Fault Level CA.
Fault Level CA.
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION AT DISTRIBUTION SIDE
Here in Fig‐1 a simple single line diagram is shown. Here we have to select HT & LT switch gear
from the fault level.
Generally Supply provider provides us a Fault level for HT side.
From the above theory we know that for the fault calculation we require
1. HT side fault level
2. Transformer ‘s % impedance value
3. Cable impedance value
HT side fault level is provided from supply provider company.
% impedance value is given in the Transformer name plate or Datasheet. If not we can get it
from manufacturer.
Cable impedance value is not directly given in the manufacturers catalogue but they provide
resistance & reactance value per 1000 m. So we have to convert that R & X values into Total
impedance . Using following Formula,
Z=Squareroot of (R2 + X2).
Than we have to convert this Z value in Per meter.
Than, Total impedance Z = (Z/meter)*(Total cable length to the fault ).
Now we are able to collect all the data required for calculation of Fault level. See first how to
calculate it using following example.
But keep in mind that if have to calculate Fault level near the transformer area like in the PCC
terminals we are neglecting the cable or busbar impedance values between PCC & Transformer.
2
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION AT DISTRIBUTION SIDE
Above Single line diagram contains tentative values.
Now Calculating the Fault level at Point F1 & F2. Following steps should be Proceed.
Step – 1 First calculate Source Imedance from the given HT fault Level. For this use following Formula.
Here in the SLD we have HT voltage 11 KV & Fault MVA = 350 MVA
We can also Reduce above equation in terms of KV & MVA
Like, Source Z Ω = KV2
Fault MVA
Now putting the above values,
Source Z Ω = (11)2 / 350 = 0.346 Ω
Step – 2 Calculate Transformer Impedance from the given % impedance value using following formula.
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FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION AT DISTRIBUTION SIDE
Here put the value of % impedance directly into the above equation no need to convert it into actual
value.
From the SLD, % impedance value of Transformer is 6.5 % as given on Manufacturer Datasheet. & MVA
is the Transformer Rating not fault level.
So, Transformer Z in Ω = (6.5 * 112) / 2.25 = 3.5 Ω
Step – 3 Now calculate total HT impedance up to transformer using following formula.
So from above calculated data, Total Z Ω HT = 0.346 + 3.5 = 3.84 Ω
Step – 4 Now convert this Z Ω HT side value to LT side using following formula.
HV & LV voltage ratings are given on the Transformer Name plate or Datasheet. Like 11 / 0.433 KV.
So here HV = 11 KV & LV = 0.433 KV.
Therefore, Z Ω LT side = (3.84 * 0.4332) / 112 = 0.006 Ω
Step – 5 Calculate LT fault current From following equation using above values.
So that LT Fault Current = (0.433) / (√3 * 0.006) = 41.6 KA.
Step – 6 If required Calculate fault MVA from the calculated fault current from following equation.
LT Fault Level in MVA = √3 *LV in KV*Fault Current in KA.
Up to step – 6 we have calculated fault current at point F1 i.e. here we have neglected the cable
from transformer to PCC & busbar in the PCC panel because they are very near to the
Transformer.
Now to calculate Fault current at point F2 which is far from transformer & near to load. In the
SLD location of fault point is on the motor terminal. For this condition we have to consider
impedences of cable up to the fault point from PCC panel.
We know the impedance values upto the PCC panel is 0.006 Ω that we have calculated earlier.
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FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION AT DISTRIBUTION SIDE
So take following steps further.
Step – 7 Calculate cable impedance from PCC to MCC panel.
For calculation of Cable Impedance we require Resistance & Reactance of the cable which is provided in
the Cable manufacturer catalogue or in the datasheet of it.
Here in SLD we given Cable from PCC to MCC is 3.5 Core 120 Sq.mm. Aluminium & 100 m long.
From the catalogue or Datasheet R = 20 Ω/km & X = 10 Ω/km.
Therefore R = 20 / 1000 = 0.02 Ω/m
X = 10 / 1000 = 0.01 Ω/m
Therefore Z1 = √(0.022 + 0.012 ) = 0.022 Ω/m.
Cable is 100 m long so Z1 = 0.022*100 = 2.2 Ω
Step – 8 Calculate cable impedance from MCC to motor terminal.
From the SLD cable size is 3C X 6 Sqmm Aluminium, 150 m long.
From the catalogue or Datasheet R = 35 Ω/km & X = 29 Ω/km.
Therefore R = 35 / 1000 = 0.035 Ω/m
X = 29 / 1000 = 0.029 Ω/m
Therefore Z2 = √(0.0352 + 0.0292 ) = 0.046 Ω/m
Cable is 150 m long so Z2 = 0.046 * 150 = 6.9 Ω/m
Step – 9 Calculate total cable impedance from PCC to Fault point.
Total Cable impedance = Z1 + Z2 = 2.2 + 6.9 = 9.1 Ω
Step – 10 Calculate total impedance from source to Fault point.
Total Impedance = Impedance to PCC + Impedance from PCC to Fault point
= 0.006 + 9.1 =9.11 Ω
Step – 11 Calculate fault current using formula given in step – 5 .
Therefore Fault current at Fault point F2 = (0.433) / (√3 * 9.11) = 0.03 KA.
This value of fault current is not practical possible because here we have consider the tentative values of
impedances for the cable put the actual value of impedances of cable from catalogue then you will find
exact value of fault current .
According to this fault current values we can select the Protection switch gear breaking capacity.