SOLID DEFECTS

Stoichiometric Defects Non Stoichiometric Defect Impurity Defects

Schottky Frankel Metal Deficiency Defect

e.g. Fe0.93O to Fe0.96O
Equal no. of cation Smaller ions leave
and anion are its appropriate
missing from their site & occupies an Introduction of
respective sites. interstitial site
Metal Excess Defect
cationic vacancy in
due to presence of extra NaCl by substitution
cation at interstitial site. of Na+ by Sr+2
Density decreases Density unchanged
L.R.R. is high. L.R.R. is low. Metal Excess Defect
C.N. is high. C.N. is low. due to anionic Other examples are :l
Dielectric constant Dielectric constant vacancies(anion is absent Solid solution of AgCl
remain constant. increase. from its site which is and CdCl2
occupied by an electron)
This site is called F-centre.
Chart
Limiting Coordination Geometry Location No. of void Example
radius ratio No. of cations of void Void found in of void per atom

Boron Oxide
0.155 <= r/R < 0.225 3 Plane Trigonal - - -

Tetrahedral FCC, HCP (√3 × a)/4 2 ZnS, SiO2,

0.225 <= r/R < 0.414 4
NaO2, CaF2

Body centre
6 Octahedral FCC, HCP and edges 1 NaCl, MgO
0.414 <= r/R < 0.732
centre

0.732 <= r/R < 1.000 8 Cubical SC Body 1

centre CsCl
 CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS
AMORPHOUSSOLIDS
CRYSTALLINESOLIDS
SOLIDS SOLIDS

These
Thesesolids
solidshave
havedefinite
definitecharacteristic
characteristicshape
shape These
Thesesolids
solidshave
haveirregular
irregularshape
shape

Definite
Definitemelting
meltingpoint
pointand
andheat
heatofoffusion
fusion Indefinite
Indefinitemelting
meltingpoint
pointand
andheat
heatofoffusion
fusion

Cleavage Cleavage
Cleavagesurfaces
surfacesare
areirregular
Cleavagesurfaces
surfacesare
aresmooth
smooth irregular

Isotropic
Isotropicininnature
nature
Anisotropic
Anisotropicininnature
nature

Long Short
Shortrange
rangeorder
Longrange
rangeorder
order order

Ex:
Ex:NaCl,
NaCl,Quartz,
Quartz,Meata,
Meata,Diamond
Diamondetc.
etc. Ex:
Ex:Glass,
Glass,Quartz,
Quartz,Rubber,
Rubber,Plastic
Plasticetc.
etc.
 Halides of (Li, Na, K, Rb)
NaCl (1:1) Na+ : point
every lattice 4Na+ + 4 Cl- Oxides & Sulphides of
1. of CCP 6:6
CCP Alkaline Earth Metals
(Rock Salt type) Cl- : at every OHV 4NaCl AgBr,AgCl,AgF, NH X

Cl-
: at every corner Cs+ + Cl-
2. CsCl Type(1:1) BCC 8:8 Halides of Ca
Cs+ : at bodycentre CsCl TiCl, TiBr, CaS
: every lattce 2+
S 2- point of CCP Zn + S 2-
3. ZnS Type(1:1) 4:4 BeS, BeO, CaO, Agl
CCP 2+ 4ZnS
(Zinc blend type) Zn : at 50% of THV CuCl, CuBr, Cul

CaF2 Type(1:1) Ca
2+ : every lattce
4 Ca
2+ 4 Ca2++ 8F-
point of CCP 8F- BaCl2, BaF2, SrCl2,
4. CCP 4 CaF2 SrF2, CaCl2, CaF2
(Flourite type) F- : at every THV 8 : 4
Na2 O Type(1:1) Na+ : at every THV 8Na+ 4O 2- 8Na+ + 4O 2-
5. Li2O, Li2S, Na2O3,
(Antiflourite type) CCP 2- : every lattce
4 : 8
4 Na O Na2S, K2O, K2S.
O point of CCP 2

6. ZnS Type(1:1) 2- : every lattce 2+

6 Zn + 6S2-
S point of CCP
HCP 4:4 Same as Sphalerite
(Wurtzite ) 2+
Zn : at 50% of THV 6ZnS
1. Geometry

AAAA....Packing ABAB..But not ABCABC.... ABABAB...

2. Arrangement close packing close packing
close packing close packing

3. Number of Atoms 1 2 4 6

4. Coordination no. 6 8 12 12

a & r relation r = a/2 r = a√ 3/4 r = a/2√2 _

5.

Packaging
6. 52.4% 68 % 74 % 74 %
Efficiency

1A; Group V& Ca, Sr,Al, intert Remaining D-block

7. Example Mn
Cr,Ba,Fe gases except He element, Be & Mg