Electrical

Engineering

Analog Electronics

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Analog Electronics
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First Edition : 2015

Second Edition : 2016
Third Edition : 2017
Fourth Edition : 2018
Fifth Edition : 2019
Sixth Edition : 2020
Seventh Edition : 2021

Eighth Edition : 2022

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Contents
Analog Electronics

Chapter 1 3.5 The p-channel MOSFET...........................................................50

Semiconductor Physics����������������������������������� 1 Student Assignments..................................................................54

1.1 Conductor, Semiconductor and Insulator........................... 1

Chapter 4
1.2 The Mass-action Law.................................................................. 5
Diode Circuits���������������������������������������������������56
1.3 Charge Neutrality Equation...................................................... 7
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................56
1.4 Drift Current................................................................................... 8
4.2 Diode Circuits : DC Analysis and Models...........................56
1.5 Current Density (J)....................................................................... 8
4.3 Diode Logic Gates......................................................................63
1.6 Diffusion Current........................................................................11
4.4 Diode : The Small Signal Model.............................................65
1.7 Einstein Relation.........................................................................13
4.5 DC Power Supply........................................................................67
1.8 Potential Variation in a Open Circuit Semiconductor Bar..13
4.6 Rectifier..........................................................................................67
Student Assignments..................................................................14
4.7 Half-wave Rectifier.....................................................................68
Chapter 2 4.8 Centre-Tapped Full-wave Rectifier.......................................77
Semiconductor Diode............................16 4.9 Bridge Rectifier............................................................................85
2.1 Representation for n-type and p-type Semiconductors....16 4.10 Comparison of Rectifier Circuits with Resistive Load....88
2.2 p-n Junction Theory..................................................................16 4.11 Filter .............................................................................................88
2.3 Forward-bias Condition (VD > 0 V)........................................18 4.12 Inductor Filter..............................................................................88
2.4 Reverse-bias condition (VD < 0 V).........................................19 4.13 Capacitor Filter............................................................................91
2.5 Expression for Diode Current.................................................20 4.14 CLC Filter (P-Section Filter)......................................................95
2.6 The Ideal Diode...........................................................................22 4.15 Voltage Regulators....................................................................96
2.7 The Contact Potential...............................................................23 4.16 Zener Diode Shunt Regulator................................................98
2.8 Step Graded Diode or Abrupt pn-junction Diode.........24 4.17 Op-amp Controlled Series Regulator..................................99
2.9 Space-charge, or Transition, Capacitance CT...................25 4.18 Transistorized Series Regulator.......................................... 100
2.10 Diffusion Capacitance or Storage Capacitance...............28 4.19 Wave Shaping........................................................................... 103
2.11 Phenomenon of Breakdown..................................................28 4.20 Clipper......................................................................................... 103
2.12 Zener Diodes................................................................................29 4.21 Linear Wave Shaping............................................................. 110
2.13 Junction Diode Switching Time............................................30 4.22 Clamper...................................................................................... 117
Student Assignments..................................................................32 4.23 Voltage Multiplier................................................................... 120
Student Assignments............................................................... 122
Chapter 3
Field Effect Transistors...........................34 Chapter 5
3.1 FET Vs BJT......................................................................................34 BJT-Characteristics and Biasing������������ 126
3.2 Construction of JFETs...............................................................35 5.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 126
3.3 MOSFETs........................................................................................43 5.2 Transistors Current Components....................................... 126
3.4 Enhancement Type MOSFET..................................................46
5.3 Early Effect................................................................................. 130

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5.4 BJT Configuration.................................................................... 131 Chapter 8
5.5 The Common Base Configuration..................................... 132
Basic FET Amplifiers.............................194
5.6 The Common-Emitter Configuration............................... 134
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 194
5.7 The Common-Collector Configuration........................... 137
8.2 The Common-Source Amplifier......................................... 194
Student Assignments............................................................... 137
8.3 Common-Drain (Source Follower) Amplifier................. 199
Chapter 6 8.4 The Common-Gate Configuration.................................... 201

Transistor Biasing and Student Assignments............................................................... 206

Thermal Stabilization���������������������������������140
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 140
Chapter 9
6.2 The Operating Point............................................................... 140 Frequency Response............................208
6.3 Instability in Collector Current........................................... 142 9.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 208

6.4 BJT Biasing................................................................................. 145 9.2 Amplifier Frequency Response.......................................... 208

6.5 Fixed Bias Circuit...................................................................... 145 9.3 Miller’s Theorem...................................................................... 215

6.6 Collector to Base Bias Circuit............................................... 147 9.4 Frequency Response : BJT.................................................... 216

6.7 Self-Bias, Emitter Bias, or Voltage-Divider Bias............. 148 9.5 High Frequency Response of Common-Emitter and
6.8 Bias Compensation................................................................. 151 Common-Source Circuits..................................................... 221
6.9 Thermal Runaway................................................................... 153 9.6 High Frequency Response of Common-Base and
6.10 BJT Biasing in Integrated Circuits (ICs)............................ 156 Common-Gate Circuits.......................................................... 223
6.11 Constant Current Source (Current Mirror)...................... 156 9.7 High Frequency Response of Emitter and Source
6.12 Widlar Current Source........................................................... 158 Follower Circuits...................................................................... 225
6.13 Current Repeaters................................................................... 159 Student Assignments............................................................... 228
6.14 Wilson Current Source........................................................... 160
Student Assignments............................................................... 162 Chapter 10
Differential Amplifiers������������������������������� 230
Chapter 7
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 230
BJT as an Amplifier���������������������������������������165
10.2 The Differential Amplifier..................................................... 230
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 165
10.3 Basic BJT Differential Amplifier.......................................... 231
7.2 Graphical Analysis of BJT Amplifier.................................. 166
10.4 FET Differential Amplifiers................................................... 237
7.3 Transistor Hybrid Model....................................................... 167
10.5 Constant Current-Bias........................................................... 238
7.4 Analysis of Transistor Amplifier Circuit Using
10.6 Level Translator........................................................................ 240
h-Parameters............................................................................. 168
Student Assignments............................................................... 242
7.5 Small Signal Hybrid-P Equivalent Circuit of BJT.......... 174
7.6 Hybrid-P-Equivalent Circuit, by Considering
Chapter 11
Early Effect................................................................................. 175
Feedback Amplifiers����������������������������������� 243
7.7 Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations...................... 177
11.1 Introductiont............................................................................ 243
7.8 Common-Emitter Amplifiers............................................... 177
11.2 Basic Feedback Concepts..................................................... 243
7.9 Common-Collector (Emitter-Follower) Amplifier........ 183
11.3 General Block Diagram of Feedback Amplifier............. 247
7.10 Common-Base Amplifier...................................................... 186
11.4 Four Basic Feedback Topologies........................................ 250
7.11 Multistage Amplifiers............................................................ 189
11.5 Series-Shunt Configuration................................................. 251
Student Assignments............................................................... 191

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11.6 Shunt-Series Configuration................................................. 253 Chapter 13
11.7 Series-Series Configuration................................................. 255
Signal Generators and Waveform
11.8 Shunt-Shunt Configuration................................................. 256
Shaping Circuits....................................296
11.9 Summary of Results................................................................ 256
13.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 296
Student Assignments............................................................... 258
13.2 Oscillators.................................................................................. 296

Chapter 12 13.3 The Phase-Shift Oscillator.................................................... 298

13.4 Wien Bridge Oscillator........................................................... 301

Operational Amplifier���������������������������������261
13.5 Colpitts Oscillator.................................................................... 303
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 261
13.6 Hartley Oscillator..................................................................... 306
12.2 Block Diagram Representation of A Typical Op-Amp.261
13.7 Crystal Oscillators.................................................................... 306
12.3 Schematic Symbol.................................................................. 262
13.8 Comparator............................................................................... 309
12.4 Operational Amplifier Characteristics............................. 262
13.9 Zero-Crossing Detector........................................................ 310
12.5 DC Characteristics................................................................... 262
13.10 Sample-And-Hold Circuits................................................. 311
12.6 AC Characteristics................................................................... 264
13.11 Basic Inverting Schmitt Trigger........................................ 311
12.7 Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amp........................................ 267
13.12 Schmitt Trigger Oscillator................................................... 314
12.8 Equivalent Circuit of an Op-Amp...................................... 268
13.13 Monostable Multivibrator.................................................. 316
12.9 Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve................................................ 268
13.14 The 555 Circuit........................................................................ 317
12.10 Inverting Amplifier................................................................ 269
Student Assignments............................................................... 322
12.11 Summing Amplifier.............................................................. 274

12.12 Non-inverting Amplifier...................................................... 276 Chapter 14

12.13 Voltage Follower.................................................................... 277 Filters and Oscillators...........................325
12.14 Current-to-Voltage Converter........................................... 278 14.1 Active Filters.............................................................................. 325
12.15 Voltage-to-Current Converter........................................... 279 14.2 Classification of Active Filters............................................. 325
12.16 Differential Amplifier............................................................ 279 14.3 Butterworth Filter.................................................................... 327
12.17 Integrator and Differentiator............................................. 283 14.4 Band Pass Filters...................................................................... 332
12.18 Instrumentation Amplifier................................................. 285 14.5 Band Stop Filter....................................................................... 336
12.19 Log Amplifier.......................................................................... 287 14.6 All Pass Filter............................................................................. 338
12.20 Antilog or Exponential Amplifier..................................... 289 14.7 Sallen-Key (VCVS) Filters....................................................... 341
12.21 Precision Diode...................................................................... 289 14.8 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators........................................... 349
12.22 Half-Wave Rectifier................................................................ 290 14.9 Mathematical Model of VCOs............................................. 351
12.23 Full-Wave Rectifier................................................................. 291
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Student Assignments............................................................... 292

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