + (500-500)² = 750
Element 1 has displacements q1, q2, q3, q4. Hence numbering scheme
for the first stiffness matrix (K1) as 1 2 3 4 similarly for K2 3 4 5 & 6 as
shown above.
Global stiffness matrix: the structure has 3 nodes at each node 3 dof
hence size of global stiffness matrix will be 3 X 2 = 6
+
From the equation KQ = F we have the following matrix. Since node
1 is fixed q1=q2=0 and also at node 3 q5 = q6 = 0 .At node 2 q3 & q4
are free hence has displacements. In the load vector applied force
is at node 2 ie F4 = 50KN rest other forces zero.
By elimination method the matrix reduces to 2 X 2 and
solving we get Q3= 0.28mm and Q4 = -1.03mm. With
these displacements we calculate stresses in each
element.
Stress in each Element

= -75.32 N/mm2

= 74.64 N/mm2

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