PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT OF CRUDE PALM OIL

(CASE STUDY AT “X” COMPANY)

Manajemen Produksi Crude Palm Oil (Studi Kasus pada PT. “X”)

Baharuddin1*, Kadek Rantawan2, Andi Tenri Fitriyah3, Ratri Retno Utami4, Nurhayati5,
Mulono Apriyanto6
1,2,3
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Bosowa
4
Department of Rubber and Plastic Processing Technology, Politeknik Akademi Teknologi Kulit
5
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhamadiyah Mataram
6
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Indragiri
email: *[email protected]

Abstrak: Faktor yang memengaruhi produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) adalah peningkatan
konsumsi CPO, dengan penerapan manajemen proses produksi CPO maka dapat memenuhi
permintaan domestik dan ekspor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penerapan
manajemen proses produksi CPO di PT. “X”. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai
dengan Juni 2018. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan
analisis deskriptif. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan penerapan manajemen
produksi, masih diperlukan perbaikan melalui peningkatan produksi CPO dengan meningkatkan
kapasitas mesin produksi dari 2,5 ton/lori menjadi 10 ton/lori. Selain itu juga diperlukan
peningkatan kualitas SDM dan produk untuk meningkatkan daya saing perusahaan.
Kata kunci: manajemen, produksi, permintaan, CPO, perencanaan

Abstract: Factors that influence Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production is the increase in CPO
consumption and with the implementation of CPO production process management, it can meet
domestic and export demand. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of CPO
production process management at “X” Co. This research has been conducted from May to June
2018. The data collection technique was purposive sampling with descriptive analysis. The results
obtained indicate that based on the implementation of production management, improvements
are still needed through increasing CPO production by increasing the capacity of production
machines from 2.5 tons per lorry to 10 tons per lorry. In addition, it is also necessary to improve
the quality of human resources and products to increase the company's competitiveness.
Keywords: management, production, demand, CPO, planning.
INTRODUCTION
The agricultural sub-sector, which is private sector covering an area of
currently increasing is the plantation sub- 8,061,636 hectares, the government
sector. Plantation commodities are a covering an area of 627,042 hectares, and
trigger for national economic development smallholders covering an area of
that contributes as a source of foreign 6,035,742 hectares (Ditjenbun, 2019).
exchange, consumption needs, sources of The development of palm oil
industrial raw materials, providers of job production in the form of CPO in Indonesia
opportunities, and sources of income since 1980 has continued to increase with
(Majidah et al., 2021). Management of an average of 11.48% per year (Ditjenbun,
plantation economic resources is 2019). CPO is the raw material for palm
expected to supply quality raw materials cooking oil, in 2019 palm oil production
and process them into high value-added was 51.8 million tons consisting of 47.2
products (Kemenkeu, 2012). The increase million tons of CPO and 4.6 million tons of
of palm oil production in Indonesia in line Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO). CPO
with the increasing needs of the exports from this production are around 7
consumer. The development of the palm million tons and 40 million tons are
oil industry is growing quite rapidly, which processed for domestic needs as cooking
is indicated by the increase in area and oil, bioenergy, and others (Utami and
production. In 2018 the area of oil palm Amalia, 2019). Palm cooking oil
plantations was 14,326,350 hectares and production in 2019 was around 18 million
reached 14,724,420 hectares in 2019. tons, of which 6 million tons were to meet
Most of this area is managed by the

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domestic needs and 12 million tons were Palm Oil Mill (POM) technology is
exported (Anonymous, 2020). increasingly developing and innovative, all
Cooking oil derived from palm oil aiming to produce high-quality palm oil
plays a dominant role when compared to output. The processing carried out by
cooking oil derived from other vegetable POM is basically very simple, namely the
oils. Data from the Global Agricultural process of squeezing the oil in the fresh
Information Network shows that CPO fruit bunches of oil palm. In principle, palm
consumption reached a maximum of oil processing is a mechanical extraction
13,110 thousand metric tons in 2019. This of CPO from Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB)
number is greater than the consumption of followed by a purification process. Overall,
other types of vegetable oils such as the process consists of several stages that
coconut oil, peanut oil, copra seed oil, and run continuously and are interconnected
soybean oil. Meanwhile, the second- (Mardhiah, 2013). However, the
largest consumption is CPKO, which is implementation of palm oil processing
3,100 thousand metric tons in the same requires long stages and needs to be
year. The trend of palm oil consumption supported by good production
also shows an increase compared to the management. Production management is
previous year which reached 12,050 the process of planning, organizing,
thousand metric tons in 2018 and 11,000 implementing, and supervising the efforts
thousand metric tons in 2017 (Katadata, of organizational members and the use of
2020). World consumption of CPO from other organizational resources in order to
year to year continues to show an achieve predetermined organizational
increasing trend. The growth in world CPO goals. Production management is a
demand in the last 5 (five) years, grew by management process that is applied in
an average of 9.92%. China and Indonesia production activities or fields within a
are the countries that utilize the most CPO company (Hermani and Prabawani, 2007).
in the world. The growth of Indonesian The palm oil commodity continues to
cooking oil consumption per capita is also grow in West Sulawesi Province, in 2019,
quite high, in 1996 it was 9.6 kg/capita palm oil production reached 258,755 tons
increased to 12.8 kg/capita in 2002 or (BPS, 2020). As one of the companies in
grew by an average of 11.7% per year, West Sulawesi engaged in the oil palm
and in 2019 to 12.06 kg/capita/year (BPS, plantation business, “X” Co. also
2019). Indonesia's global CPO trade also continues to improve its industrial
shows an increase. Exports in 2018 performance. The “X” Co. was established
amounted to 27,898,875 tons and in 1985 and is located in Pasangkayu
increased to 28,279,350 tons in 2019 Regency, West Sulawesi Province. “X”
(Ditjenbun, 2020). It is predicted that this Co. also implements production
increase in consumption and exports will management to increase its production.
continue even in a larger percentage Factors that affect the production of CPO,
considering the factors that support this especially at “X” Co. is CPO consumption.
are quite a lot, such as population growth, The application of management of the
downstream industry growth, palm oil production process can meet
development of alternative energy. domestic and export demand. The
Malaysia and Indonesia are predicted to purpose of this study was to determine the
continue to be major players in this CPO application of palm oil production process
export, considering that there has been no management at “X” Co. While the benefits
significant development from other of this research are as material for
competing countries (Putri, 2017). consideration for the company in policies,
Process engineering capabilities of especially in the field of CPO and kernel
palm oil industries in Indonesia mostly production as well as material for the
produce CPO and CPKO. Processed palm development of science for further
oil is mostly used as a product for food research.
needs such as cooking oil, for non-food
products it is still limited (Pratama, 2018).

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METHOD provision of raw materials and

This research has been carried out at production processes.
“X” Co., North Mamuju Regency, West - FFB is fresh fruit bunches that will be
Sulawesi Province. This research took
processed into palm oil produced by
place from May to June 2018.
companies and farmers.
Respondent Determination Technique - POM is a mill that functions to process
Determination of respondents was palm oil into CPO and kernels.
carried out by purposive sampling in
several parts of the company with the - The production process is an activity
consideration that the selected carried out by “X” Co. to produce
respondents could provide accurate products in the form of palm oil and
information, especially regarding the kernels.
implementation of CPO production - CPO is palm oil obtained by extracting
management functions at “X” Co. The the flesh of the fruit of the palm oil.
number of respondents selected was 15
- Palm oil is edible vegetable oil, which is
people, namely one Assistant Head, one
Production Assistant, one Laboratory produced from the mesocarp (fruit fiber
Assistant, one Section Head, six Foreman, that contains a lot of oil) in the oil palm
and five Employees related to the palm oil fruit.
production process. - Kernel or palm kernel obtained from
Data Sources and Analysis breaking the shell of oil palm.
The data needed in the research
carried out are primary data and RESULT AND DISCUSSION
secondary data. Primary data is data Management Functions in Production
collected directly with respondents, while Planning function.
secondary data is data obtained from The first task before carrying out the
companies in the form of reports and production of a product is making a plan to
documents. This data includes a brief realize the goals set. Planning activities at
history of the company, organizational “X” Co. covers raw material and product
structure, and resources owned by the planning.
company. The data obtained during the
research, both primary and secondary, a. Raw Material Planning
were analyzed descriptively, namely The raw materials to be processed by
explaining in detail the application of “X” Co. is oil palm FFB obtained from the
management functions in the production core estate owned by “X” Co. In addition,
process. it also buys from plasma farmers and
partners who are close to the POM area
Operational Definition which has certain varieties and meets the
To facilitate and assist the criteria for ready-to-process oil palm fruit.
implementation of this research, it is The volume of raw materials to be
necessary to put forward the following processed per day is 30 tons from the
definitions: previous processing capacity of 60 tons
- Management is a process of planning, per day. The decrease in process capacity
organizing, directing, and supervising is because some of the existing equipment
as well as the use of all existing is currently being added to their capacity
resources in the organization of “X” Co. from one lorry with a capacity of 2.5 tons
to achieve predetermined to 10 tons per lorry. To meet the daily
organizational goals. needs of raw materials, the company
divides the harvest schedule for each
- Production management is
farmer group and the company's nucleus
management applied in the field of plantations so that every day the company
production at “X” Co. includes the can process raw materials as needed,
which is 30 tons per day.

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The harvest schedule that has been There are two factories located in Baras
set can be changed if the harvest time District and each factory receives fresh
coincides with a holiday. The harvest fruit bunches from five residential units,
schedule starts from Sunday to Friday. both plasma fruit, partners, and the
Harvesting is not carried out on Saturdays company's core plantation area. Mature
because the company does not produce fresh fruit bunches have certain
on Sundays. The transportation will be characteristics such as starting to change
carried out after all group members have the color of the fruit and already having
finished harvesting and the total number of fruit seeds that are released from the
harvested bunches has been recorded by bunch. The mature criteria set by the
the farmer group management. After that, company can be seen in Table 1.
the FFB is transported to the company.

Table 1. Criteria for Mature Harvest of Oil Palm Fruit

Harvest Fraction Degree of Maturity The Number of Lumps on The Plate (pcs)

00 Very Raw 0
0 Raw 0
1 Mature I 1-10
2 Mature II 10-25
3 Overripe >25
4 Too Ripe Empty palm
Source: Sorting section “X” Co.
ranging from 10-25 grains. At this maturity,
Based on Table 1, show that the
produce the higher oil content, because
degree of maturity is very unripe with the
decreasing the water content in the flesh.
characteristic that it is still black, the flesh
Harvest time should be done at this stage.
is still white, which means that it does not
The degree of overripe is indicated by
have oil content in the flesh. Fruit
the large amount of loose fruit that is
harvesting at this stage will not obtain
released from the bunch, the oil content
palm oil because the water content in the
begins to decrease and the dirt content
fruit is still too high without any oil. The
begins to increase. Dirt increasing due to
degree of raw maturity with the
the rotting of the flesh of the fruit. At this
characteristics of the fruit has started to
level, it is not recommended to be
change color to a slightly red color and the
harvested and processed but at this stage,
flesh of the fruit has begun to turn pale
the bunches must be harvested because if
yellow with very little oil content and water
the bunches remain on the tree, it will
content is still more than needed to make
indirectly damage the tree trunks and still
oil so at this level it will not be accepted for
take the nutrients that should be for other
processing into the next step.
bunches. The degree of too ripe is
Mature degree I with the
indicated by at least the rest of the fruit or
characteristics of the fruit being shiny red
empty bunches. At this level, there is no
and the flesh of the fruit is already orange,
more oil content, but the level of dirt is too
marked by the start of loose bunches that
high, this is due to the rotting of the whole
have been separated from the fruit
fruit flesh. At this stage, the bunches must
bunches. At this level, the bunches are
be harvested immediately to avoid stem
very good for harvesting because the oil
damage and the development of pests that
content in the fruit flesh is already higher
can damage immature fruit. The amount of
than the water content. So that good
raw materials planned to be processed
harvesting is done at this level of maturity.
can be seen in Table 2.
Mature degree II shows characteristic red
fruit and dark orange flesh. This level of
maturity is marked by a large number of
fruit that is released from the bunch,

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Table 2. Amount of Raw Material Processed in Directing Function

2015-2017 Directing is providing guidance,
advice, and orders to subordinates in
Years Plan (Ton) Process (Ton) carrying out their respective duties so that
they can run well and the goals that have
2015 40,380,563 37,582,090 been set can be achieved (Dunie, 2018).
2016 44,369,620 45,766,530 Directing was made to all employees of “X”
2017 49,486,359 52,906,260 Co. is conducted 2 times a week, on
Source: Sorting section “X” Co. Mondays and Saturdays. This directing
aims to guide employees so that they can
b. Product Planning carry out their responsibilities towards
Product planning carried out is their work.
product quality planning to produce CPO
and kernels based on predetermined Control/Supervision Function
quality standards. Quality requirements The monitoring is carried out on all
are measured based on international activities made by employees.
quality standard specifications which Supervision duty is to supervise
include levels of Free Fatty Acids (FFA), employees in carrying out the tasks that
moisture content, impurities, ferrous have been assigned to them so that if
metals, copper metals, peroxides, and there are problems, control and corrective
bleaching measures. Oil quality standard action can be taken. The implementation
produced by “X” Co. include FFA <3.50%; of supervision makes employees work
moisture content <0.15%; impurities/dirt more carefully and directed which will
<0.020%; and deterioration of affect obtain the result. Supervision
bleachability index >2.50. The low quality carried out at “X” Co. includes supervision
of palm oil is determined by many factors, during the processing, sorting, storage,
including the nature of the parent, and maintenance of equipment.
harvesting, post-harvest handling, or Supervision is carried out at the time of
errors during transportation to the sorting so that the sorting products are by
processing stage. As for the analysis of the plan, namely to produce quality CPO.
quality and losses in palm oil, it is carried Supervision on weighing is carried out so
out starting from several sample points that employees who weigh carefully match
during production starting from the loading the scales between the weight of FFB and
ramp, sterilizer, pressing station, CPO, both when weighing raw materials
clarification station, kernel recovery, and and after processing. Equipment
storage tank. supervision is carried out before and after
the production process. Before the
Production Organization Function production process begins, all equipment
Production organization is an effort to used must be available and still
compile job descriptions with the division functioning properly. After the activity is
of tasks and respective authorities to complete, the equipment must be cleaned
realize work plans in production activities. from the dirt.
With the existence of a production
organization, every employee can know Evaluation/Assessment
the tasks or work that must be carried out Evaluation is an activity carried out to
(Murti, 2015). The workforce involved in find out the results of the implementation
the production process at “X” Co. as many of production activities, whether it is
as 149 employees, each employee has a appropriate or not as planned. The
clear division of tasks for each production assessment is carried out by comparing
activity starting from the head of the the results achieved with the standards set
production section, the raw material at the time of planning (Hidayah, 2017).
section, processing supervision, and Assessment or evaluation conducted at
employees who will carry out work such as “X” Co., namely the production quality
the weighing section, sorting to the CPO according to standards. This
processing section. assessment was carried out by the Mill

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Manager with the result that the company on stages to process FFB into CPO. The
was able to produce CPO with stages are starting with receiving FFB,
international quality standards. weighing, sorting stations, loading ramps,
sterilizing stations, pressing stations,
Application of Management in Palm Oil
clarification stations, storage tanks, kernel
Production Process
recovery, kernel storage, and boilers. The
The application of management in the
descriptions of these stages can be seen
palm oil production process is an
in Figure 1.
arrangement through a process and based
Empty Fruit Bunch
Receiving

Weighing

Sorting Station

Loading Ramp

Boiling Station
(Sterilization)

Pressing Station

Clarification Station Kernel Recovery

Storage Tank Kernel Storage Boiler

Source: Production “X” Co.

Figure 1. Production Process Chart

Discussion The planned raw material processed

The best standard for harvesting is in 2015 was 40,380,563 tons but the
Mature I and II because at this degree of realization was 37,582,090 tons. This is
maturity is obtained the highest oil yield, due to the palm tree regeneration in
good oil quality, FFA content, and low plasma plantations. In 2016, the raw
water content (Nurhayati et al., 2021). material plan amounted to 44,369,620
Harvesting fruit that is too raw and tons and realized 45,766,530 tons. This is
overripe can affect the oil yield so that the because the core plantations have started
water content, sludge, and FFA will to produce and the partner plantations
increase which can cause a decrease in have increased. In 2017, the raw material
the quality of the oil and can cause losses plan is 49,486,359 tons and the realization
to the company (Irianto and Apriyanto, was 52,906,260 tons. This is due to
2012). Fresh fruit bunches that do not plasma plantations that have been
meet the requirements, will return to the producing with good maintenance,
farmer, and it also causes loss for farmers. weather, and climate that support an
If there are bunches that are returned, the increase in the amount of production of
fruit that is too ripe will be resold. Empty raw materials.
bunches are placed under oil palm trees One part of the production
as fertilizer, a fungus growing medium that organization function is the production
can reduce weed growth. assistant. The production assistant is

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assigned to supervise employee activities the bunches will be returned to the farmer
from raw material inventory, weighing, group.
sorting, and processing. The purpose of
Temporary Loading (Loading Ramp)
organization function is so that employees
Fruit bunches that have gone through
can carry out tasks according to the type
this grading process will then be loaded
of work that has been assigned. The head
into the lorry. A lorry is a place to bring
of this production section makes a report
fresh fruit bunches to the sterilizer station
that will be accounted for by the manager.
and each lorry has a capacity of 2.5 tons.
The directing function can be done
Fresh fruit bunches are loaded into the
suddenly by assistants in the production
lorries by opening the hydraulic loading
department before processing and sorting
ramp door and using the First In First Out
so that employees are more careful in
principle. The loading ramp building has a
choosing raw materials to be processed so
slope of 30° on the floor to facilitate the
that they can produce quality products.
collection of fruit that has gone through the
This is also done in the next production
grading process. Fresh fruit bunches are
management function.
poured into the bulkhead where each
Fresh Fruit Bunches Receiving bulkhead will fill one lorry and the filling is
The process of receiving fruit begins arranged from one door to another, this
with weighing fresh fruit bunches from the aims to make it easier to fill the lorry. Filling
plantation. The weighing of fresh fruit the lorries should not be too full to prevent
bunches is carried out at a weighbridge the fruit from falling before entering the
which functions to determine the number boiling station. If this happens, it can result
of fresh fruit bunches that enter the POM. in inhibition of ongoing activities and can
Weighing makes it easy to determine the cause production losses.
oil and core yields and the average bunch
Boiling Station (Sterilizer)
weight. The weight of fresh fruit bunches
Boiling is one of the main stages in the
can be determined from the difference
processing of fresh fruit bunches. Good
between the gross weight of the empty
and bad quality and processed POM
truck and when the truck is loaded with
products are mainly determined by the
FFB. Before weighing the car plate
success of the stew (Lubis, 2017). Boiling
number must be recorded. Before entering
the fruit must be following the provisions
the car, the scale must be confirmed to the
and is an absolute processing process.
number 00. Checking the appropriateness
Boiling or fruit sterilizer is carried out in a
of the weighing to prevent fraud is carried
sterilizer which is a pressurized steam
out by lowering the driver, assistant, and
vessel. The sterilizer used can load 10
other items. Damage to the scales is
lorries with a steam pressure of 3 kg/cm2.
prevented by keeping the truck clean.
The lorry where the fruit is made has a
Fresh Fruit Bunches Sorting Station hole with a diameter of 0.5 inches, which
At this station, the quality of fresh fruit serves to drip condensate water between
bunches was separated or grouped the fruit.
according to the fraction as one of the
Pressing Station
requirements for the quality of CPO.
At this station, several tools function
Sorting or grading aims to determine the
to process boiled palm oil so that oil and
quality of FFB entering the POM, to
kernels can be obtained. A fruit threshing
improve the quality of CPO. By improving
machine is a machine that functions to
the quality of oil yield in FFB, it can
separate loose fruit from oil palm bunches.
increase production yields. Fresh fruit
The boiled fruit in the sterilizer is lifted with
bunches were brought by transport trucks
a hoisting crane and poured into the
to the grading station for further sorting of
thresher through a hooper that serves to
the bunches. The bunches that will be
accommodate the boiled fruit. The
accepted are bunches that meet the
separation of fruit and bunches is done by
company's requirements. If the fresh fruit
slamming fruit bunches in a rotary drum
bunches do not meet the requirements,

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with a rotation speed of 23-25 rpm. The the company's plantation (Melisa and
separated fruit then falls through the Apriyanto, 2020).
grating and is accommodated by the fruit
Storage Tanks
elevator and carried by the distributing
The oil from the oil tank then flowed to
conveyor to each digester unit.
the storage tank which functions as
The digester consists of a cylindrical
temporary storage. Storage aims to
tube that stands upright in which there are
maintain the quality of CPO and avoid
6 levels of stirring blades attached to a
contamination of water and dirt. The
shaft and driven by an electric motor. The
storage tank capacity is 2,000 tons/tank
fruit is stirred and crushed in the digester
and oil production reaches 15 tons/day.
to separate the pulp from the seeds. To
The length of time or length of storage of
facilitate the pulverizing process, 90-95 °C
CPO in storage tanks is influenced by the
heat is needed which is given by injecting
arrival of transport vessels. If the ship is
3 kg/cm2 steam. The stirring or pulverizing
delayed, production will be reduced until
process lasts for 30 minutes then the fruit
the ship arrives at the dock to transport
is put into a screw press. Pressing serves
CPO to the head office.
to separate the CPO from the nut and fruit
flesh (pericarp). The mass removed from Kernel Recovery
the digester is processed in a screw press At the kernel recovery station, the nut,
at a pressure of 50-60 bar using rinse fiber, and solid fraction of pressing will be
water at a temperature of 90-95 °C. separated. The rest of the pressing goes
Pressing produces crude oil, pulp, and to the polishing drum which serves to
seeds. The seeds mixed with the fiber separate the stalks, fiber, gravel, and nuts.
enter the case breaker conveyor to chop The kernel is obtained from the nut that
the lumps of seeds and fibers, while the has been cleaned of fiber, the nut is
crude oil is accommodated on the accommodated in a silo and then broken
vibrating screw. Crude oil is added with using a ripple mill machine to produce a
water to separate the sludge and then kernel. Before the kernel is stored, the
flowed to the clarification station moisture content must be reduced using a
(purification). kernel tray dryer. Furthermore, the fiber is
used for the boiler section as fuel to
Oil Clarification/Purification Station
operate all machines. The fiber in the form
Crude oil from the pressing station is
of fine fibers, flammable and comes from
sent to this station for further processing
the rest of the fruit flesh that does not
so that crude oil is produced. The process
contain oil.
of separating oil, water, and dirt is carried
out by a precipitation and evaporation Kernel Storage
system. To precipitate insoluble particles The function of kernel storage is as a
or those that can still escape from the place to store palm kernels before
vibrating screw, a crude oil tank machine shipping them to the market. Kernel
is used. The separation of water, sludge, storage is guarded by several people
and oil then use a clarifier settling tank. whose job is to collect kernels that fall from
Then the water content of the oil was the kernel tray dryer using sacks. Each
reduced using a vacuum dryer. After that, sack can accommodate ±50 kg kernels
the oil is temporarily stored in the oil tank. with a storage capacity of 1,500 tons.
Sludge that still contains oil is brought into Boilers
the sludge tank which is then reprocessed In this section, there is a water pump
using a centrifuge to extract the oil. The machine that functions to drain water to
obtained oil is then flowed into a vacuum the sterilizer which will be used for boiling
drier to reduce its water content. and uses fiber as the main fuel. In this
Furthermore, the oil is stored in the oil section, there are also generators,
tank. Sludge that no longer contains oil is turbines, lime chambers that function as
channeled to a sewage treatment pond the driving force for all machines in
and can then be used as liquid fertilizer in carrying out production.

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CONCLUSION Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian

Implementation of production Pertanian.
management in “X” Co. includes Planning https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FVxpBNihnu
functions that manage raw material B3ayAALBi-FtsBShIUxMTD/view
inventory and product planning; 5. Ditjenbun. (2020). Statistik perkebunan
Organizing function which includes the unggulan nasional 2019-2021. In D. Gartina &
preparation of job descriptions, division of L. L. Sukriya (Eds.), Sekretariat Direktorat
tasks, and authority in production Jenderal Perkebunan, Direktorat Jenderal
activities; Directing function begins with Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian.
the process of weighing, sorting, www.ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id
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30 Diterbitkan oleh Balai Besar Standardisasi dan Pelayanan Jasa Industri Hasil Perkebunan, Mineral Logam, dan Maritim