13 BASIC CONCEPT OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

13.1 Objectives of Water Resources Management

The goal of the water resources management is sustainable water use.

In order to achieve the effective and sustainable water resources management, items which shall be
required for the proper monitoring, evaluating and controlling works are summarized as follows;

a) Water quantity
b) Water quality
c) Hydro-meteorological and hydro-geological network
d) Drought management
(Reservoir operation/ Water diversion)
e) Watershed management
(Drainage water regulation/Forest protection/Land conservation)
f) Facilities maintenance

The basic concept for the water resources management had been studied and established already by
the Cote d’lvoire Government and as a result the document on “National Policy and Strategies for
Integrated Management of Water Resources was prepared in 1999. In addition the document on
“National Program of Hydraulics 2000 – 2015 related to the water resources management was
prepared in 1999.

It is judged that the contents described in both documents cover completely and sufficiently the
important items related to the water resources management. It is recommendable accordingly that
the integrated water resources management in the country will be performed based on those
documents.

13.2 Framework of Water Resources Management

The framework of strategies of water resources management is as shown in Figure 13-1.

The each strategies would be executed based on procedures items.

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14 WATER USE QUANTITY CONTROL

14.1 Necessity and Objectives of Water Use Quantity Control

Available river surface water and groundwater resources in every river basin are limited by rainfall
pattern and watershed conditions, while the water use quantity will increase toward 2015 in
accordance with promotion of the water resources development in response to increasing various
water demands.

Objectives of the water use quantity management are to evaluate the available water resources for
the water use in the existing and proposed new project sites and the water use quantity for various
water demands and as a result to control the water supply taking into account the balance between
available water and water use quantity. The water use quantity management is necessary for
effective and sustainable water uses under the limited and fluctuated available water resources.

The issues to be studied and implemented to achieve the proper and smooth water use quantity
management are summarized as follows;

a) Establishment of the control points to monitor the water level and discharge.

b) Evaluation of the water balance between available water resources and the water use quantity
and the water allocation quantity.
c) Establishment of the rule for the reservoir operation and the diversion water of the river.

d) Establishment of the water use right

14.2 Issues for Water Resources Management

(1) Evaluation on Water Demand and Supply Balance and the Issues

The water demand and supply balance and issues in the Comoe, Bandama, Sassandra and
surrounding rivers Management Basins are as shown in Tables 14-1 to 14-3.

(2) Issues on River Management

a) Criteria and Manual for River Works

Preparation of criteria and manual for river works；The criteria and manual consists of three
parts such as Survey/ Planning/ Design and the contents could be used as a completed text
book for river works.

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b) Manual for Water Right
Preparation of manual for the water right evaluation；The major items are standard year/
maintenance water/ control point/ safety factor/ existing water right/ high water right/ water
storage at out of watershed etc. and those items consist of issues and the countermeasure
respectively.

c) Hydro-Meteorological Network System

Establishment of hydrological network system ( data observation/ data transmission/ data
processing)；The network system is essential matter for monitoring of water right.

d) Preparation of the River Ledger

Preparation of the river ledger and flow diagram along the river system showing a catchment
area, river length, river slope, river flow regime on average and dry years, and sediment etc.

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14.3 Use of Control Points

The control points will be mainly used for following purpose related to water use control :

a) To execute the hydrological analysis /water balance calculation and the monitoring of water
quantity/quality at the control points
b) To grasp the flow regime in the basins by observing of water level - discharge

c) To judge of water supply quantities by observing of water level - discharge

d) To be monitoring the river maintenance discharge

14.4 Water Use Right

(1) Water Safety Factor

The water safety factor in Cote d’Ivoire shall be basically decided on the basis of design drought
having a return period of 10 years taking “The Drought management”into consideration.

(2) River Maintenance Discharge

The river maintenance discharge could be defined as “The discharge which has been stipulated to
be maintained even at the time of low flow, upon overall consideration of boat transportation /
fishing / picturesque scenery / prevention of salt injury / prevention of blocking of estuary /
protection of river control facilities / maintenance of ground water level / protection of plants
animals / maintenance of clearance of river flow”.

It could be recommended to decide the maintenance discharge based on 9 items study as above-
mentioned and it is realistically for Cote d’Ivoire to use as a standard figure“The monthly average
the lowest discharge”

(3) Decision of Development Discharge

The development discharge should be decided based on studies of the above-mentioned water
safety factor on water planning.

In case of insufficient water safety factor, following countermeasure should be studied.

a) To divert water from tributaries (Inter-basin diversion plan).

b) To divert water from out of the basin (Wide area diversion plan)

c) To down the scale of development

d) To study alternative plans

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(4) Design Drought Year

As above mentioned, “Design Drought Year”shall be basically decided on the basis of design
drought having a return period of 5 or 10 years taking “The Drought Management ”into
consideration. Besides, in Cote d’Ivoire, projects concerning water resources are planning based on
a drought year of 1983. We have studied the relation between the probable drought discharge and
discharge in 1983 and as a result of the studies, it could be considered that the return period of 1983
is equivalent to a return period of approximately 20 years.

In case of reservoir’s capacity which would be controlled for one year period and weir’s intake, the
development discharge at proposed development sites could be calculated by following formula
using adjustment factor for return period 1/10 years vs. development discharge in 1983.

Q1/10=Adjustment factor ×Q1983

Q1/10=Development discharge for return period 1/10 years

Q1983=Development discharge calculated based on discharge in 1983

Moreover, the actual water balance calculation with big capacity reservoirs which would be
controlled by carrying over for several years should be executed for 5～10 years terms including
1983 year.

(5) Other Criteria

a) Water Supply Diffusion Rate

The supply rate is assumed to be 100 % by target year.

b) Food Self-Supply Rate

The self-supply rate in a national level will be estimated. The study on possibility of import
reduction and export increase to reach to a satisfactory level will be made.

c) Water Quality of Water Source

The preliminary study are made about the water quality at the control points. According to the
study, although no serious problem in big rivers which have plenty water, there are rivers
showing slightly high value of suspended solids (SS), electrical conductivity (EC) and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the dry season water. While the high turbidity in the wet
season water caused by soil erosion in devastated watershed.

Those phenomenon of the water quality pollution should be taking care in the water resource
development and management plan.

The criteria of the water quality is using for time being the criteria of WHO. The New criteria
for Cote d’voire is under preparation by SIAPOL.

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14.5 Reservoir Operation Rules in Dry Year

It is necessary to set up operation rules based on the save water utilization of the reservoir in order
to be carrying out effective operation and to be minimizing the damage in dry year-season.

It is a practical method to prepare the operation rule by “Probability DP(Dynamic Program)

Method”etc. (these method could be obtained by probability analysis and trial /error based on past
hydrological data ) and we are expecting that it will be possible to estimate the future rainfall based
on long-term meteorological forecast in near future.

15 WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS

15.1 Necessity and Objectives of Water Resources Development Plans

It is essential matter to study including development plans in the water resources management, in
order to improve the present water use condition, to increase the useful water quantity and to get
the sustainable stabile water use; and we have to recognize that although the present water use
condition will be improved by better management, the quantity will not be increasing without the
developments/ the investments.

15.2 Countermeasure for Issues on Water Demand and Supply Balance

and Proposed Projects

The countermeasure for issues on water demand and supply balance and the proposed development
projects are shown in Table 15-1 (1) & (2).

The priority projects are defined by mean of projects which would be expected the execution up to
2015 year.

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16 WATER QUALITY CONTROL

16.1 Necessity and Objectives

Objective of water quality management is to supply the clean and safe surface and groundwater to
the domestic water uses of urban and rural inhabitant and the drinking water of livestock and fishes
at the overall river basin, to eradicate the hydrous diseases such as typhoid fever, schistosomiasis,
malaria, etc. infecting in the water bodies such as reservoir and swamp.

In order to achieve the above objectives in the water quality management, the following test and
survey works and countermeasures shall be carried out for the river water, reservoir water,
groundwater, polluted water, etc.

a) Periodical water quality tests for the surface and groundwater

b) Survey for watershed and river courses being suffered from a large sediment load and high
turbid water
c) Survey for reservoir and swamp in the dry season generating aquatic weed and animal, as well
as the hydrous diseases.

d) Provision of sewerage for the life wasted water in the urban area and the treatment plant for
industrial effluent in factories. Periodical inspection of the above untreated water.
e) Provision of trash treatment places near urban area.

16.2 Water Quality Control Practices

(1) River Water

There are existing 28 national observation network stations to monitor the surface water quality in
the rivers of Sassandra, Bandama and Comoe. It is anxious that the water quality at tributaries will
become worse in the future by promoting of agricultural and urban development. The water
pollution caused by the following issues shall be cared in the future development.

a) Decreasing of dry season water in many tributaries by expansion of irrigated agriculture

b) Increasing agricultural chemical uses and expansion of livestock breeding
c) Life and industrial wasted water

(2) Reservoir and Swamp Water

The reservoir and swamp water are originally supplied by the river and has no serious water
pollution problem, except the reservoir and swamp under the following condition:

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a) Reservoir and swamp being formed with shallows water depth and poor river flow will loose
easily the stored water during dry season and may change its water quality by development and
accumulation of aquatic weed
b) Reservoir and swamp being located in the devastated river will suffer from the inflow with the
high turbidity and deposit of many sludge in the reservoir
c) Some hydrous diseases will be generated at the reservoir and swamp with a shallow water depth

(3) Groundwater

The groundwater in Abidjan area has faced the saline water problem recently by sea water invasion
due to the lowering of its water level. It’s necessary in Abidjan’s groundwater to control the
withdrawn quantity from wells to reservoir the groundwater level by providing sufficient
monitoring wells.

(4) Lagoon Water

The water quality of the lagoon Ebrie has been polluted considerably by the life wasted water and
wasted trash of Abidjan city and industrial effluent without any treatment along the lagoon shore.
Since the lagoon has only a small outlet to connect sea side and small inflow from the upper river
basin, its water pollution will be accelerated year by year. The particular countermeasures to
control and treat the wasted water shall be urgently required to improve the water quality in the
lagoon. It will be also necessary to dredge out sledge accumulated and polluted at the bottom of
lagoon.

16.3 Proposal for Water Quality Control

At the present, there are 28 national observation network stations to monitor the water quality in
the main rivers and 9 stations of littoral area. And, there are 10 national observation network
stations in the central lagoon of Ebrie. Therefore, it should be monitoring continuously by these
points.

The measurement items are as follows:

1) Water temperature, 2) pH, 3) Dissolved oxygen, 4) Electric conductivity, 5) Salinity

6) Nitrate nitrogen, 7) Nitrite nitrogen, 8) Phosphorus ion, 9) Ammonium nitrogen
10) Heavy metals, 11) Chlorophyll, 12) Pheopigments, 13) E. coli, 14) Streptococcus
15) Chemical oxygen demand, 16) Biochemical oxygen demand

It’s proposed to establish following machinery and material with guard reinforcement of water
quality because of raise of analysis efficiency.

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a) Water Quality Analyzer
b) Water Quality Checker to measure quickly in the field

c) Chemical Oxygen Demand Analyzer (COD)

d) Automatic Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analyzer with incubator (BOD)

17 Watershed Management

17.1 Necessity and Objectives of Watershed Management

(1) Issues on Water Resources

a) The runoff coefficient is quite low, except the western rivers. That is, the mean runoff
coefficient is 0.26 in the Cavally River and 0.13 in Sassandra, but only 0.05 in the
Bandama River and 0.045 in the Comoe River.

b) The discharge during the dry season is remarkably decreased and the total rainfall in the
dry season becomes less than 20 % of the annual rainfall in most basins.

c) The water resources potential, especially for the surface water, is much different by
river/region. The specific discharge of the Cavally River (0.7 ~ 1.7 m3/s/100km2) is
more than 10 times of that of the Comoe River (0.13 ~ 0.14 m3/s/100km2).

(2) Functions on Watershed Management

a) To increase the natural storage function without structural measures. That is, the runoff
in the flood time could be decreased and the runoff during the dry season increased.

b) To prevent the climate change caused by human activities. The long-term climate
change in Cote d’Ivoire is not so definite. However, there is a tendency of slight decline
of rainfall in some regions.

c) To reduce the water quality contamination of runoff to rivers or to the other surface
waters.

d) To decrease the soil erosion caused by human activities.

e) To increase the infiltration of rainwater to the ground and keep the stable groundwater
supply potential.

The effects of watershed management generally may not be visible definitely in a short period. It
will take a certain period of time to recognize the effects of the expected functions/objectives listed
above.

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17.2 Proposed Watershed Management

For achieving the objectives of watershed management, it may be common knowledge that the
increase of forest area with the quality improvement is most effective. And in many cases, the
forest management has the common meaning to the watershed management, as the forest has
almost all the functions required for the watershed management.

The increase of forest area may be the most effective measure for the land use management and
also for the control of land-surface erosion.

In other words, the government already has been making effort for the forest management since 10
or 15 years ago, when the country recognized the significant loss of forest in the past and the
necessity of forest recovery measures at the same time.

Based on the review of the reports and information concerned and the present conditions and issues
described in the previous Section 17.1, it is decided to select the proposed practical measures for
the watershed management from the overall viewpoints are as shown in Figure 17-1.

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 Effective Watershed Management

Watershed Supplementary/Additional/Strengthening Measures

Management
(A) Effective management for increase of forest area
already carried
(a) Connecting the existing forest area with priority
out by the (b) More priority to classified forest
Government at (c) Suspension of logging from natural forest
present. (d) Practical control and management
(e) Reforestation and nursery preparation by local people and continuous care

(f) Inventory survey of forest and review of existing forest management

(B) Increase of agricultural production by irrigation

(a) Inventory survey and study for proposed irrigation areas

(b) Development of small scale irrigation
(c) Improvement of irrigation facilities and system
(d) Development for water resources for irrigation
(e) Establishment of definite policy and strategy by the Government

(C) Management for effective land use

(a) Water conservation in the upper reach basin

(b) Land use plan taking into account the effect of river water utilization ratio

(c) Land use plan taking into account the reduction of devastated land
and unused land
(d) Enhancement of environmental development of water body and the

surrounding Areas
(e) Preparation of land use database
(f) Establishment of land use regulation for watershed conservation

Figure 17-1 Summary of Proposed Measures for Watershed Management

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18 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER CONTROL FACILITIES

18.1 Necessity and Objectives for Effective O&M of Water Control Facilities

Effective O&M is one of necessary measures for increasing the water supply capacity against the
increase of water demand.

The O&M activities of facilities are done by their related organizations. The territory of water
supply and O & M activities organizations is generally demarcated as follows:

a) Agricultural water supply: Company/Private person/Farmer’s association (with guidance

by PNR of Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, ANADER, etc.)

b) Rural water supply : Rural Water Supply Section of Ministry of Infrastructure

c) Urban water supply : SODECI (Private company under Urban Water Supply Section of
Ministry of Infrastructure )

d) Hydro-Electric power : CIE (Private company under Ministry of Mine and Energy)

In general, the private companies carry out efficient and reliable O & M of their facilities, although
there are some issues for the further improvement of effective water uses. On the other hand, the O
& M for rural water supply and agricultural uses have various issues for further improvement,
mainly due to the following reasons:

a) Relatively small scale and many locations

b) No income from the operation

c) Shortage of budget for repair and maintenance for users
d) Shortage of knowledge for operation (Users are actual operators.)

The operation and maintenance of structures/facilities is carried out to ensure the achievement of
their purposes. It includes the management of facility as well as the observation, control and
operation for respective purpose such as flood control and water supply.

18.2 Proposed Operation and Maintenance of Water Control Facilities

Water control facilities are generally located in or along a water body. They are dam, weir,
dike/levee, groundsill, sluice gate, etc., which contribute for the public benefit by water/discharge
for the demand and/or remove or mitigate environmental issues especially for water quality.

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Water control facilities can be classified generally by the following different viewpoints:

a) Irrigation

b) Hydro-electric power
c) Fishery
d) Transportation/navigation

e) Water supply
f) Flood control
g) Recreation

h) Environmental conservation/improvement (water quality improvement, etc.)

These proposed measures and plans for effective O&M are summarized in Figure 18-1.

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 Effective Operation and Maintenance

Operation and Supplementary/Additional/Strengthening Measures

Maintenance
(A) Agricultural Facilities
Measures
(a) Establishment of operation rule and manual
carried out
(b) Effective use of abandoned dams
by the
(c) Multi-purpose use of existing dam
Government at
(d) Integrated Operation of plural number of dams
present.
(e) Improvement of Maintenance for Canal and the Facilities

(f) Improvement of Water Distribution Control

(g) Establishment of Farmer’s Association and Assistance to Farmers

(h) Inventory Survey of Existing Dam and Irrigation Systems

(B) Rural Water Supply Facilities

(a) Continuous Maintenance Services provided by the Government Agency

(b) Assistance for Spare parts and Consumables Supply

(c) Periodical Inspection and Guidance

(d) Minimization of pump type

(e) Training of O&M

(C) Urban Water Supply Facilities (D) Hydro-Electric Power Facilities

(a) Countermeasures for the extension of service area (a) Reduce the Shut Off of Electrical Current

(b) Reduction of Water loss (b) Improvement of Maintenance by the

(c) Flexibility of Water Charge Rate Government

(d) Education for Water Use (c) Further Effort to reduce the electric

(e) Replacement of meter charge

(f) Maintenance of major structure and facilities (d) Multi-purpose use of existing dams

Figure 18-1 Proposed Measures for Effective O&M for Water Control Facilities

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19 HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL NETWORK
MANAGEMENT

19.1 Hydro-meteorological Network Management

(1) Necessity and Objectives of Hydro-meteorological Network Management

Existing meteorological and hydrological data network are respectively controlled under
SODEXAM and Water Director. To integrate the management, improve the data reliability and
collect the real-time digital data, therefore, a management on the hydro-meteorological network,
which can meet with the requirements and cope with the intricateness, shall be newly established
(see Figure 19-1). This modern network will consist of the twenty three (23) main control
points.

The main objective for establishment of the hydro-meteorological network is in order to monitor
the water use right and the actual works can be summarized as below;

- To collect the real-time data on rainfall, water level/discharge

- To monitor the surface water volume utilized by the users
- To monitor the surface water quality within certain criteria
- To monitor the sediment load
- To reduce the artificial observation error

(2) Installment of Observation and Measurement Facilities

a) Radar Rain Gauges Water Level Recorder

Radar rain-gauges shall be newly installed at the upper reach of the twenty three (23) main
control points to grasp the real-time rainfall information.

To grasp the real-time water level and discharge, raider type water level recorder shall be
newly installed at the site near to the main control points (23).

b) Automatic Water Level Recorders and Staff-Gauges

For other gauging stations, automatic water level recorders shall be installed.

It is indispensable that the observation of the water level by staff gauges shall also be
carried out in order to check and verify the data through the water level recorder each other,
and also countermeasure the case of trouble caused by water-level recorder or an electrical
failure.

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 c) Water Samplers

To grasp and monitor the water quality (COD, DO and pH) and suspended load, any
facilities shall be equipped with water samplers for the various objectives.

(3) Data Processing and Management

The objective is to process the collected data in accordance with the user’s needs, and to transfer
these processed data and other collected information to the data safekeeping system. Data
processing system will be respectively stated as below.

- Rainfall
- Water-level and discharge
- Water quality
- Sediment load

a) Data banking and database (Data process safekeeping system)

Information held by Abidjan Headquarters should be systematically compiled into a

database. As for the original data, processed data and other information shall be registered
with numbering and kept in Abidjan Headquarters annually. Original data and information
will be kept into the storage. The processed data will be kept by database. Furthermore,
CR-DOM or MO (magneto optical disk) will be utilized to backup the data mentioned
above.

b) Geographic Information System (GIS)

All data and information held by Abidjan Headquarters related to water –resources
management would be established by Geographic Information System (GIS) and they
should be opened to the public. As for data furnishing, adoption by year -book, floppy
disk, CD-ROM, MO and duplication is desirable.

(4) Role of Abidjan Headquarter and Management Office

a) Abidjan Headquarters

Abidjan Headquarters should be established to fulfill the following functions, and act as an
overall center. Of curse, it is need to be equipped with data communication control
facilities, data bank facilities, computers for data display, computers for high flow forecast,
data display panel, graphic display panel, telephone and facsimile, and radio communication
equipment etc.

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 - Collection of data transmitted;
- Processing of collected data;

- Data banking;
- Monitoring of the operation of facilities;
- Forecast of high flow, information, data and warning transmission to the agencies
concerned; and
- Display of the situation

b) Management Offices

Besides Abidjan Headquarters, another three Integrated Management Offices at Man,

Bouake, and Boundoukou should be respectively established. Equipping with telephone,
facsimile, radio communication equipment and computer, therefore, the following functions
can be fulfilled.

- Observation of rainfall and water-level;

- Transmission of observed data to Abidjan Headquarters:
- Operation and monitoring of facilities;

19.2 Hydrogeological Data Network Management

(1) Necessity and Objectives of Hydrogeological Data Network Management

Most important issue for groundwater resources management of the country is management
and protection of general aquifer for resources of domestic water supply of Abidjan city.

On some boreholes for urban domestic water supply of provincial cities and town located
mainly on discontinuous aquifer area have problems of decrease of extraction from aquifer
caused by continuous draw down of water level by over pumping. This is basically caused
by small capacity of discontinuous aquifer but also by concentration of boreholes.
Therefore, monitoring for groundwater level and quality are required.

It is necessary to accumulate long term data of groundwater level fluctuation to analyze

relationship between rainfall, groundwater and runoff of rivers and to monitor future change
of groundwater resources.

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(2) Required Observation System

To solve above mentioned problems preparation of observation system will be required (see
Table 19-1).

Table 19-1 Required Observation System

Urban Water
Country Long-term
Item Interval Abidjan Provincial Remarks
Level QWL Data
Area Urban
Borehole inventory 18,190 72 318 17,800 AD 1999
Groundwater exploitation 506 72 318 116
Observation borehole
New construction 10 10 16
Rehabilitation 50 0 0
sub-total 60 10 16
Groundwater level
Recording gauge 16 10 10
Pumping station 1/month 40 0 0
Whole basin 2/year 100 0 0
Sub-total 156 10 10
Water quality
Conductivity profile 1/month 120
Periodical measurement 3/year 27
Lagoon conductivity 3/year 10
River water quality 1/month 4
Full item SODECI 1/year 220
Main item rural water supply 1/year 16

(3) Data Processing and Monitoring System

It is required to update borehole inventory for rural water supply projects and to install into
GIS system. And also, it is necessary to manage comprehensively every borehole data
including urban water supply projects.

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20 ESTABLISHMENT OF DATA BASE FOR RIVERS

20.1 Necessity and Objectives of Establishment of Data Base for Rivers

In Cote d’Ivoire, it was found to be difficult to collect the necessary data for the rivers
and river basins from the following points:

a) The survey data for rivers and river basins are very limited. For example, the
fundamental data such as river profile and cross-sections do not exist.
b) Many data/files including the study reports of projects are disappeared or
lost.
c) Most existing data are owned by individual organizations only for their field
in charge.
d) The reliability of accuracy for some essential data seems to be not
sufficiently high.
e) Some organizations are reluctant to provide some essential engineering data,
which do not seem to be a kind of confidential data or rather should be used
more effectively for the engineering studies.
f) Some fundamental data to be published, especially maps, are out of stock.
g) The survey data and analyses, which are compiled in a report, are generally
old and most of them are not updated.

It would be significant and a “Must” to establish the integrated database for rivers and
river basins for the effective water resources management. The database will be
effectively utilized for the following:

a) Rivers and water resources management

b) Water resources development plans

c) National/Regional development plans

d) Education and training
e) Publication of information and data

The establishment of the database for rivers and river basins will diagnoses the
conditions of multi-sectors and it may contribute to more harmonious and effective
management and development of the limited water resources.

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20.2 Preparation of River Ledger

The River ledger is a database for rivers and river basins, which contains the basic information
and data for water resources management. In consideration of the wide-range of data and the
conveniences of file management, it is decided to categorize the ledger as follows:

a) River basin
(Main river, Tributary)
b) River system
(Administration, Name of river system, River length, Catchment area, Region/Prefecture
Basic flood/Design flood for river, River planning, Flow regime)
c) River facilities
(Water Resources, Development Facilities: Dam, Weirs etc)

d) Water right
(Hydropower, domestic water/Industrial water, Irrigation and other)
e) Meteorology and hydrology
(Rainfall, Temperature and Water Level/Discharge)
f) River environment
(Water Quality, Land Erosion, Sand, Soil Outflow)

The contents of each category may include some common data for the convenience of
effective utilization.

An example of ledger (summary sheet) for river system is shown in Table 20-1.

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21 GIS PREPARED BY JICA STUDY TEAM

GIS can store both spatial information and non-spatial information in the same environment, so that
it might be helpful to see the useful information visually and briefly and to minimize the time taken
for decision making process. The information for water resources management varies widely from
natural items such as geology, topography and hydrology to social items such as population and
administration system.

There are two basic categories of GIS information as follows:

a) Spatial information shown by polygons, lines and points

(Natural condition, Administration, Roads, City/Town, Village name)

b) Attribute information shown by tables, which are associated with spatial information
(Hydro-Meteorology, Development plan, Production, Population, Administration System)

All the water resources related data whatever could be collected were listed to input into the GIS
database. The lists of these information and data so prepared by the JICA Study Team, are presented
in Tables 21-1 and 21-2.

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 Table 21-1 List of Spatial GIS Database Prepared by the Study Team
Spatial Information Feature Scale
Administration Boundary
Country with part of Neighbors Polygon 1:500,000
Region Boundary Polygon 1:500,000
Department Boundary Polygon 1:500,000
Sub-prefecture Boundary Polygon 1:500,000
Administration Point Data
Regional Capital Point 1:500,000
Department Capital Point 1:500,000
Sub-prefecture Capital Point 1:500,000
Village Point 1:500,000
Basin Data
Main Basin Boundary Polygon 1:500,000
Sub-basin Boundary Polygon 1:500,000
Sub-basin Boundary for Control Point Polygon 1:500,000
Water Body Polygon 1:500,000
River System (Cote d’Ivoire) Line 1:500,000
River System (Part of Neighboring Countries) Line 1:2,000,000
Major Road/Railway Network Line 1:500,000
Navigation Data
Ferry Point 1:1,000,000
Lagoon Transport Route Line 1:500,000
Lagoon Transport Stations Point 1:500,000
Vegetation Polygon 1:1,000,000
Forest Polygon 1:500,000
Protected Area Polygon 1:500,000
Hydro-geology Data
Lithological Classification Polygon 1:1,000,000
Main Fault Line 1:1,000,000
Remarkable Fractured Zone Polygon 1:1,000,000
Isohyetal Line of Annual Mean Effective Rainfall Line 1:1,000,000
Renewable Ground Potential Map Polygon 1:1,000,000
Climate Zone Polygon 1:4,000,000
Meteorological Point Point 1:1,000,000
Well Location Point 1:500,000
Dam/Barrage Location Point 1:500,000
Irrigation Location Point 1:500,000
Control Point Location Point 1:500,000
General Aquifer Control Point Location Point 1:500,000
Gauging Station Location Point 1:500,000
Water Supply Location Point 1:500,000
Water Quality Control Point Location Point 1:500,000
Hydro Power Dam Location Point 1:500,000
Contour Line Line 40 meter Interval

83
 Table 21-2 List of Tabular GIS Database Prepared by the Study Team
Tabular Information Associate Map Information
Category Socio-Economy
Inventory on GDP Administration Boundary
Inventory on Population Administration Boundary
Category Institution & Laws
Inventory on Branch/Local Office Administration Boundary
Category Topography, Geography & Hydro-geology
Inventory on Borehole and Modern Dug Well Administration Boundary
Category Meteorology & Hydrology
Inventory on Rainfall Meteorological Point
Inventory on Discharge Control Point, Gauging Station
Category River and River Structure
Inventory on Dam and reservoir Dam Location
Category Land Use & Regional Development
Inventory on Regional Development Administration Boundary
Category Environment & Water Quality
Inventory on Water Quality Water Quality Control Point
Inventory on Agriculture Administration Boundary
Inventory on Irrigation Irrigated Area Location
Inventory on Livestock Production Administration Boundary
Inventory on Fishery Production Administration Boundary
Category Domestic & Industrial Water Supply
Inventory on Urban Water Supply Sub-prefecture Capital
Category Water Power & other Water Use
Inventory on Water Power Station Hydro Power Dam Location
Inventory on Other Water Use (Navigation) Navigation Data
Category Water Demand & Potential
Inventory on water Demand for Agriculture
and Livestock Sub-basin Boundary for Control Point
Inventory on Water Demand for Water
Supply Sub-basin Boundary for Control Point
Inventory on Surface Water Balance Present
and Future (Yearly) Control Point Location
Inventory on Surface Water Balance (Monthly) Control Point Location
Inventory on Ground Water Balance Control Point Location
Inventory on Ground Water Potential Control Point Location
General Aquifer Control Point Location

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22 PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS OPERATION

22.1 Framework of Water Resources Management Organizations

The following can be deduced from the principles out of Water Law as the framework of
water resources management organizations.

- Water Authority should be created.

- Basin Water Agency should be created at basins or groups of basins.
- All classes’ representatives shall participate in water resources management.

Water Resources Management Plans were drawn up by the Study Team. The Plans describe
necessary management tasks to manage water resources effectively and efficiently up to the
aiming year 2015.

Basic principles are as follows :

- Data processing and management

- River ledger management
- Establishment of monitoring and evaluation system
- Effective use of GIS

22.2 Proposed Organizations at National Level

(1) Water Authority

The following shall be main assignments of Water Authority :

- To give users permission for utilization of water (water right) ;

- To collect, process and manage national hydrological data ;
- To exercise water police ;
- To make a national water distribution plan ;
- To make drafts of Presidential and Ministerial Decrees for due enforcement of Water Law
- To supervise Basin Water Agency ;

The proposed organization chart of Water Authority shall be as shown in Figure 22-1.

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 Figure 22-1 Proposed Organization Chart of Water Authority

National Water
Directorate
Committee

General

Secretary

International
Cooperation
Service

GIS

Service

86
Planning Permission Water Police Legal Hydrological Coordination Administration
& Finance
Department Department Department Department Department Department Department

Water Water Decree Facility Basin Water Personnel

Distribution Right & System Agency
Division Division Division Division Division Division

Drought River Regulation Data Reservoir Training

Countermeasure Maintenance Management Operation
Division Discharge Division Division Division Division
i ii

Monitoring Water Project Finance

& Evaluation Development
Division Division Division

River Water Control

Ledger Facilities
Division Division

Fund of
MWRHDF (*)
(*) Management of Water Resources, and Hydraulic Development and Facilities Division
(2) National Water Committee

In accordance with the Water Law, creation of “National Water Committee” is recommended.
Members of the committee shall be chosen from three (3) different fields, namely, ① planners,
deciders and specialist (= government officers, members of national and local assemblies, professor,
etc.), ② operator (=government officers, private companies staff, etc.) and ③ users (=personal
users, corporate users, etc.).

(3) Inter – Ministries Committee

In order to discuss the water projects which shall have multiple purposes, creation of “Inter –
Ministries Committee” is recommended. The Committee shall compose of the representatives from
ministries implicated into water sector services.

22.3 Proposed Organizations at Basin Level

The Basin Water Agencies has proposed in three (3) basins as follows :

- Sassandra and Cavally (including Fae, Nuon and Niger) ;

- Bandama and Boubo ;
- Comoe and Agneby (including Bia and Volta).

The main assignments of Basin Water Agency might be as follows :

- To make General Principles for Improvement and Management of Water Resources by basins ;
- To establish observation and measurement system of meteo – hydrological network ;
- To establish data transmission system of meteo – hydrological network ;
- To supervise the observation of conditions of water right permission.

The proposed organization chart of Basin Water Agency shall be as shown in Figure 22-2.

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 Figure 22-2 Proposed Organization Chart of Sassandra Basin Water Agency

Basin Water Director

Committee

Planning Hydrological Supervision Administration Odienne

& Finance Branch
Department Department Department Depertment Office

SDAGRE (*) Facility Water Personnel Man

& System Right Branch
Division Division Division Division Office

88
PDADOH (**) Data Training Tabou
Branch
Division Division Division Office

River Finance San Pedro

Ledger Branch
Division Division Office

(*) General Principles for Development and Management of Water Resources

(**) Action Plans for Development and Management of Water Resources
23 ARRANGEMENT OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS

23.1 Presidential Decrees to be Arranged

Some articles of Water Law stipulate that the details of conditions, procedures, methods,
organizations, standards, etc. shall be determined by Decrees, i.e. Presidential Decrees, approved
by the Cabinet Meeting. Therefore, the creation of several Presidential Decrees are absolutely
necessary for due enforcement of Water Law.

23.2 Ministerial Decrees to be Arranged

It may not be necessary to say that the full completion of President Decrees are not enough to
enforce Water Law. More detailed regulation such as Ministerial Decree and Regulations within
relevant organizations shall be required.

23.3 Legal Framework to be Arranged Surrounding Water Law

If the above mentioned presidential and ministerial decrees related to Water Law are completed, it
seems necessary to arrange legal framework surrounding Water Law. The following may be main
ones to be arranged.

(1) Environment

a) Law related to sewerage

b) Law related to industrial water and ground water

(2) Water use

a) Law related to water resources development promotion

b) Law related to multipurpose dam

c) Law related to electric power facilities development promotion

d) Law related to agricultural land improvement
e) Law related to dam or reservoir construction area’s improvement

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23.4 Establishment of Water Right

Among the management of water resources, the most important legal and administrative control’s
subject may be water right, i.e. right of water utilization, from economical aspect of water
resources.

Water right shall difine the following items.

- Scope of public water

- Planning standard year

- Hydrological data accuracy

- Discharge necessary for maintaining normal function of river flow (River maintenance flow)

- Restricted Discharge (Intake, Storage)

- Design control point

- Temporary water right

- Water use safety factor

- Evaluation of existing water use

- High water right

- Water storage at out of watershed

- Criteria of standard drought discharge

- Criteria of river structure inspection

- Criteria of water use inspection

- Criteria of wide area water supply

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24 FINANCIING AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

The required program for the period 2000 to 2015 takes into consideration the level of the
investments reached during these last years, but it is normal for a master plan that magnifies the
amounts necessary and goes beyond the only sub-sector of management, particularly for the
projects on a “water resources development project”.

Globally, the situation would develop the following amounts.

Table 24-1 Financing and Implementation Program by Year Basis

(million FCFA)
water
water
resources
year resources total
development
management
project
Year 2001 2,586 1,580 4,166
Year 2002 4,450 3,820 8,270
Year 2003 6,760 3,550 10,310
Year 2004 8,110 15,010 23,120
Year 2005 392 75,490 75,882
Year 2006 0 109,070 109,070
Year 2007 113,870 113,870
Year 2008 99,350 99,350
Year 2009 88,065 88,065
Year 2010 5,190 5,190
Year 2011 13,631 13,631
Year 2012 51,275 51,275
Year 2013 55,880 55,880
Year 2014 44,000 44,000
Total 22,298 679,781 702,079

Detailed program is shown in Table 24-2.

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92
25 EVALUATION

(1) Economic Evaluation

As the study result, investments equivalent to about 22,300 FCFA million for the water resources
management and 679,800 FCFA million for the water resources development are proposed by JICA
study team as shown in Table 24-1 &-2. The investment for the water resources management of
22,300 FCFA million could be estimated as the minimum amount for all the studies related to water
resources management which ranging 15 items as show in Table 24-2.

　Economic evaluations of the proposed water resources development projects are as follows;

Table 25-1 Economic Evaluations of the Proposed Water Resources Development Projects

Project Name Cost (C) Benefit (B) B/ Development Contents

M. FCFA M. FCFA C
MULTIPURPOSE

Agneby river Integrated 3,620 11,222 3.1 Pmax=160KW Energy Prod.=1.3 M.kwh
development Urban water=170,000 m3/day
Marahoue river 3,200 7,255 2.3 Pmax=1,700KW Energy Prod.=99 M.kwh
Integrated development Urban w.=23,000 m3/day, Irrigation=4,900 ha
Comoe river Integrated 11,800 67,649 5.7 Pmax=30,00KW Energy Prod.=239 M.kwh
development Urban w.=200,000 m3/day,Irrigation=98,000
ha
Dounou river Integrated 175 413 2.4 Pmax=34KW Irrigation = 700 ha
development
Integrated rural 339 1086 3.2 Irrigation = 965 ha,
development in San Pedro
plain
Nzi river Integrated rural 3,048 5,218 1.7 Irrigation = 4,638 ha
development
IRRIGATION

Tiassale Irrigation 175 340 2.0 Irrigation = 300 ha

Kaougou-Womo 104 150 1.4 Irrigation = 133 ha
Irrigation
Rice irrigation in 1,678 2,420 1.4 Irrigation = 2,151 ha
Centre/North
Marabadiassa Sugercane 2,340 3,375 1.4 Irrigation = 3,000 ha
Irrigation
Serebou Sugercane 3,900 5,625 1.4 Irrigation = 5,000 ha
Irrigation

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HYDROPOWER

Aboiso Hydropower 600 1,237 2.1 Pmax=6,400KW Energy Prod.=27 M.kwh

Soubre Hydropower 3,900 9,480 2.4 Pmax=27,00KW Energy Prod.=218 M.kwh
Louga Hydropower 5,300 10,400 2.0 Pmax=30,00KW Energy Prod.=239 M.kwh
Note: 1) Urban water supply projects have been planned by MOI on another donor, but it was difficult to get
the data during the study period Therefore the economic evaluation couldn’t be executed.
2) Above mentioned benefits do not include the flood control and other benefits. Otherwise,
higher B/C could be expected with these environmental benefits.

The economic evaluation is quantified in benefit-cost ratio method at a discount rate of 5%.
According to the result, these projects could be economically evaluated since the B/C values of all
the projects exceed 1.0. Especially, the Agneby and Comoe are identified as highly economical
projects.

　The highly economical Agneby and Comoe projects could be contributed to the water supply on
Abidjan city which is on urgent issue and the Marahoue project could be contributed to the
recovery of Kossou dam which has been kept under ineffcient operation due to inflow shortage and
it is also an urgent matter in order to offset the energy supply shortage, thus these 3 projects should
be given the highest priority.

The internal rate of return (IRR) of these priority 3 projects of Agneby, Marahoue and Comoe
are 14%, 9% and 19% respectively. The IRRs of the Agneby and the Comoe projects are highly
exceeding 10% and the IRR of the Marahoue project is also close to 10% so that these 3 projects
can be evaluated economically appropreate.

As above-mentioned, it could be evaluated that all the proposed projects have been proved
feasible especially the comprehensive projects with multipurpose dam are appropriate from the
national economy viewpoint.

(2) Financial Evaluation

The financial situation of Cote d’Ivoire has been in serious condition, because the tax revenue has
decreased due to price drop of cacao in international market and also to the fact that about 20% of
the expenditure has to be spent on debt services. However, as shown in Table 25-2, since the
income from water charges amounts to 10% or more of the national revenue, it constitutes an
important source of income for Cote d’Ivoire. Therefore, the sectors related water have a place in
the important issue of the national policy and as a matter of fact, the HCH had a fiscal budget of
about 300 FCFA million/year with 20 or more permanent staffs.

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 Table 25-2 National Revenue and Charge Income Related Water Resources and the
Budget of former-HCH
Item Amount (FCFA Remark
billion)

Revenue (the General account) 1,328.1 (Japanese yen about 270 billion)
Tax revenue (1,112.9) Expenditure ≒2,200 (450=debt’s interest)
Non-tax revenue (215.2)
Project income (Grant) 44.1
Total 1,372.2
Charge income related water 136.7
resources (21.8)
Charge income domestic water (114.9)
Hydropower income

former-HCH annual budget 0.3

(staffs = 20 more)

Almost all the development fund has to depend on bilateral and international organizations’
assistance, but the salary and expenses for staffs of implementing organizations are counted in the
recurrent budget of government. And the maintenance cost for urban water and hydropower water
could be paid by the income from water charge and that for rural water / irrigation water could be
covered by beneficiaries through community association under assistance and guidance of central
government. Therefore, the sustainability for the water resources management have been
guaranteed.

External supports are considered to be continuously required. Under such circumstances, the
most important issue is to secure the support from donors such as international agencies, bilateral
donor countries or credit suppliers. On the other hand, it is also very important to encourage own
financial capacity by increasing production of exportable agricultural products such as coffee,
sugar, bananas and pineapples as well as increasing export of electricity. It is also important to
ensure water supply for Abidjan City from an aspect of stable growth of economy. It is, therefore,
evaluated to be reasonable to establish water resources management system by 2006 and to focus
its priority on the three integrated development projects, namely Agneby, Marahoue and Comoe, to
encourage the foreign currency reserve and to ensure water for Abidjan City. The state can expect
supports from donor countries concerned through such plan.

(3) Organizational Evaluation

In order to realize effective water resources management by integration, the study proposes “Water
Authority” for water resources management in the national level, “Basin Water Agencies” for water

95
resources management at three major basins, and “National Water Committee” as a consultative
organization for Water Authority, based on the Water Law as well as “Inter-Ministries Committee”
for adjustment between different ministries to develop multiple water resources projects. Among
these organizations, Water Authority is the key organization and proposed to be established by
2004. Although HCH which will be origin of Water Authority, was transferred from the Cabinet
of Prime Minister to the Ministry of Development Planning at the last rearrangement of
government. The functions of HCH are still effective and preparatory works for establishment of
Water Authority are carried out steadily. Proposed organizations are judged to work effectively
once they are established because the establishments are desired from an aspect of national
necessity and preparatory works such as on human resources development and on legal and
legislative preparation are steadily proceeding based on the Water Law.

Furthermore, the study proposed the arrangement of legal frameworks surrounding the Water Law,
namely the environmental law and regulation such as on conservation of water quality and
groundwater and the water use law and regulation such as on multipurpose water resources
development for hydropower, irrigation and domestic water supply. These laws and regulations
are very important for water resources management. These are as below:

1) Environment
a) Law related to sewerage (Water quality conservation)
b) Law related to industrial water and groundwater (Groundwater conservation)

2) Water use

a) Law related to water resources development promotion (multipurpose development and

rationalization of water use)
b) Law related to multipurpose dam (Cost allocation among water use sectors)
c) Law related to electric power facilities development promotion (Large scale development
by particular capital investment)
d) Law related to agricultural land improvement (Agricultural infrastructure development
and productivity improvement)
e) Law related to dam or reservoir construction area’s improvement (Improvement of living
conditions in the dam and reservoir construction areas)

(4) Technical Evaluation

This study has been carried out based on the sufficient data on the natural conditions such as
hydrology and meteorology, and on socio-economic data such as population, economic and
agricultural statistics. The study also examined the potentiality of water resources, the
frameworks of population and socio-economy, water demand projection based on the frameworks,

96
water balance between potential and demand, extracted issues on water resources management and
development, investigated priority and prepared the development plan through discussion with
concerned ministries and agencies such as Ministry of Infrastructures, Ministry of Agriculture and
Animal Resources and National Rice Project. Most necessary data have been collected and input
into the GIS for the study. Discharge data, that are necessary for potential analysis, have been
collected at most control points for a period from 1980 to 1996, and demand analysis is based on
reliable data sources such as the 1998 Census Data, the Agricultural Master Plan 1992-2015 and
the National Rice Development Plan 2005. These technical procedures are judged to be
appropriate and the results of this procedure are evaluated to be technically appropriate. The results
of this study, such as the potentiality of water resources, the GIS, the frameworks of population and
socio-economics and the water demand prediction, are very useful not only for water resources
development planning but also for planning land use, forest preservation, agriculture and regional
development.

(5) Environmental Evaluation

The water resources management plans aim to preserve water resources and secure safe and fair
use of water, so that more positive impacts can be expected. However, it may suffer from
deterioration of water quality in reservoirs, increase in contamination, water-born diseases around
reservoirs and wetlands. Eutrophication of reservoirs and lagoons may also occur as utilization of
water resources increases. In order to conserve the water quality, this study proposes a water
quality control system by establishing the water quality monitoring network in the country.

In the evaluation process the items which can pay attention are: 1) impact to biological and
ecosystems with bio-diversity, 2) outflow of rock, sand and mud, 3) prevention of water quality
deterioration in lakes and rivers, and preservation of wetlands, and 4) toxic wastes in cities. The
Initial Environmental Examination was conducted in six (6) areas of 1) Kossou dam, 2) Buyo dam,
3) Comoe basin, 4) Upper basin of the Bandama river, 5) Central western region in the Sasandra
river, and 6)Ebrie lagoon.

The results show that environmental impact should be expected in the study areas in the ways; 1)
having negative impact to forest and bio-diversity for the reasons such as fragile soil conditions and
loss of surface soil at inclined land, 2) outflow of rock, sand and mud, 3) water quality decline in
lakes and rivers, and preservation of wetlands will also have negative impact and needs
Environmental Impact Assessment, and 4) toxic wastes impact to the cities will not be induced by
the Project.

(6) Social Evaluation

By the water resources management, it is expected to bring about various indirect social benefits in
addition to direct benefits as explained above. Among such benefits, followings are considered as
major evaluation on social benefits;

97
 - Improvement of water safety enables to balance the regional development and to prevent
development gaps between regions as well as extreme concentration of population.

- Safe and stable water resources development makes achieve economic development and
improve living standard of people.
- Stable supply of safe domestic water decreases water-borne diseases.

26 RECOMMENDATIONS

Among the number of recommendations made in the Main Report, such important items as worthy
to appear in the Summary have been extracted and presented as follows.
(1) The Government of Cote d’Ivoire is recommended to make financial arrangement for creation
of Water Authority and three (3) Basin Water Agencies which aim at an integrated
management of water resources to resolve the problems caused by sectarian management.

(2) Planning of water resources development project shall be carried out by Ministries concerned.
But the Water Authority shall take the initiative in planning of multi-purpose water projects.

(3) It is recommended to prepare the criteria and manuals for river works and water right with
priority.

(4) Improvement of existing hydro-meteorological network systems has the priority, and therefore
early implementation is desired.

(5) Comprehensive groundwater data network management is required to manage measured data
comprehensively by concerned organizations.

(6) It is recommended to prepare the river ledger (the database for rivers), which contains the
basic information and data for water resources management.

(7) The studies for Agneby river integrated development project, Comoe river integrated
development project, and Marahoue river integrated development project are recommended
for water resources development with priority.

(8) It may be required to maintain the GIS system with occasional updating of the GIS database to
function effectively.

98