LABORATORY MANUAL

CHEMISTRY
CBSE CLASS XI

Page 1
 EXPERIMENT -1
To determine the melting point of the given solid substance.

Materials Requirements

100 ml beaker, thermometer, iron stand, clamp, tripod stand, stirrer, thin-walled capillary tube 8 to 10 cm
long and 1 to 2 mm diameter, spatula. Liquid paraffin.

Procedure

1. Powder the crystalline substance. Take a capillary tube and seal its one end by heating. For filling the
substance make a heap of the powdered substance on the porous plate. Push the open end of the
capillary tube into the heap. Some substance will enter into it. Now tap the sealed end of the capillary
tube on the porous plate gently. Fill the capillary tube up to 2-3 mm.
2. Attach the capillary tube to a thermometer which is immersed in a bath of liquid paraffin. The
surface tension of the bath liquid is sufficient to hold the capillary tube in position.
3. Heat the beaker slowly and go on stirring the liquid in the beaker so that the temperature remains
uniform throughout. For this, a glass loop stirrer is moved up and down. When the temperature is
within 15° of the melting point of the pure substance, the flame is lowered. Now, the temperature is
allowed to rise slowly.
4. The temperature is noted when the substance starts melting. The temperature is noted again when it
is completely melted. The average of the two readings gives the melting point of the substance.

Precautions

1. Use dry and powdered sample for the determination of melting point.
2. Keep the lower end of the capillary tube and the thermometer at the same level.
3. Packing of the powder should be uniform without any big air gaps in between the solid particles.
4. Heating should be gradual and the bath should be stirred regularly to maintain uniform
temperature.
5. The bulb of the thermometer and the capillary sticking to it should not touch the side or the bottom
of the beaker.
6. Do not use rubber band for attaching the capillary tube to the thermometer.

Observations

Temperature at which the unknown substance begins to melt = t1°C

Temperature at which the substance completely melts = t2°C
Melting point of the unknown substance = (t1+t22) °C

EXPERIMENT -2
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To determine the Boiling point of the given solid substance.

Materials Requirements

100 ml coming glass beaker, a small thin walled test tube, thermometer, a capillary tube, a tripod stand, wire
gauze, stirrer, iron stand with clamp, liquid paraffin or cone, sulphuric acid and the given liquid.

Procedure

1. Take a small test tube and fill it two-third with the given liquid whose boiling point is to be
determined. Fix this tube to the thermometer with a rubber band. The rubber band should be fixed
near the mouth of the tube so that it remains outside the liquid paraffin bath. Adjust the tube so that
the bottom of the tube is somewhere at the middle of the thermometer bulb.
2. Clamp the thermometer carrying test tube in an iron stand through a cork. Lower the thermometer
along with the tube into a liquid paraffin bath. Adjust the ther¬mometer so that its bulb is well under
the acid and open end of the tube with the rubber band is sufficiently outside the acid bath. .
3. Take a capillary tube 5-6 cm in length and seal it at about one cm from one end by heating it in flame
and giving a slight twist. Place this capillary in the test tube so that sealed part of it stands in the
liquid.
4. Start heating the liquid paraffin bath slowly and stir the bath gently. Keep an eye on the liquid and
the test tube and also on the thread of the mercury in the thermo¬meter. At first a bubble or two will
be seen escaping at the end of the capillary dipping in the liquid, but soon a rapid and continuous
stream of air bubbles escapes from it. This is the stage when the vapour pressure of the liquid in the
sealed capil¬lary just exceeds the atmospheric pressure. Note the temperature when continuous
stream of bubbles starts coming out. Remove the flame and note the temperature when the evolution
of bubbles from the end of,the capillary tube just stops. The mean of these two temperatures gives
the boiling point of the liquid.
5. Allow the temperature fall by 10°C and repeat the heating and again note the boiling point.

Precautions

1. Keep the lower end of the ignition tube and the thermometer bulb at the same level.
2. Record the temperature as the boiling point at which brisk and continuous evolution of the bubbles
starts from the lower end of the capillary dipped in the liquid organic compound.
3. If on placing the sealed capillary tube in the test tube, the liquid is seen rising in the capillary tube,
it indicates that the capillary tube is not properly sealed. Reject this capillary tube and use a sealed
new one.
4. The sealed point of the capillary tube should be well within the liquid.
5. The paraffin bath must be heated very slowly and the paraffin stirred to ensure uniform heating.

Observations

Boiling point
(i) t1°C
(ii) t2°C
Mean = t1°+t2°2 = t°C

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 EXPERIMENT -3

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-

Prepare 250 ml of M/20 solution of sodium carbonate from crystalline sodium carbonate.

THEORY-

Sodium carbonate is a primary standard.

Molecular mass of crystalline sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) = 106
Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M sodium carbonate crystals required = 106 gm
Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/20 solution,
106 1
Sodium carbonate crystals required = X 250 X 20 = 1.325 gm
1000

Hence 1.325 gm of sodium carbonate dissolves in 250 ml of water to prepare M/20 solution of sodium
carbonate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED -

Chemical balance, 250 ml beaker, glass rod and 250 ml measuring flask.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED -

Sodium carbonates crystals and distilled water.

PROCEDURE-

1. 1.325 gm of sodium carbonate crystals was weighed accurately.

2. The sodium carbonate crystals were transferred gently and carefully into a 250 ml beaker.
3. 50 ml of water was added to the beaker.
4. Sodium carbonate crystals were dissolved in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean glass
rod.
5. When the sodium carbonate crystals were completely dissolved, the entire solution was
transferred carefully into a 250 ml measuring flask.
6. Enough water was added to the measuring flask carefully, up to the index mark on it.
7. The measuring flask was shaken gently to make the solution uniform.
8. Label it as M/20 sodium carbonate

CONCLUSION

250 ml of M/20 solution of sodium carbonate from crystalline sodium carbonate is prepared.

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 EXPERIMENT –4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-

Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of hydrochloric acid by using
M/20 solution of sodium carbonate.

THEORY-

Molecular mass of crystalline sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) = 106

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M sodium carbonate crystals required = 106 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/20 solution,

106 1
Sodium carbonate crystals required = X 250 X = 1.325 gm
1000 20

Hence 1.325 gm of sodium carbonate dissolves in 250 ml of water to prepare M/20 solution of sodium
carbonate.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

INDICATOR -

Methyl orange

END POINT -

Straw yellow to light pink

APPARATUS REQUIRED -

Burette, burette stand, pipette and conical flask

CHEMICALS REQUIRED -

Sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, Methyl orange indicator

PROCEDURE -

1. 1.325 gm of sodium carbonate crystals was weighted.

2. Sodium carbonate crystals were dissolved in 50 ml of water then it was made 250 ml in a 250 ml
measuring flask.
3. The burette was rinsed with hydrochloric acid solution and the washing was rejected.
4. The burette was filled with hydrochloric acid solution and the burette was clamped in burette stand.
5. The pipette was rinsed with sodium carbonate solution and the washing was rejected.
6. 10 ml of sodium carbonate solution was pipetted out into a 250 ml conical flask, then one drop of
methyl orange was added to the conical flask.

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 7. The initial burette reading was noted in the table.
8. Hydrochloric acid solution was added from the burette till the colour of the solution was just
9. changed from straw yellow to light pink.
10. The final burette reading was noted in the table.
11. The process was repeated to get at least three concordant reading.

OBSERVATION

Weight of sodium carbonate = 1.325 gm

Volume of solution prepared = 250 ml

Molarity of sodium carbonate solution = M/20

Volume of sodium carbonate solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.

S.L VOLUME Initial burette Final burette Volume of HCl

NO OF(Na2CO3) reading reading solution used REMARKS
(in ml) (in ml) (in ml) ( FBR-IBR)
(in ml)
1

4
Concordant reading X= ---------ML

CALCULATION
𝑀1 𝑋 𝑉1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑀2 𝑋 𝑉2

Where, M 1 = molarity of hydrochloric acid solution =?

V 1 = volume hydrochloric acid solution = table reading

M 2 = molarity of sodium carbonate solution = M/20
V 2 = volume of sodium carbonate solution = 10 ml

𝑀1 𝑋 𝑥 2
So, 𝑀 =1
𝑋 10
20

Strength of hydrochloric acid solution

Strength = molarity of hydrochloric acid solution X molecular mass of hydrochloric acid = M1 X
36.5 gm/litre=?

CONCLUSION –
Page 6
 Hence, the molarity of hydrochloric acid solution was found to be -------------- and strength of
hydrochloric acid was found to be ---------------------.

EXPERIMENT -5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-

Prepare 250 ml of M/20 solution of oxalic acid from crystalline oxalic acid.

THEORY-

Molecular mass of crystalline oxalic acid (C2H2O4.2H2O) = 126

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M oxalic acid, oxalic acid crystals required = 126 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/20 solution,

126 1
Oxalic acid crystals required = X 250 X 20 = 1.575 gm
1000

Hence 1.575 gm of oxalic crystals dissolves in 250 ml of water to prepare M/20 solution of oxalic acid.

APPARATUS REQUIRED -

Chemical balance, 250 ml beaker, glass rod and 250 ml measuring flask.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED -

Oxalic acid crystals and distilled water.

PROCEDURE -

1. 1.575 gm of oxalic acid crystals was weighed accurately.

2. The oxalic acid crystals were transferred gently and carefully into a 250 ml beaker.
3. 50 ml of water was added to the beaker.
4. Oxalic acid crystals were dissolved in the beaker by gentle stirring with a clean glass rod.
5. When the oxalic acid crystals were completely dissolved, the entire solution was transferred
carefully into a 250 ml measuring flask.
6. Enough water was added to the measuring flask carefully, up to the index mark on it.
7. The measuring flask was shaken gently to make the solution uniform through out
8. Label it as M/20 oxalic acid solution.

CONCLUSION

250 ml of M/20 solution of oxalic acid from crystalline oxalic acid is prepared.

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 EXPERIMENT – 6
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-

Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of sodium hydroxide by using
M/20 solution of oxalic acid.

THEORY -

Molecular mass of crystalline oxalic acid (C2H2O4.2H2O) = 126

Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M oxalic acid, oxalic acid crystals required = 126 gm

Hence for preparing 250 ml of 1/20 solution,

126 1
Oxalic acid crystals required = X 250 X 20 = 1.575 gm
1000

Hence 1.575 gm of oxalic crystals dissolves in 250 ml of water to prepare M/20 solution of oxalic acid.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS -

(COOH)2 + 2NaOH (COONa)2 + H2O

INDICATOR -
Phenolphthalein.

END POINT -
Pink to colourless.

APPARATUS REQUIRED -
Burette, burette stand, pipette and conical flask.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED -
Sodium hydroxide, oxalic acid, Phenolphthalein indicator

PROCEDURE -
1. 1.575 gm of oxalic acid crystals was weighted.
2. Oxalic acid crystals were dissolved in 50 ml of water then it was made 250 ml in a 250 ml measuring
flask.
3. The burette was rinsed with oxalic acid solution and the washing was rejected.
4. The burette was filled with oxalic acid solution and the burette was clamped in burette stand.
5. The pipette was rinsed with sodium hydroxide solution and the washing was rejected.
6. 10 ml of sodium hydroxide solution was pipetted out into a 250 ml conical flask, then one drop of
Phenolphthalein indicator was added to the conical flask.
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 7. The initial burette reading was noted in the table.

8. Oxalic acid solution was added from the burette till the colour of the solution was just changed from
pink to colourless.
9. The final burette reading was noted in the table.
10. The process was repeated to get at least three concordant reading.

OBSERVATION -

Weight of oxalic acid = 1.575 gm

Volume of solution prepared = 250 ml

Molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/20

Volume of sodium hydroxide solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.

S.L Volume of NaOH Initial burette Final burette Volume of remarks

NO (in ml) reading reading oxalic acid
(in ml) (in ml) solution used
(in ml)
1

4
Concordant reading X= -----------ML

CALCULATION-

According to the equation one mole of oxalic acid reacts with two mole of sodium hydroxide.
𝑀1 𝑋 𝑉1 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑥𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀2 𝑋 𝑉2

Where, M 1 = molarity of oxalic acid solution =M/20

V 1 = volume oxalic acid solution = table reading

M 2 = molarity of sodium hydroxide solution=?
V 2 = volume of sodium hydroxide solution = 10 ml

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 𝑀
𝑋 𝑥 1
So, 20
= 2 ?
M2 𝑋 10

Strength of sodium hydroxide solution

Strength = molarity of sodium hydroxide solution X molecular mass of hydrochloric acid
= M2 X 40 gm/litre=?

CONCLUSION –

Hence, the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution was found to be -------------- and strength of sodium
hydroxide was found to be ---------------------.

EXPERIMENT – 7
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT –

Prepare crystals of pure copper sulphate from a given impure sample of copper sulphate.

THEORY –

The given sample is shaken with water. A few drop of dilute sulphuric acid are added to it in order to
prevent hydrolysis of copper sulphate. Copper sulphate present in the sample gets dissolved while impurities
are left behind. The solution is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated to crystallization point and then cooled.
On cooling crystals of copper sulphate separate out.

APPARATUS REQUIRED –

1. Beaker
2. Funnel
3. Glass rod
4. China dish
5. Tripod stand
6. Wire gauze
7. Bunsen burner
8. Filter paper

CHEMICAL REQUIRED –

1. Impure Copper sulphate

2. Dilute sulphuric acid
3. Water

PROCEDURE –

1. 30 ml of water was taken in a 250 ml beaker.

2. The supplied Impure copper sulphate were added pinch by pinch with stirring till a small quantity of
copper sulphate solid left undissolved.
3. The solution was filtered into a clean china dish.
4. Few drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to the filtrate in order to check the hydrolysis of salt.
5. The filtrate was concentrated in the china dish by evaporation through heating with constant stirring
till a drop of solution forms crystal on glass rod when it was cooled by blowing air from the mouth.

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 6. The china dish was removed from the flame and the solution was allowed to cool to room
temperature for about half an hour with out disturbing the china dish during cooling.
7. The blue crystals of hydrated copper sulphate were separated from mother liquor by decantation.
8. The crystals were dried by pressing between folds of filter papers and the crystals were submitted for
inspection.

OBSERVATION -

1. Colour of the crystals = blue

2. Shape of the crystals =triclinic
3. Yield = 5gm

CONCLUSION –

Hence pure, dry, blue colour and triclinic shape crystals of copper sulphate were obtained.

EXPERIMENT – 8
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-:
DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL AND ACID REDICAL OF THE GIVEN UNKNOWN
SALT.

A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION

1. Salt No.-
2. Colour of the salt- Colourless
3. Texture of the salt- Crystalline
4. Solubility-The salt is soluble in (i) cold water
B. DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

TEST TUBE HEATING

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is (a) The salt was first melted but (a) May be Mg2+, Zn2+ ,Ca2+, Sr2+
taken in a clean and dry test tube finally infusible white mass is , Ba2+,Al3+ etc.
& heated first slowly and left. (b) It may be Al3+ or Zn2+ salt.
strongly for about 3-4 minutes. (b) The salt swells upon heating.

CHARCOAL CAVITY TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small cavity was made in a (a) An incandescent infusible (a) May be Mg2+ ,Al3+ , Zn2+ ,
charcoal block. The cavity was white mass is obtained. Ca2+ , Ba2+, Sr2+ , Sn2+ etc.(
filled with the supplied salt. The cobalt nitrate test is to be
salt moistened with a droups of performed).
water. The salt was heated with
the oxidising flame with the help
of a blow pipe.

COBALT NITRATE TEST

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 EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE
A small quantity of the salt is (a) A blue mass is obtained. (a) May be Al3+ salt.
heated strongly in a charcoal
cavity in the oxidising flame with
the help of a blow pipe till an
infusible white mass was left. one
to two drops of cobalt nitrate
solution is added to it and it is
heated strongly in the oxidising
flame.

C. WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

GROUP ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1) A pinch of the salt was taken (b) No smell of ammonia. (b)Group zero basic radical are
in a test tube, few drops of conc. absent.
sodium hydroxide solution was
added and heat it.

(2)About 2ML of salt solution

taken in a test tube and add dil. (b) NO precipitates is obtained. (b) Group-I basic radical are
HCL. absent.

(3)Take about 2ML of salt

solution in a test tube .Make it (b) NO precipitate is obtained. (b) Group-II basic radical are
acidic with dil.HCL and warm absent.
the contents. Through this
solution pass H2S gas.

(4)Take about 2ML of the salt

solution and Add to about 2gm of (a) A white or reddish brown (a) Group-III basic radical may
solid NH4Cl and Add excess of precipitate is formed. be present.
NH4OH to it and shake.

ANALYSIS OF GROUP-III BASIC RADICAL ( Fe3+,Al3+ )

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1)About 2 ml of salt solution is Gelatinous white ppt. is obtained. Al3+ may be present.
taken in a clean test tube and
NH4Cl is added to it till saturation

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and then dil. NH4OH is added till
alkaline.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR

Al3+ Gelatinous white ppt. is first Al3+ is confirmed.
About 2 ml of salt solution is obtained. which is soluble with
taken in a clean test tube and excess NaOH .
NaOH solution is added to it
dropwisely and then in excess.
D. DRY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL
I. TEST WITH DILUTE HCL OR DILUTE H2SO4 (CO32-,SO32-,S2-,NO2-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a (e) No effervescence no gas was (e) CO32- , SO32- , S2- , NO2- were
clean and dry test tube, then 2ml of evolved. absent. So test for other acid
dilute H2SO4 was added. radical.

II. TEST WITH CONC. H2SO4 (Cl- ,Br- ,I-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a (d) No effervescence no gas was (d) Cl- ,Br- ,I- were absent. So test
clean and dry test tube, then 2 to 3 evolved. for other acid radical.
drops of conc.H2SO4 was added.

III. TEST FOR NO3-

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A little of the salt heated with (b) No remarkable observation was (b) NO3- was absent. so test for
conc.H2SO4 and few copper obtained. sulphate (SO42-) and phosphate
turnings. (PO43-) .

E. WET TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SO42- (SULPHATE)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

2-
2ml of salt solution was taken in a A white ppt. was formed. which SO4 was confirmed.
test tube then dilute HCL was was insoluble in conc. HCL.
added and barium chloride BaCl2
solution was added to it.

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CONCLUSION:-
Hence The Basic radical found to be Al3+ and Acid radical found to be SO42-.

EXPERIMENT – 9
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-:
DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL AND ACID REDICAL OF THE GIVEN UNKNOWN
SALT.

A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION

1. Salt No.-
2. Colour of the salt- Colourless
3. Texture of the salt- Crystalline
4. Solubility-The salt is soluble in (i) cold water

B. DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

TEST TUBE HEATING

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is (a) Decripitation took place (a) May be crystalline salt.
taken in a clean and dry test tube (cracking sound). (b) May be Mg2+, Zn2+ ,Ca2+, Sr2+
& heated first slowly and (b) The salt was first melted but , Ba2+,Al3+ etc.
strongly for about 3-4 minutes. finally infusible white mass is
left.

CHARCOAL CAVITY TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small cavity was made in a (a) An incandescent infusible (a) May be Mg2+ ,Al3+ , Zn2+ ,
charcoal block. The cavity was white mass is obtained. Ca2+ , Ba2+, Sr2+ , Sn2+ etc.(
filled with the supplied salt. The cobalt nitrate test is to be
salt moistened with a droups of performed).
water. The salt was heated with
Page 14
the oxidising flame with the help
of a blow pipe.

COBALT NITRATE TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A small quantity of the salt is (a) Grey mass is obtained. (a) may be Ca2+ ,Sr2+,Ba2+ salt (
heated strongly in a charcoal flame test is to be performed)
cavity in the oxidising flame with
the help of a blow pipe till an
infusible white mass was left. one
to two drops of cobalt nitrate
solution is added to it and it is
heated strongly in the oxidising
flame.

FLAME TEST

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

The clean platinum wire is NAKED EYE DOUBLE BLUE
dipped with conc. HCl and then it GLASS
was touched a little of the salt. (e)Pea green (e)Bluish (e) may be Ba2+ salt present.
Then it is shown to the oxidizing green
flame. The colour of the flame is
observed through naked eye and
double blue glass.

C. WET TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL

GROUP ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1) A pinch of the salt was taken (b) No smell of ammonia. (b)Group zero basic radical are
in a test tube, few drops of conc. absent.
sodium hydroxide solution was
added and heat it.

(2)About 2ML of salt solution (b)NO precipitates is obtained. (b)Group-I basic radical are
taken in a test tube and add dil. absent.
HCL.

(3)Take about 2ML of salt (b)NO precipitate is obtained. (b) Group-II basic radical are
solution in a test tube .Make it absent.
acidic with dil.HCL and warm
the contents. Through this
solution pass H2S gas.

Page 15
 (4)Take about 2ML of the salt (b) NO precipitate is obtained. (b) Group-III basic radical are
solution and Add to about 2gm of absent.
solid NH4Cl and Add excess of
NH4OH to it and shake.

(5)Take about 2ML of the salt (b) NO precipitate is obtained. (b) Group-IV basic radical are
solution and Add to about 2gm of absent.
solid NH4Cl and Add excess of
NH4OH to it and shake. Through
this solution pass H2S gas.

(6)Take about 2ML of the salt (a)A white precipitates is formed. (a) Group-V basic radical may be
solution and Add 2gm of solid present.
NH4Cl,boil,cool and add NH4OH
till the solution smells of
Ammonia. Then add (NH4)2CO3
solution.

ANALYSIS OF GROUP-V BASIC RADICAL ( Sr2+ ,Ba2+ ,Ca2+ )

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

(1)About 2 ml of salt solution is A white ppt. is obtained. Ba2+ may be present.
taken in a clean test tube and
NH4Cl is added to it till saturation
and then dil. NH4OH is added till
alkaline. Then saturated solution
of (NH4)2CO3 is added to it.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR

Ba2+
A little of the above precipitate is A Yellow ppt. is obtained. Ba2+ is confirmed.
taken in a clean test tube and to it
1ml of dil. Acetic acid is added
and warmed. Then potassium
chromet (K2CrO4) solution is
added.

D. DRY TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

I. TEST WITH DILUTE HCL OR DILUTE H2SO4 (CO32-,SO32-,S2-,NO2-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a (e) No effervescence no gas was (e) CO32- , SO32- , S2- , NO2-
clean and dry test tube, then 2ml evolved. were absent. So test for other acid
of dilute H2SO4 was added. radical.

Page 16
II. TEST WITH CONC. H2SO4 (Cl- ,Br- ,I-)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

A pinch of salt was taken in a (a) Effervescence took place with (a) may be Cl-
clean and dry test tube, then 2 to evolution of colourless gas with
3 drops of conc.H2SO4 was pungent odour. white fumes were
added. produced when a glass rod
Dipped in conc.NH4OH was
shown to the gas.

E. WET TEST FOR ACID RADICAL

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Cl- (CHLORIDE)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

-
2ml of salt solution was taken in A curdy white ppt. was formed. Cl was confirmed.
test tube was acidified with dilute which was soluble in dilute
HNO3 and silver nitrate (AgNO3) NH4OH and reappeared on
was Added. addition of dilute HNO3 .

CONCLUSION:- Hence The Basic radical found to be Ba2+ and Acid radical found to be Cl-.

Page 17