R.K.MALIKS NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X REVISION NOTES CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS CHAPTER - 5 : ROTATIONAL MOTIONS 5.1 Introduction Rigid body : A rigid body is a body that can rotate with all the parts locked together and without any change in its shape. 5.2 Centre of Mass Centre of mass of a system is a point that moves as though all the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there (1) Position vector of centre of mass for n particle system : Ifa system consists of n particles of masses m,, m5, m; ’m,, whose positions vectors are ‘i ~-~Tn_ respectively then position vector of centre of mass S CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS _ mH +m, y+ my 75+ m1 my +m, +m; mM, If two masses are equal i.c., m, ~ my, then position vector of centre of, mass Important points about centre of mass (i). The position of centre of mass is independent of the co-ordinate system chosen (ii) The position of centre of mass depends upon the shape of the body and distribution of mass. (ii) In symmetrical bodies in which the distribution of mass is homogenous, the centre of mass coincides with the geometrical centre or centre of symmetry of the body. Centre of mass of cone Cre aa Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 emeerenceeeenn!3h or pyramid lies on the axis of the cone at point distance — from the vertex where / is the height of cone. bi ‘The centre of mass changes its position only under the translatory motion. There is no effect of rotatory motion on centre of mass of the body Ifthe origin is at the centre of mass, then the sum of the moments of the masses of the system about the centre of mass is zero i.e. (vi) Ifa system of particles of masses m,, m,,m,..... move with velocity vp then the velocity of centre of mass move with accelerations a), a5, then the acceleration of centre of mass Ema, Em, (viii) If ” isa position vector of centre of mass ofa system then velocity of centre of mass Ye" Rem — 4 ¥em a? (ix) Acceleration of centre of ma + dt dt (x) Force om arigid body F =MAcm =M@ dv (xi) For an isolated system external force on the body is zero F —M Cn) a > Vem = constant. i.e, centre of mass of an isolated system moves with uniform velocity along a straight-line path. ae Sees een w 5 Cy I Q a K D z aL BE Zz & a > a ae5.6 Equations of Linear Motion and Rotational Motion Rotational Motion If angular acceleration is 0, @ = constant and 0 = of If angular acceleration & = constant then (+0), 2 y= 0, @ 8 (ii) & (ii) 0,0, +ar 1, (iv) O= or +4ou" (vy) ©) =07 +200 (vi) 6, a & +Qn-D> iFacceleration is not constant, the above equation will not be applicable. In this case ae jo dt ante ii) a= [ ; a de Gii)_@deo = aad 5.7 Moment of Inertia Moment of inertia plays the same role in rotational motion as mass plays in linear motion. Itis the property of a body due to which it opposes any change in its state of rest or of uniform rotation. (1) Moment of inertia of a particle 1 = m2; where ris the perpendicular distance of particle from rotational axis. Moment of inertia of a body made up of number of particles (discrete distribution) [= Mat bmg mys + Moment of inertia of a continuous distribution of mass, dl = dm? ie., T= frrdm Dimension : [ML7T°] Cre aa Pee eR eed emeerenceeeenn! S CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS(5) S.L. unit: kgn (6) Moment of inertia depends on mass, distribution of mass and on the position of axis of rotation (7) Moment of inertia is a tensor quantity. 5.8 Radius of Gyration Radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the perpendicular distance of a point from the axis, where if whole mass of the body were concentrated, the body shall have the same moment of inertia as it has with the actual distribution of mass When square of radius of gyration is multiplied with the mass of the body gives the moment of inertia of the body about the given axis 1 = MR ork Here k is called radius of gyration CBSE - PHYSICS Note: * Fora given body inertia is constant whereas moment of inertia is variable. 5.9 Theorem of Parallel Axes Moment of inertia of a body about a given axis, Lis equal to the sum of moment of inertia of the body about an axis parallel to given axis and passing through centre of mass of the body 1, and Ma? where M is the mass of the body and a is the perpendicular distance between the two axes, SION NOTES C! REY Ma? 5.10 Theorem of Perpendicular Axes According to this theorem the sum of moment of inertia ofa plane lamina about two mutually perpendicular axes lying in its plane is equal to its moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane of lamina and passing through the point of intersection of first two axis Crea PeeNote : © Incase of symmetrical two-dimensional bodies as moment of inertia for all axes passing through the centre of mass and in the plane of body will be same so the two axes in the plane of body need not be perpendicular to each other, 5.12 Analogy between Translatory Motion and Rotational Motion Translatory motion Rotatory motion Mass (m) Moment of Inertia (I) Linear P=my Angular 2mE Momentum p= 2m Momentum Force ma Torque 1 " Kinetic energy B= >i p2 2m 5.13 Moment of Inertia of Some Standard Bodies and Different Axes: Body —_ Axis of Rotation Figure Moment) K — K?/R? Ring About an axis (Cylindtical Passing through Shell), CG. and perpendicular to REVISION NOTES CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS its plane About its diameter Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Remeeenseeeenn!About a tangential axis in its own plane About a tangential axis perpendicular to its own plane oor? V2R Disc (Solid cylinder) About an axis Passing through CG, and perpendicular to its plane About its diameter About a tangential axis in its own plane About a tangential axis perpendicular to its own plane Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Reman eneeetts REVISION NOTES CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICSSolid Sphere About its diametric axis Solid Sphere About a tangential axis Spherical About its diametric Shell axis Spherical | About a tangential Shell axis CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS Tong thin rod About on axis passing through its centre of mass and perpendicular to the rod Long thin rod. About an axis passing through its & and perpendicular to the rod Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, co Pe aE5.14 Torque If the particle rotating in xv plane about the origin ¥, under the effect of force F and at any instant the position vector of the particle is ‘then. Torque * =F sing mx [where @ is the angle between the direction of SS ? and F] (1), Torque is an axial vector i.c., its direction is always perpendicularto the plane containing vector ” ad F jin accordance with right hand screw rule, For a given figure the sense of rotation is anti-clockwise so the direction of torque is perpendicular to the plane, outward through the axis of rotation. i.¢., Torque = Force Perpendicular distance of line of action of force from the axis of rotation, Torque is also called as moment of force and dis called moment or lever arm, B 5 a a a Bw z Zz z 2D Unit: Newton-metre (M.K.S.) and Dyne-cm (C:G.S.) REY Dimension : [ML?T~] A body is said to be in rotational equilibrium if resultant torque acting on itis Torque is the cause of rotatory motion and in rotational motion it plays same role as force palys in translatory motion i.c., torque is rotational analogue of force. This all is evident from the following correspondences between rotatory and translatory motion, Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cee Pee eee Remeeenseeeenn!Rotatory Motion Translatory Motion t=lo0 W=fr.de P=t-0 a ~ dt 5.15 Couple A couple is defined as combination of two equal but oppositely directed force not acting along the same line. The effect of couple is known by its moment of couple or torque by a couple t = rxF. F 5.17 Angular Momentum The moment of linear momentum of a body with respect to any axis of rotation is known as angular momentum, If P is the linear momentum of particle and ” its-position vector from the point of rotation then angular momentum Angular momentum is an axial vector i¢., always directed perpendicular to the plane of rotation and along the axis of rotation (1) S.L. Unit: kgm? s or J-sec. (2) Dimension ; [ML?1~J and it is similar to Planck’s constant (#). (3) Angular momentum = (Linear momentum) « (Perpendicular distance of Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cee Pee eee Remeeenseeeenn! B 5 a a Bw z Zz z 2D REYline of action of force from the axis of rotation) (4) In vector form L =1o (5) From L=10, [Rotational analogue of Newton’s second law] (6) Ifa large torque acts ona particle fora siiall time then “angular impulse” of torque is enby J=[tdt=r,, [dt Angular impulse = Change in angular momentum 5.18 Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum ° dL Ifthe net external torque on a particle (or system) is zero then = “= ie. L = Dit LjtL54.uu.....= constant Angular momentum of a system (may be particle or body) remains constant if resultant torque acting on it zero. AsL=Io so if t =0 then Io = constant, 5.20 Slipping, Spinning and Rolling (1) Slipping : When the body slides on a surface without rotation then its motion is called slipping motion. In this condition friction between the body and surface F = 0. 1 Body possess Only translatory kinetic energy Ky = 5+ Spinning : When the body rotates in such a manner that its axis of rotation does not move then its motion is called spinning motion. In this, condition axis of rotation of a body is fixed 1 In spinning, body possess only rotatory kinetic energy Ky = 10°. Rolling : [fin case of rotational motion ofa body about a fixed axis, the axis of rotation also moves, the motion is called combined translatory and rotatory. Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cee Pee eee Remeeenseeeenn! SION NOTES CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS REYExample (i) Motion of a wheel of cycle on a road. (ii) Motion of football rolling on a surface. In this condition friction between the body and surface F #0. Body possesses both translational and rotational kinetic energy, Net kinetie energy = (Translatory + Rotatory) kineti¢ energy 5.21)Rolling Without Slipping Incase of combined translatory and rotatory motion if the object rolls actos a surface in such a way that there is no relative motion of object and surface at the point of contact, the motion is called rolling without slipping Friction is responsible for this type of motion but work done or dissipation of energy against friction is zero as there is no relative motion between body and surface at the point of contact. S CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS Rolling motion of a body may be treated as a pure rotation about an axis through point of contact with same angular velocity @: [v — Ro] Linear velocity of different points in rolling : In case of rolling, all points ofa rigid body have same angular speed but different linear speed. Let A, B. C and D.are four points then their velocities are shown in the following figure, SION NOTE B REY 2y v=0 (Translation) (Rotation) (Rolling) 5.22 Rolling on an Inclined Plane When a body of mass m and radius R rolls down on inclined plane of height Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cee Pee eee1 and angle of inclination 9, it loses potential energy. However it acquires both linear and angular speeds and hence, gain kinetic energy of translation and that of rotation. Rotation, Translaction / c 2gh (1) Velocity at the lowest point: »= 1+ (2) Acceleration in motion : From equation vy? = w? + 2as. [Deh h 2gh By substituting «=0,.=)—— andy = he wwe deta = SP Gj sind k (3) Time of descent : From equation v = w+ at R By substituting w = 0 and value of v and a from above expressions ROTATIONAL MOTION (1 MARK) About which axis a uniform cube will have minimum moment of inertia ? .. State the priciple of moments of rotational equilibrium Find the moment of inertia of a disc of radius R and mass m about an axis in its plane at a distance R/2 from its centre. Cait the couple acting on a rigid body produce translator motion ? Which component of linear momentum does not contribute to angular momentum? 6. A system is in stable-equilibrium. What can-we say about its potential energy ? 7. Is radius of gyration a constant quantity ? 8. Two solid spheres of the same mass are made of metals of different densities. Which of them has a large moment of inertia about the diameter ? Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cee Pee eee Remeeenseeeenn! B 5 a a a Bw z Zz z 2D REY9. The moment of inertia of two rotating bodies A and B are I, and Ip (I, > I.) and their angular momenta are equal. Which one has a greater kinetic energy ? 10. A particle moves on a circular path with decreasing speed. What happens to its angular momentum ? 11, What is the value of instantaneous speed of the point of contact during pure rolling ? 12. Which physical quantity is coftserved when’a planet revolves around the sun? .. What is the value of torque on the planet due to the gravitational force of sun? If no external torque acts on-a body, will its angular velocity be constant ? Why there are two propellers in a helicopter ? A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley moving uniformly with speed V on a smooth horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about on the trolley in any manner, then what is the effect of the speed of the centre of mass of the (trolley + child) system ? Rotational motion (2 marks) . Show that in the absence of any external force, the velocity of the centre of mass remains constant. State the factors on which the position of centre of mass of a rigid body depends. What is the turning effect of force called for ? On what factors does it depend ? State the factors on which the moment of inertia of a body depends. On what factors does radius of gyration of body depend ? B 5 a a g a be L z Zz z .. Why the speed of whirl wind in a Tarnado is alarmingly high ? Can a body be in equilibrium while in motion ? Ifyes, give an example. There is a stick half of which is Wooden and half is Of steel. (i) itis pivoted at the wooden end and a force is applied at the steel end at right angle to its length (ii) it is pivoted at the steel end and the same force is applied at the wooden end. In which case is the angular acceleration more and why ? 25.1f earth contracts to half of its present radius what would be the length of the day at equator ? 26. An internal force can not change the state of motion of centre of mass of a body. How does the internal force of the brakes bring a vehicle to rest ? Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae)27. 28. 29. When does a rigid body said to be in equilibrium ? State the necessary condition for a body to be in equilibrium. How will you distinguish between a hard boiled egg and a raw egg by spinning it on a table top? Equal torques are applied on a cylinder and a sphere. Both have same mass and radius. Cylinder rotates about its axis and sphere rotates about one of its diameter. Which will acquire greater speed and why ? In which condition a body lying in gravitational field is in stable equilibrium ? Give the physical significance of moment of inertia, Explain the need of fly wheel in Engine Rotational motion (3 marks) Derive the three equation of rotational motion 15 ()@ =o, var Gi) 8= ey + 007 Gir) © 55 +200 Under constant angular acceleration. Here symbols have usual meaning. . Obtain an expression for the work done by a torque, Hence write the expression for power. Prove that the rate of change of angular momentum ofa system of particles about a reference point is equal to the net torque acting on the system Three mass point m,, m,, m; are located at the vertices of equilateral A of side ‘a’. What is the moment of inertia of system about an axis along the altitude of A passing through m, ? Show that moment of a couple does not depend on the point about which moment is calculated, A dise rotating about its axis with angular speed a is placed lightly (without any linear push) on a perfectly frictionless table, The radius of the disc is R. What are the linear velocities of the points Aj B and C on the disc shown in figure. Will the dis roll ? Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cee Pee eee Remeeenseeeenn! S CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICS SION NOTE REY. A uniform circular disc of radius R is rolling on a horizontal surface. Determine the tangential velocity (i) at the upper most point (ii) at the centre of mass and (iii) at the point of contact. . Explain if the ice on the polar caps of the earth melts, how will it affect the duration of the day ? A solid cylinder rolls down an inclined plane-Its mass is 2 kg and radius 0.1 m. If the height of the include plane is 4m, what is rotational K.E. when it reaches the foot of the plane ? Find the torque of a foree 7/— 3/- 5k about the origin which acts on a particle whose position vector is / + jk Numericals Three masses 3 kg, 4 kg and 5 kg are located at the comers of an equilateral triangle of side 1 m. Locate the centre of mass of the system. ‘Two particles mass 100 g and 300 g at a given time have velocities 101 ~7/ — 3k and 7i— 9 + 6k ms” respectively, Determine velocity of COM From a uniform disc of radius R, a circular disc of radius R/2 is cut out. The cenire of the hole is at R/2 from the centre of original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resultant flat body. ‘The angular speed ofa motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in’ 16 seconds, (i) What is its angular acceleration (assume the acceleration to be uniform) (ii) How many revolutions does the whee! make during this time ? A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put one on top of the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45,0 cm, what is the mass of the meter stick ? A solid sphere is tolling on a frictionless plane surface about its axis of symmetry. Find ratio of its rotational energy to its total energy . Calculate the ratio of radii of gyration of a circular ring and a disc of the same radius with respect to the axis passing through their centres and perpendicular to their planes, ‘Two discs of moments of inertia I, and I, about their respective axes (normal to the disc and passing through the centre), and rotating with angular speed ©, and @, are brought into contact face to face with their axes of rotation coincident, (i) What is the angular speed of the two-disc system ? (ii) Show Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) B 5 a a g a be L z Zz qthat the kinetic energy of the combined system is less than the sum of the initial kinetic energies of the two discs. How do you account for this loss in energy ? Take @, #@, In the HCI molecule, the separating between the nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27 A (1A = 10!” m), Find the approximate location of the CM of, the molecule, given that the chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive as ahydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in all its nucleus, A child stands at the centre of turn table with his two arms out stretched. ‘The turn table is set rotating with an angular speed of 40 rpm; How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and thereby reduces his moment of inertia to-2/3 times the initial value ? Assume that the turn table rotates without friction. (ii) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of rotation. How do you account for this increase in kinetic energy ? To maintain rotor at a uniform angular speed of 200 rad s“!, an engine needs to transmit a torque of 180 Nm. What is the power required by the engine ? Assume that the engine is 100% efficient. . A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1-8 m, Its centre of gravity is 1-05 m behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front and back wheel. ROTATIONAL MOTION (5 MARKS) . Prove that the angular momentum ofa particle is twice the product of its mass and areal velocity. How does it lead to the Kepler’s second law of planetary motion ? Prove the result that the Velocity V of translation of a rolling body (like a ring, disc, cylinder or sphere) at the bottom of an inelined plane of a height 2gh his given by where K = Radius of gyration of body-about its symmetry axis, and R is radius of body. The body starts from rest at the top of the plane. . (i) Establish the relation between torque and angular acceleration, Hence define moment of inertia Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) B 5 a a g a be L z Zz q(ii) Can a body in translatory motion have angular momentum ? Explain ? (iii) Establish the relation between angular momentum and moment of inertia for a rigid body (iv) Why is it more difficult to revolve a stone by tying it to a longer string than by tying it to a shorter string ? (v) State the law of conservation of angular momentum and illustrate it with the example of planetary motion (vi) A catis able to land on its feet after a fall. Why-? State the theorem of (i) perpendicular axis (ii) parallel axis Find the moment of inertia of a rod of mass M and length L about and axis perpendicular to it through one end, Given the moment of inertia 9 about an axis perpendicular to rod and through COM is pM 5 ANSWERS (ROTATIONAL MOTION) 1 MARK Itwill be about an axis passing through the centre of the cube and connecting the opposite corners. xt No, It can produce only rotatory motion . Radial Component. PE, is minimum, .. No, it changes with the position of axis of rotation. Sphere of small density will have large moment of inertia K L =>Ky>K, Xm i.e, magnitude L decreases but direction remains constant Zero. Angular momentum of planet. Zero. Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Remeeenseeeenn! B 5 a a g a Bw L z Zz z14. No. wot 15. Due to conservation of angular momentum, 16. No change in speed of system as no external force is working, ANSWERS (2 MARKS) . (i) Shape of body (ii)_mass distribution Torque Factors, (i) Magnitude of force (ii) Perpendicular distance of force vector from axis of rotation . (i) Mass of body (ii) Size and shape of body (iii) Mass distribution w.tt. axis of rotation (iv) Position and orientation of rotational axis Mass distribution. In this, air from nearly regions get concentrated ina small space, so 1 4 considerably. Since I. W = constant so W? so high . Yes, if body has no linear and angular acceleration, Hence a body in uniform straight line motion will be in equilibrium. I (first case) > I (Second case) t= lo « (first case) R MR? = 1, = a( . 1,0, =1,0) =6 hours Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Remeeenseeeenn! B 5 a g a be L z Zz z. In this case the force which bring the vehicle to rest is friction, and it is an external force. . For translation equilibrium Fee = 0 For rotational equilibrium Wat = 0 gg will be small than . For same external torque, angular acceleration of raw e that of Hard boiled e «a. in cylinder, ain sphere, .. When vertical line through centre of gravity passes through the base of the body « Itplays the same role in'rotatory motion as the mass does in translatory motion ANSWERS (3 MARKS) ae m, «0+, * (BD)? - o+m,() +m(3) “\2 2 Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Cae eee B 5 g a Bw gz1 2 1 = —(m, +m,)a* lm + ms)a . For A V,= Rag in forward direction For B= Vj = Roy, in backward direction R For CV¢ = >, in forward direction disc will not roll i jpoR ‘ 101 ~l}=-Bi-2j-10k 7 -3 -5 ANSWERS (NUMERICALS) - (x, ) = (0:54 m, 0.36 m) Velocity of COM SEE et . COM of resulting portion lies at R/6 from the centre of the original dise in adirection opposite to the centre of the cut out portion . = 4m rad st n=576 m= 66-0 gm, =m’ 5 Total energy = Translational KE. + Rot. K.E. my" Rot. K.B. Total Energy , Ranchi-t - PHYSIC49, (i) Let w be the angular speed of the two-disc system. Then by conservation of angular momentum. (+1) 0 = 10, +10, 1,0) +10 or o +l, (ii) Initial KE, of the two discs. 1 2 K, = Sho?+ Final K.E. of the two dise system. 1 2 K, = 7h the’ 1 0) +e =(I, +1,)) 4 git of 1+1, Loss in K.E. K,-K, Fae +ho) aq hth 20+ IL, 2, +15) Hence there is a loss of rotational K.E. which appears as heat (@, ©)? =a positive quantity [+7 ©, #0] When the two dises are brought together, work is done against friction between the two discs As shown in Fig. suppose the H nucleus is located at the origin. Then x, =0,x,= 1.27 A, m= 1,m,=35.5 The position of the CM of HCI molecule is mx + myx m+ my 1x0+35,5x ‘Thus the CM of HCl is located on the line joining H and Cl nuclei at a distance Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Reman eneeetts REVISION NOTES CLASS XI CBSE - PHYSICSof 1,235 A from the H nucleus. SI. Here @y= 40 rpm, 1,= = By the principle of conservation of angular momentum, 1,0; = 1, @, oF 1x 40~ 1% or o, = 100 rpm (ii) Initial Kinetic energy of rotation ghier = Zh 40? =8001, New kinetic energy of rotation Initial K. Thus the child's new kinetie energy of rotation is 2.5 times its initial kinetic energy of rotation. This increase in kinetic energy is due to the internal energy of the child which he uses in folding his hands back from the out stretched position, Here @ = 200 rad s, t= 180 Nm Power, P= t @ = 180 « 200 = 36,000 W = 36kW N; Ne Ww For translation equilibrium of car Np +Ng = W= 1800 x 9-8 = 17640 N For rotational equilibrium of car 1-05 Np = 0-75 Na Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Remeeenseeeenn! B 5 a g a be L z Zz z= 0-75 (17640 —N,) = 13230 = 13230/1-8 = 7350 N = 17640 — 7350 = 10290 N 7350 Force on each front wheel 3675.N 291 Force on each back wheel= 30290 5145N ANSWERS (5 MARKS) 56. (ii) Yes, a body in translatory motion shall have angular momentum unless fixed point about which an momentum is taken lies on the line of motion of body rp sin 0 only when 6 = 0° or 180° MI of stone I = 2/? (/ > length of string) if Vis large ot is very small . more difficult to revolve Office : 608, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Pee Pe eae) Reman eneeetts B 5 g a Bw L z e REVISION NOT