10/10/2022

Lecture # 02

Engr. Syed Abdul Ghafar

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND ENGINEERING

Principles of transportation planning

Importance of planning:
• Safety
• Efficiency
• Sustainability
Commuters;
(More than 1 million people die due to accidents/per year)
Goals;
Current and future development
Autonomous vehicles
Smart traffic management system (ITS)

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Principles of
transportation
planning
There are five different
principles; (Subject to change)
• Integrity
• Clarity
• Make connections
• Constructive challenge
• Focus on people

Out comes of planning principles

of transportation
1. Maximize connectivity for people and businesses
while minimizing the need to travel – thus reducing
cost for users and non-users alike.
2. Manage demand as an end in itself, for example by
a. working with spatial planners to minimize the need
for movement of people or goods
b. supporting options that encourage the least damaging
alternatives, such as non-motorised modes,
sustainable goods transport and digital connectivity

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Out comes of planning principles

of transportation
3. Meet the key quality of life objectives of:
a. Environmental, economic and social sustainability
b. Health and wellbeing, safety and security for all
users and non- users
c. Equality of access for all members of society to the
connectivity they need
d. Respect for the needs of local communities

Out comes of planning principles

of transportation
4. Are integrated and provide a range of choices to
people on how and when they can travel
5. Are adaptable and flexible for a range of possible
future scenarios, and resilient to major shocks and
events, such as extreme weather, attacks and
disruption
6. Innovate and work creatively with new technologies
so that they benefit the whole of society.

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1. Integrity:
Provide robust, independent and honest
evidence-based advice which always protects
Principles of the integrity and objectivity of the profession.
transportation 2. Clarity:
planning Explain clearly all the work we do, to make
the levels of uncertainty in all technical work,
such as forecasting the future, transparent to
experts and non-experts alike.

3. Make connections:
Work across sectoral boundaries, especially with
spatial planners, and give equal weight to
demand management, the different ways of
Principles of travelling, and non-transport solutions to
transport problems.
transportation 4. Constructive challenge:
planning Adopt an open-minded, problem-solving
approach, be innovative, always fully consider
alternative solutions, and not favor one type of
investment (such as capital or revenue) over
another.

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5. Focus on People:
Be led by clear quality of life objectives, to
Principles of understand the impacts of transport plans and
transportation projects on individuals as well as society as a
planning whole and to listen, understand and acknowledge
the views of all those affected (whether users or
non-users).

Communication System
• Communication
(road network, rail-road network & airport), port and harbor
facilities
• Introduction to design aspects
The design aspects include the sizing of transportation facilities
(lanes and facility capacity issues) as well as designing the
geometry of the roadway. Likewise, the operations and management
involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the
road or track.

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Areas of Transportation Engineering

• Transportation Planning
• Traffic Operations (signs, signals,..)
• Roadway Geometric Design
• Pavement Engineering
• Railway Engineering
• Design and Planning of Airports

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Highway Engineering
• Highway engineering is an engineering
discipline which involves the design,
construction and maintenance of Highway
Roads & Systems, urban streets as well as
parking facilities. Important aspects of
highway engineering include overall
planning of routes, financing,
environmental impact evaluation, and
value engineering to compare alternatives.

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Traffic Engineering
• Traffic engineering involves planning for the volumes of
traffic to be handled, the methods to accommodate these
flows, the lighting and signing of highways, and general
layout.
• Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and
tolling.
• Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation
systems, including advanced traveler information systems
(such as variable message signs), advanced traffic control
systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure
integration.

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Railway Engineering
• It is a branch of civil engineering concerned with the design,
construction, maintenance, and operation of railways.
• Railway engineering includes elements of civil, mechanical, industrial,
and electrical engineering.
• Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of
railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guideway (such as
light rail or even monorails).
• Typical tasks would include determining horizontal and vertical
alignment design, station location and design, construction cost
estimating, and establishment of signalling & controlling system.
• Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train
dispatching which focuses on train movement control.

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• Port and harbor engineers handle the design,

construction, and operation of ports, harbors,
Port and canals, and other maritime facilities.
• A harbor (or haven) is a place for ships to enter
Harbor and find shelter from storms or other natural
Engineering phenomena.
• The modern harbor is a place where ships are
built, launched, and repaired, as well as a
terminal for incoming and outgoing ships.
• There are four principal classes of harbors;
commercial, naval, fishery, and refuge for small
craft. Harbor may be natural or artificial.

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Airport Engineering

• Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and construction of

terminals, runways, and navigation aids to provide for passenger and
freight service.
• Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must account for the
impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities.
• These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to
determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and
safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must
designate the clear zones in the entire port.

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Highway Transportation
Engineering
• Definition
The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning,
functional design, operation, and management of roads, streets and
highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
with other modes of transportation.

• Areas of highway transportation engineering:

• Planning of streets and highways
• Geometric design of road facilities
• Traffic operations and control
• Traffic safety
• Maintenance of road facilities and controls

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The Role of Transport Network in the

development

1. Lifelines of the Country

2. Transportation
3. Turning of local market into national market
4. Help in the development of economy
5. National integration of the country
6. Cultural integration

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Economic Development

Social Development
Impact of
Spatial Development
Transportation
Cultural Development

Political Development

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Pakistan- Network

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Transport sector in Pakistan- Motorways

• The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s with the idea building a world
class road network and to reduce the load off the heavily used national highways
throughout the country. The M2 was the first motorway completed in 1998, linking the
cities of Islamabad and Lahore. In the past 5 years, many new motorways have opened up
including the M1, M3.
• Total: 257,683 km
• Paved: 152,033 km (including 339 km of expressways)
• Unpaved: 105,650 km (2001)
• Vehicles on road: 4.2 million vehicles 250,000 commercial vehicles (2004 estimate)

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Road-
TRAFFIC
DATA

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• Pakistan has 148 airports.The major airports are:

1. Jinnah International Airport (Karachi)
2. Allama Iqbal International Airport (Lahore)
3. Benazir Bhutto International Airport (Islamabad/Rawalpindi)

Transport 4. Peshawar International Airport (Peshawar)

5. Quetta International Airport (Quetta)
sector in 6. Faisalabad International Airport (Faisalabad)

Pakistan-
7. Multan International Airport (Multan)
8. Sialkot International Airport (Sialkot)

Airports 9. Gwadar International Airport (Gwadar)

10.Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan)
• There are also several smaller airports which have flights to and from the Gulf
because of the large Pakistani diaspora working in the region. There are 91 airports
with paved runways of which 14 have runways longer than 3,047 meters. The
remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway
longer than 3,047 meters. Pakistan also has eighteen heliports.[4]

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• Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of

Railways, operates the railroad system. Rail
was the primary means of transport till 1970.
Transport In the two decades from around 1990, there
was a marked shift in traffic from rail to
sector in highways. Now the railway's share of inland
Pakistan- traffic is only 10% for passengers and 4% for
freight traffic. The total rail track decreased
RaILWAYS from 8,775 km in 1990–91 to 7,791 km in
2011.Pakistan expects to use the rail service
to boost foreign trade with China, Iran and
Turkey.[195][196]

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• The waterway network in Pakistan is in its infancy with

Karachi being the only major city situated next to the
Arabian Sea. Still plans are being proposed for the
Transport development of the waterways in the country along
the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost
sector in employment opportunities and the economic and social
development of Pakistan. See a list of dry ports and sea
Pakistan- ports in Pakistan.
• Port of Gwadar - Gwadar, Balochistan
Waterways • Port of Karachi - Karachi (City Centre), Sindh
• Port Qasim - East Karachi, Sindh
• Port of Pasni - Pasni, Balochistan
• motorway completed in 1998, linking the cities of
Islamabad and Lahore. In the past 5 years, many new

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Transport • Length of pipelines for crude oil is 2,011 km

sector in (1,250 mi).
• Length of Petroleum products pipeline is
Pakistan- 787 km (489 mi).
Pipelines • Length of Natural gas pipelines is 10,402 km
(6,464 mi)

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