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LABORATORY MANUAL
PHYSICS
CBSE CLASS XI
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INSTRUCTIONS:

1. ALL THE EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE

WRITTEN SEQUENTIALLY ASMENTIONED
IN THE PDF IN PHYSICS PRACTICAL
RECORD.
2. AIM, APPARATUS
REQUIRED,THEORY,PROCEDURE,OBSERVATION,TABULA
TION,CALCULATION
,

CONCLUSION, PRECAUTION WILL BE WRITTEN

SEQUENTIALLY IN SINGLELINE PAGE OF RECORD AND
DIAGRAM SHOULD BE IN THE WHITE PAGE.

3. BLUE PEN OR BLACK PEN CAN BE USED FOR

WRITING AND DIAGRAMSSHOULD BE IN PENCIL.
4. READINGS ARE MENTIONED IN THE PDF. WRITE THE READINGS
5. AFTER THE COMPLETION OF ONE EXPERIMENT IN
ONE PAGE , START THENEXT EXPERIMENT FROM
NEXT PAGE. AFTER COMPLETION OF EACH
EXPERIMENT WRITE YOUR NAME, CLASS AND
ROLLNUMBER

CONTENTS
1. To determine the volume of the solid cylinder by using vernier calliper.
2. To determine the volume of the spherical body by using vernier calliper.
3. To determine the thickness of the irregular lamina by using a screw gauge.
4. To determine the volume of the irregular lamina by using a screw gauge
5. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.
6. Using A simple Pendulum, Plot Its L-T And L-T2 Graph And Use It To Find The
Effective Length Of Second’s Pendulum
7. To find the weight of a given body using the parallelogram law of forces.
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EXPERIMENT NO-1
Aim of the exp-
To determine the volume of the solid cylinder by using vernier calliper.

Apparatus required-

1. vernier calliper

2. solid cylinder

Theory-

The volume of the solid cylinder is given by the formula:

V = r 2 h

π = 3.14

r= radius of the solid cylinder

h= height of the solid

r= M.S.R + V.S.R

h= M.S.R + V.S.R

Where, M.S.R- Main scale reading

V.S.R- vernier scale reading

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L.C-Least count

V.C- Vernier coincidence

Procedure-(for length)

1. The linear scale of the slide calipers was standardized.

2. Least count of the slide callipers was determine.

3. The solid cylinder was placed between the two lower jaws and the reading on the main scale
laying left to the zero and the vernier scale .this reading is the main scale reading. Then the
vernier scale one line is coincide the main scale line. This reading is the vernier scale reading.

4. The vernier coincidence was noted . hence the vernier scale reading was determine.

5.The total reading (M.S.R+V.S.R) determine the length of the cylinder.

6. This procedure was repeated ten times and the mean length of the solid cylinder was
determined.

Procedure-(for diameter)

1. The linear scale of the slide calipers was standardized.

2. Least count of the slide callipers was determine.

3. The solid cylinder was placed between the two lower jaws and the reading on the main scale
laying left to the zero and the vernier scale .this reading is the main scale reading. Then the
vernier scale one line is coincide the main scale line. This reading is the vernier scale reading.

4. The vernier coincidence was noted. Hence the vernier scale reading was determined.

5. The total reading (M.S.R+V.S.R) determines the length of the cylinder.

6. This procedure was repeated ten times and the mean length of the solid cylinder was
determined

Observation-

Observation for slide calipers.

10 M.S.D =1cm

1 M.S.D = 1/10 M.S.D =0.1 cm

So 1MSD = 0.1cm
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10 V.S.D = 9M.S.D

1 V.S.D = 9/10 M.S.D

1V.S.D = 0.9M.S.D (1 M.S.D = 0.1cm)

= 0.9x0.1 =0.09cm.

Least count (L.C) = 1M.S.D – 1VSD

= 0.1 – 0.09 = 0.01cm

So, least of slide callipers 0.01cm

Least Count-
The minimum value of an instrument that can be measured by a scale is known as least count.

Tabulation –(for length)

No of L.C M.S.R V.C V.S.R Total length Mean
obs In cm. In cm. (L.C x V.C) in cm L = M.S.R + V.SR in cm Length
In cm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Tabulation –(for diameter)

No of L.C M.S.R V.C V.S.R Total length Mean
obs In cm. In cm. (L.C x V.C) in cm L = M.S.R + V.SR in cm Length
In cm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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8.
9.
10.

CALCULATION:-

Length of the solid cylinder =_________c.m

Diameter (d) =__________c.m

Radius(r) = D =_______c.m
2

Volume (v) =________cm3

Conclusion –
The volume of the solid cylinder is found to be ( )cm3.

Precautions:-
1. Take the M.S.R and vernier coincide every time without parallax error.

2. Record all the reading in same system preferably in C.G.S system.

3. Do not apply excess pressure on the body held between the jaws.

4. Check for the zero error. When the two jaws of the vernier are in contact, if the zero division
of the main scale coincides with the zero of the vernier scale no zero error will be there .if not
zero error will be there, apply correction.

EXPERIMENT NO-2
Aim of the exp-
To determine the volume of the spherical body by using vernier calliper.

Apparatus required-

1. vernier calliper

2. spherical body

Theory-
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The volume of a spherical body is V = 4/3 π r³, where V = volume and r = radius. The radius of
a sphere is half its diameter. V = r 2 h

π = 3.14

r= radius of the spherical body

h= height of the spherical body

r= M.S.R + V.S.R

h= M.S.R + V.S.R

Where, M.S.R- Main scale reading

V.S.R- vernier scale reading

L.C-Least count

V.C- Vernier coincidence

Procedure-(for diameter)

1. Determine the vernier constant (V.C.) i.e. least count (L.C.) of the vernier callipers and
record it step wise.
2. Bring the movable jaw BD in close contact with the fixed jaw AC and find the zero error.
Do it three times and record them. If there is no zero error, record zero error nil.
3. Open the jaws, place the sphere or cylinder between the two jaws A and B and adjust the
jaw DB, such that it gently grips the body without any undue pressure on it. Tight the
screw S attached to the vernier scale V.
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4. Note the position of the zero mark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Record the main
scale reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading (1ST) is called
main scale reading (M.S.R.).
5. Note the number (n) of the vernier scale division which coincides with some division of
the main scale.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the body by 90° for measuring the diameter in a
perpendicular direction.
7. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5 and 6 for three different positions. Record the observations in each set
in a tabular form.
8. Find total reading and apply zero correction.
9. Take mean of different values of diameter and show that in the result with proper unit.

Observation-

Observation for slide calipers.

10 M.S.D =1cm

1 M.S.D = 1/10 M.S.D =0.1 cm

So 1MSD = 0.1cm

10 V.S.D = 9M.S.D

1 V.S.D = 9/10 M.S.D

1V.S.D = 0.9M.S.D (1 M.S.D = 0.1cm)

= 0.9x0.1 =0.09cm.

Least count (L.C) = 1M.S.D – 1VSD

= 0.1 – 0.09 = 0.01cm

So, least of slide callipers 0.01cm

Least Count-
The minimum value of an instrument that can be measured by a scale is known as least count.
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Tabulation –(for diameter)

No of L.C M.S.R V.C V.S.R Total diameter Mean
obs In cm. In cm. (L.C x V.C) in cm L = M.S.R + V.SR in cm Length
In cm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

CALCULATION:-

Diameter (d) =__________c.m

Radius(r) = D =_______c.m
2

Volume (v) =________cm3

Conclusion –
The volume of the sphereical body is found to be ( )cm3.

Precautions:-
1. Take the M.S.R and vernier coincide every time without parallax error.

2. Record all the reading in same system preferably in C.G.S system.

3. Do not apply excess pressure on the body held between the jaws.

4. Check for the zero error. When the two jaws of the vernier are in contact, if the zero division
of the main scale coincides with the zero of the vernier scale no zero error will be there .if not
zero error will be there, apply correction.
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EXPERIMENT NO -3

Aim of the exp-

To determine the thickness of the irregular lamina by using a screw gauge.

Apparatus required-

1. screw gauge
2. Irregular lamina

THEORY:-

The thickness of the irregular lamina is given by the formula

Thickness (T) =P.S.R (P×N) +C.S.R (L.C×D)

P.S.R = pitch scale reading

C.S.R =circular scale reading

P = pitch

N = no of complete rotation(NCR)

L.C = Least count

D = difference between ICSR & FCSR

I.C.S.R = initial circular scale reading

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F.C.S.R = Final circular scale reading

Case 1-if I  F

Pitch = it is the linear distance covered by the circular over the linear scale during one complete
rotation of circular scale.

Least count = least count of any instrument is the smallest amount that can be measured
accurately by that instrument.

Procedure-

1. The linear scale of the given screw gauge was standardised.

2. Pitch was determined by giving ten rotation s to the ratchet and nothing the distance covered
by circular scale over linear scale and then find the main distance covered by one rotation.

3. Least count was obtained by dividing pitch by total no of circular scale divisions.

4. The given lamina was placed in between the two tips of the screw gauge and the screw head
was rotated to determine the initial circular scale division.

5. The lamina was taken out and the no. Of complete rotations and the final circular coincidence
was determined.

6. Pitch scale reading was calculated by multiplying pitch with no. Of complete rotations and
circular scale reading was calculated by multiplying extra circular division with least count.

7. The pitch scale reading and circular scale reading are added to get the diameter.

8. the procedure was repeated ten times and the mean diameter was obtained.

Observation-

10PSD = 1c.m

1 PSD = 1/10 = 0.1 cm

So, pitch = 0.1 cm

L.C = pitch/total no of c.s.d

L.C= 0.1
100 = 0.001 cm

So ,L.C of screw gauge 0.001 cm

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No Pitc L. ICS NC FCS Differenc P.S.R C.S.R Total Mea

obs h C R R R e (PXN (L.CXD T=P.S.R+C.S.R n
. In in (I) (N) (F) (D) ) ) ) (T)
cm cm In cm In cm In cm In
cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calculation –

Mean thickness (T) = ………..cm

Conclusion –

The thickness of the irregular lamina is found to be ………..cm.

Precautions –

1. To avoid under pressure; the screw should always be rotated by ratchet R and not by cap K

2. The screw should move freely without friction.

3. The zero correction, with proper sign should be noted very carefully and added algebraically.

4. For same set of observations, the screw should be moved in the same direction to avoid back –
lash error of the screw.

5. At each place, the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions
and then the mean of the two be taken.

6. Readings should be taken at least for five different places equally spaced along the whole
length of the wire.

7. Error due to parallax should be avoided.

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EXPERIMENT NO -4

Aim of the exp-

To determine the volume of the irregular lamina by using a screw gauge.

Apparatus required-

1. screw gauge
2. Irregular lamina
3. Graph paper
4. Instrument box

THEORY:-

The volume of the irregular lamina is given by the formula v = (Thickness) X(Area of the
irregular lamina)

Thickness (T) =P.S.R (P×N) +C.S.R (L.C×D)

P.S.R = pitch scale reading

C.S.R =circular scale reading

P = pitch

N = no of complete rotation (NCR)

L.C = Least count

D = difference between ICSR & FCSR

I.C.S.R = initial circular scale reading

F.C.S.R = Final circular scale reading

Difference is divided by two cases

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Case-1

If ICSR >FCSR

D = ICSR – FCSR

Case-2

If ICSR < FCSR

D = (ICSR + 100) - FCSR

Pitch = it is the linear distance covered by the circular over the linear scale during one complete
rotation of circular scale.

Least count = least count of any instrument is the smallest amount that can be measured
accurately by that instrument.

Procedure-

1. The linear scale of the given screw gauge was standardised.

2. Pitch was determined by giving ten rotation s to the ratchet and nothing the distance covered
by circular scale over linear scale and then find the main distance covered by one rotation.

3. Least count was obtained by dividing pitch by total no of circular scale divisions.

4. The given lamina was placed in between the two tips of the screw gauge and the screw head
was rotated to determine the initial circular scale division.

5. the lamina was taken out and the no. Of complete rotations and the final circular coincidence
was determined.

6. Pitch scale reading was calculated by multiplying pitch with no. Of complete rotations and
circular scale reading was calculated by multiplying extra circular division with least count.

7. The pitch scale reading and circular scale reading are added to get the diameter.

8. The procedure was repeated ten times and the mean diameter was obtained.

9. Put the lamina on a clean centimeter graph paper and mark its boundary by a sharp pointed
pencil.

10. Find area of the lamina by counting small squares enclosed on graph paper by the boundary
of lamina. Take half or more than half square as full and leave if less than half.

Observation-
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10PSD = 1c.m

1 PSD = 1/10 = 0.1 cm

So, pitch = 0.1 cm

L.C = pitch/total no of c.s.d

L.C= 0.1
100 = 0.001 cm

So, L.C of screw gauge = 0.001 cm

Observation for graph paper

1 big square = 100 small square = 1cm2

1
1 small square = = 0.01 cm2
100

Tabulation for thickness by using screw gauge-

No Pitc L. ICS NC FCS Differenc P.S.R C.S.R Total Mea

obs h C R R R e (PXN (L.CXD T=P.S.R+C.S.R n
. In in (I) (N) (F) (D) ) ) ) (T)
cm cm In cm In cm In cm In
cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Tabulation for area of the irregular lamina by using screw gauge-

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No L.C No. of big No. of No. of Total No. of big Area of Mean
of in cm2 square quadrant small square the (A)
obs (N1) square square N= irregular In cm2
(N2) (N3) ( N1 lamina
x100)+(N2x25)+ A=(L.C x
(N3) N) in cm2

1
2
3

Calculation -

Mean thickness T = ……………..cm

Mean area of the irregular lamina A= …………cm2

Volume the irregular lamina V = (A x T) =…………..cm3

Precautions –

1. To avoid under pressure; the screw should always be rotated by ratchet R and not by cap K

2. The screw should move freely without friction.

3. The zero correction, with proper sign should be noted very carefully and added algebraically.

4. For same set of observations, the screw should be moved in the same direction to avoid back –
lash error of the screw.

5. At each place, the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions
and then the mean of the two be taken.

6. Readings should be taken at least for five different places equally spaced along the whole
length of the wire.

7. Error due to parallax should be avoided.

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EXPERIMENT -5
Aim of the exp-
To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.

Apparatus required-

1. Spherometer

2. Watch glass

3. A plane surface

4. a piece of paper

5. Instrument box

6. White paper sheet

Theory –

d2 h
The radius of curvature is given by the formula = R = +
6h 2

R= radius of curvature of the watch glass

d= Distance between any two legs of spherometer

h=height of the watch glass

h = P.S.R (P x N) + C.S.R (L.C x D)

P.S.R = pitch scale reading

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C.S.R =circular scale reading

P = pitch

N = no of complete rotation(NCR)

L.C = Least count

D = difference between ICSR & FCSR

I.C.S.R = initial circular scale reading

F.C.S.R = Final circular scale reading

Case-1

If ICSR >FCSR

D = ICSR – FCSR

Case-2

If ICSR < FCSR

D = (ICSR + 100) - FCSR

Pitch = it is the linear distance covered by the circular over the linear scale during one complete
rotation of circular scale.

Least count = least count of any instrument is the smallest amount that can be measured
accurately by that instrument.

Procedure-

initial Observations
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1. First of all, take a spherometer and examine it properly. so that its legs and vertical scale are
not shaky and screw at centre is not loose.

2. Note the value of one division on pitch scale c the given spherometer.

3. Note the number of divisions on circular scale.

4. After that, calculate the least count and pitch of the spherometer.

setting Up the Three Legs and Screw of the Spherometer

5. Place the spherometer on a glass slab and move the central screws tell its tip just touches the
surface of glass slab.

6. during the motion of central screw, count the total number of rotations till it touches the glass
slab.

plane Surface (Sheet of Paper) Reading

7. Place the spherometer on a sheet of paper and press it lightly and take the impressions of the
tips of its three legs. Join the three impressions to make an equilateral triangle ABC and measure
all the sides of ABC. Calculate the mean distance / between two legs of spherometer.

8. Read the main scale reading i.e. equals to m x LC (main scale)

(m = number of complete main scale division below the edge o circular scale)

9. Read the circular scale reading i.e. equals to m x LC

(c = number of divisions in circular scale which coincides with the edge of main scale)

10. Now, calculate the total reading

i.e. main scale reading + circular scale reading

 m x (LC of main scale) + c x (LC of spherometer)

curved Surface (or Convex Mirror) Reading

11. Now, take convex mirror and set it on the horizontal surface. so that its convex surface is in
upward direction.

12. Put the spherometer on the convex surface, so its legs rest on it as shown in the figure.

13. Now, move the central screw till it touches the surface of convex part. it is to be ensured that
the screw touches the given spherical surface gently. One can observe its image formed due to
reflection from the surface beneath it.
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14. Again, note the reading of the circular scale, main scale and note whether the zero of the
circular scale has moved down or up the zero of main scale.

15. The difference between two sets of observations with proper sign, i.e. (curved surface—plane
surface) gives the value of h called Sagitta.

16. Repeat the steps (7) to (15) and calculate mean value of h.

Observation-

10PSD = 1c.m

1 PSD = 1/10 = 0.1 cm

So, pitch = 0.1 cm

L.C = pitch/total no of c.s.d

L.C= 0.1
100 = 0.001 cm

So, L.C of spherometer = 0.001 cm

Tabulation for h

No Pitch L.C ICSR NCR FCS Differenc P.S.R C.S.R Total Mean
obs. In in (I) (N) R e (PXN) (L.CX h=P.S.R+C.S.R (h)
cm cm (F) (D) In cm D) In cm In cm
In cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Tabulation for d

No of obs d1 in cm d2 in cm d3 in cm d1 + d 2 + d 3 Mean d
d=
3 In cm
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1
2
3

Calculation -

Mean height h = ……………..cm

Mean d =……cm

d2 h
R= + = ...........................cm
6h 2

Conclusion –

The radius of curvature of a watch glass is found to be …………..cm

PRECAUTONS

1. Before starting the experiment, you must examine the spherometer properly.

2. The screw of the spherometer should move freely without friction.

3. The screw should be moved in one direction thereby the backlash error can be avoided.

4. Legs of spherometer must touch the spherical surface.

5. Screw present at centre must touch the curved or plane surface.

6. You must note the curved surface and plane surface readings carefully with proper sign.
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EXPERIMENT-6
Aim of the experiment
To find the weight of a given body using the parallelogram law of forces.

Apparatus required
A wooden drawing board with two pulleys, strings, sets of slotted weights, given unknoi weights,
paper sheet, hooks, instrument box, plane mirror etc.

Theory
The law of parallelogram of force states that “if two forces acting simultaneously at a point be

Represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from the
point then the resultant of the two forces is represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from that point. [Fig. 2.51
 P a g e | 23

The two forces P and Q are represented by the adjacent sides OA and OB of a Fig. 2.5.
Parallelogram in magnitude and direction. The resultant R is represented by the diagonal (OC) of
the parallelogram both in magnitude and direction as

R = P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos 

(Q sin  )
Q = tan −1
( P + Q cos  )

Where  = angle between component P and Q

 = angle between the resultant of R and P

Since the point 0 is in equilibrium and so magnitude]? must be equal to the magnitude of the
unknown weight N.

So weight of the body = magnitude R in gm wt

Procedure
1. The paper sheet is stretched perfectly over the drawing board by means of fixing pins.

2. Slotted weights are put on the hanger L and M. The unknown weight is put on.

3. The direction in which the strings (OA, OB and OC are stretched are marked on the paper
sheet just behind the strings by a pencil. For this a plane mirror may be put behind the string and
the two ends of the image seen in the mirror are marked by pencil on the paper sheet.

4. the lines along OA, OB and OC indicates the direction of the acting forces.

5. The weights put on the scale pans L and M are noted along with the weight of hangers.
 P a g e | 24

6. A suitable scale is now chosen and the lines OA and OB are marked for the weights P and Q.
A parallelogram is then drawn taking OA and OB as its adjacent sides.

7. The diagonal OC now represents the resultant of P and Q according to the law given in the
theory.

8. The line OC is equal in magnitude with OD and they remain in one straight line making angle
180°.

9. The length of line OC and OD are measured which when converted to gm Weight by the scale
used gives the value of unknown weight.

10. The above procedure is repeated for different sets of weights P and Q like (50, 100) (100,
150) etc.

Observation
Tabulation (unknown weight determination)

(Scale 50gm wt=x= 1 cm)

No.o P Q Lengt Lengt Lengt Lengt Differenc Angl Wt.of Mean

f obs in in h OA h OB h OC h OD e between e body weigh
g g in cms in cms in cms in cms OC and COD W=(x)xO t of
m m OD C body
wt wt. Gm wt in gm
wt.
1
2
3

conclusion
The weight of the given body is found to be 250 gin wt. Since OC and OD are equal, the law is
verified.

PRECAUTION

1. The board should be stable and vertical.

2. The pulley should be friction less.
3. The hangers should not touch the board or table .
4. Junction o should be in the middle of the paper sheet.
5. Points should be marked only when weight are at rest.
6. Point should be marked with sharp pencil.
 P a g e | 25

EXPERIMENT -7

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT-

Using Asimple Pendulum, Plot Its L-T And L-T2 Graph And Use It To Find
The Effective Length Of Second’s Pendulum

APPARATUS REQUIRED-

a spherical metallic bob with a hook, thread, split cork, clamp stand,vernier calliper,meter scale
,stop watch.

THEORY-

Oscillation-

The movement of bob from one extreme positions to another and again return back at the first
extreme position is called one complete rotation.

Effective Length Of Simple Pendulum-

 P a g e | 26

Effective Length Of Simple Pendulum is the total length (L) from the point of suspension of
pendulum to the centre of gravity of metallic bob.

i.e Total Length (L) = Length of thread ( l ) + radius of metallic bob ( r ) height of the hook (h).

 L = l+r+ h

The second’s pendulum

The pendulum having time period of two second’s is called seconds .it means that it take
precisely one second to move from one extreme position to other.

The time period of a simple pendulum is given by the formula

L L
T = 2 Or T 2 = 4 2
g g

L
 g = 4 2
T2

Where L = effective length of the simple pendulum

g = Acceleration due to gravity at the place of observation

Procedure

Initial Observations before Setting up the Apparatus

1. First of all. Find the vernier constant (or least count) and zero error of the vernier calliper so
that the radius of the bob can be determined correctly.

2. Determine the radius of the bob by determining its mean diameter with the help of vernier
calliper. It is to be ensured that the least count and zero error have been taken into account.

3. Find the length (e) of the hook with the help of meter scale and record this observation.

Setting Up the Apparatus and Measurement of Effective Length

 P a g e | 27

4. Take a clamp stand and place it on the table at its edge.

5. Tie the hook of the bob to one end of the string of about 150 cm in length.

6. Now, pass the other end of string through two half-pieces of a split cork.

7. after the above step. Firmly fix the cork in the clamp stand such that the line of separation of
the split cork is at right angle to the line OA along which the pendulum oscillates.

8. Fix the cork in such a way that the thread hangs in front of the edge of the table vertically
about 2cm above the floor. Here, it is to be ensured that the bob and the thread hang freely (or
without touching the table) beyond the edge of the table so that the bob can oscillate without an
obstruction.

9. Now, measure the effective length of simple pendulum. I.e. L = l + r + h

Where, l = length of the thread

r = mean radius of metallic bob

h = height of the hook

measurement of Number and Time of Oscillations

10.Mark a vertical line with a piece of chalk or ink on the edge of the table along the vertical
thread OA. This line should be marked just behind the thread. This line is marked to know the
mean or rest position of the bob.

11. Find the least count and zero error of the stopwatch/clock and then achieve the zero position
of its hands.

12. Now, displace the bob to one side, not more than 150 of angular displacement from the
vertical position OA marked on the table and release it gently.

13. Keep the pendulum oscillating for some time. After completion of few oscillations, start the
stopwatch when the thread attached to the pendulum bob, just crosses the mean position OA.

14. On starting the stopwatch or stop clock, keep on counting the number of oscillations every
time, it crosses the mean position OA in the same direction as we had started the stopwatch. It
means that if we move the bob from right extreme position C towards A, then count one
oscillation when the bob crosses the position A towards C after coming from the left extreme
position D.

15. Read the total time taken by the bob for n oscillations.
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16. Repeat it few times (the above step) by noting the time for same number of oscillations and
take its mean value.

17. Now, calculate the time taken for one complete oscillation,

i.e.

t
T=
n

Where, t = total time taken, n number of oscillations.

18. Again, differ the length of pendulum by 10 cm and repeat the above steps to calculate its time
period for one oscillation.

19. Record all observations in tabular form with proper units and significant figures.

20. At last, plot the graph by taking L along X-axis and T2 along Y-axis, by using observed
values. Also, plot the graph between L versus T.

Observations

Observation for slide calipers.

10 M.S.D =1cm

1 M.S.D = 1/10 M.S.D =0.1 cm

So 1MSD = 0.1cm

10 V.S.D = 9M.S.D

1 V.S.D = 9/10 M.S.D

1V.S.D = 0.9M.S.D (1 M.S.D = 0.1cm)

= 0.9x0.1 =0.09cm.

Least count (L.C) = 1M.S.D – 1VSD

= 0.1 – 0.09 = 0.01cm

So, least of slide callipers 0.01cm

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TABULATION

Tabulation for 2r

No of L.C M.S.R V.C V.S.R Total length Mean

obs In cm. In cm. (L.C x V.C) in cm 2r = M.S.R + V.SR in cm 2r
In cm.
1. 0.01
2. 0.01
3. 0.01
4. 0.01
5. 0.01

Tabulation for 2r+h

No of L.C M.S.R V.C V.S.R Total length Mean

obs In cm. In cm. (L.C x V.C) in cm 2r+h = M.S.R + V.SR in cm 2r+h
In cm.
1. 0.01
2. 0.01
3. 0.01
4. 0.01
5. 0.01

Mean Diameter (D) or 2r =……….cm

D
Radius (r) = = ............cm
2

Mean 2r + h = …………cm

r+h = 2r +h – r =…………cm

Tabulation for Time period

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No of r+h Length Effective Time period Mean time (T) Time period T2 in
obs. in cm of thread length L = for 20 period in sec for one sec2
(l1) in l1 + r+h in oscillation in oscillation in
cm cm sec T= T1 + T2 sec
2 T
T1 T2 20
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

CALCULATION-

PLOTTING GRAPH-

L versus T graph

L versus T2 graph
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From this graph, for T2 = ………, L come to be ………….cm

Hence for second’s pendulum (T = 2s) length comes to be ……….cm.

CONCLUSION-

1. The L versus T graph is curved (a part of parabola), convex upwards.

2. The graph L versus T2 is a straight line.

3. The effective length of second’s pendulum from L versus T2 graph is ……….cm.

PRECAUTONS

1. The zero error and least count of vernier calliper must be taken into account while measuring
the mean radius of the pendulum bob.

2. the thread used should be mass less, strong and inextensible.

3. The point where the thread is to be suspended, i.e. the point of suspension should be fixed in a
rigid support.

4. The pendulum bob should move along a reference line without any jerky motion.

5. The place of the experiment should free from any vibration even disturbance of air current car
affect the readings.
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6. The counting of oscillations should be from zero and the number of oscillations of pendulum
bob should be of small amplitude.

7. The position of slot should be at the right angle to the plane of oscillations.

8. Test the stopwatch. It should be accurate and after the fly back action, the hands should
achieve the zero mark accurately.

9. The point of suspension should be fixed in a rigid support.

-:ALL THE BEST:-