7

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Sets: An Introduction

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Mathematics – Grade 7
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Sets: An Introduction

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Rosene D. Olaivar
Editors: Mr. Jonathan D. Membreve
Reviewers: Ms Divina B. Migriño
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: RegionaI Director:Dr. Salustiano T. Jimenez, JD, CESO V
Regional CLMD Chief :Dr. Maria Jesusa C. Despojo
LRMDS Regional EPS In Charge: Maurita F. Ponce
Regional ADM Coordinator:
Division CID Chief: Dr. John Ariel A. Lagura
Division ADM Coordinator: Dr. Neolita S. Sarabia

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region VII

Office Address: _ 5 Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu __________

____________________________________________
Telefax: ____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________

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 7

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Sets: An Introduction

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Welcome to the Mathematics 7 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Sets: An Introduction!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill,
action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in
this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully
achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success
lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of
the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the lesson to take. If
you get all the answers correct (100%), you may
decide to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the

current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to

you in various ways such as a story, a song, a
poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice

to solidify your understanding and skills of the
topic. You may check the answers to the exercises
using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you

to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned. This also tends retention of learned
concepts.

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 Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the
module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use
a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

The module is divided into four lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Well-Defined Sets
• Lesson 2 – Kinds of Sets and Cardinality of a Set
• Lesson 3 – Union and Intersection of Sets
• Lesson 4- Difference of Sets

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe and illustrate well-defined sets and subsets;
2. find the subset of a given set;
3. determine the total number of subsets in a given set;
4. Identify the kind of set where set is given;
5. determine the cardinality of the given set.
6. determine the union and intersection of two sets;and
7. get the difference of two sets.

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 Before you start reading this module, answer first the following questions to determine
how much you already know about the topic.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
A. 1. If set T = {A, L, E, R, T}, how many subsets does T have?
A. 5 B. 8 C. 16 D. 32
2. Given A = {a, b}, find all the subsets of A.
A. {a} , {b}
B. {a} , {b} , {a,b}
C. { } , {a} , {b} , {a, b}
D. { } , {a} , {b} , {a,b} , {b,a}
3. If C = {s,h} and D = {e, a, r, s} , what is C U D?
A. {s}
B. {h,e,a,r,t}
C. {s,h,a,r,e}
D {s,h,a, r,e,s}
4. If A = {l,o,v,e,y} and B = {w,o, l, v, e, s}, what is A Ո B?
A. { }
B. {l,o,v,e}
C. {l,o,v,e, y, w, s}
D. {l,o,v,e, y, w, o, l, v, e, s}
5. If A = {A, L, I, V, E} and B = {A, C, T}, then what is A-B?
A. {L, I, V, E}
B. {A, C, T}
C. {A}
D. {A, L, I, V,E, C, T}
6. How can you express a set whose elements are b, e, s, t in roster form?
A. {b, e, s, t}

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 B. {b, e, s, t, s}
C. {x│x is a letter in the alphabet}
D. {x│x is a letter from the word best}
7. How can you express a set whose elements are numbers greater than 5 in roster form?
A. {5, 6, 7, …}
B. {6, 7, 8, …}
C. {x│x is a number greater than 5}
D. {x│x is a number greater than or equal to 5}
8. How can you express a set whose elements are a, e, i, o and u in rule form.
A. {a, e,i, o, u}
B. {a, b, c, d, e, … y, z}
C. {x│x is a vowel}
D. {x│x is a consonant}
9. How can you express a set whose elements are 5,6,7,8,… in rule form.
A. {5, 6, 7, 8 …}
B. {6, 7, 8 …}
C. {x│x is a number greater than 4}
D. {x│x is a number greater than 5}
B. Identify the given sets whether equal or equivalent:
1. A= {1, 2, 3}, B= {4, 5, 6}
2. C= {m, i , l, e, s} D= {s, m, i, l, e,}

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 Lesson
Well-Defined Sets
1

Most of us have collections of a lot of things although we may not be aware of it. Like the
jeepney driver who has with him his set of tools in his jeepney always or your mother who treasures
her collection of sets of utensils and other fine China wares.

What’s In

Some people collect sets of stones, old coins and used stamps. Other who are more
affluent collect sets of ribbons, dolls, toys, hats, dresses, etc. What about you? What do you
collect?

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson looks easy and fast to teach but don’t be deceived. The
introductory concepts are always crucial. What differentiates a set from
any group is that a set is well defined. Emphasize this to the students.

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 What’s New

Study the dialogue below:

Angelic Joy was assigned to report about collection. During her report she asked her
classmates, “ What do you collect?” Tetchie said. “ I collect shells on the sea shore.” Vicky said, “
I love to collect paintings.” Danny said, “I collect toy cars.” Jenny said, “ I collect ribbons.” Robert
said “ I collect stones.”
If you are one of the students of that class, how will you respond to the question, “ What
do you collect?”
Your answers could be one of the following:
Shoes, bags, slippers, gems, paintings, toys, bears, wallets, books, different
currency, cards, scarves, matches, etc. The collections of different sorts of things may be
called a set, for example, a set of shoes, a set of bags, etc. . .

What is It

A set is a collection of well-defined distinct objects or things. A set is said to be well-

defined if it is possible to determine whether the objects or things belong to a given set. Distinct
means that elements should not be repeated. The objects or things are called elements of a set.
We use ∈ to denote an element of the set and ∉ to denote not an element of the set.
Normally, sets are denoted by capital letters. Here are some examples of sets.
EXAMPLE 1:

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 A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
B = {1, 3, 5, …}
C = { l, o, v, e }
D = { c, a, r, e }
E = { b, e, a, u, t, y }
F = {x│x ( this is read as set of x such that x) is a positive number less than 6}
G = {x│x is a letter from the alphabet}
H = {x│x is a number greater than 8}
There are two ways of describing a set. One way of describing set is by listing it down
known as the listing or roster method. There are times that in order to describe a set, the
elements of the set may be characterized or described. You call this method as the rule method.
In the previous example, how do you describe A, B, C, D and E? How about F, G, and
H?_______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
A, B, C, D and E are sets described using the roster method.
F, G and H are sets described using the rule method.
Set M whose elements are 3 and 4 can be expressed in roster form as M = {3, 4}. How
can you express set N whose elements are c, u, t and e?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
N = {c, u, t, e}
Set L whose elements are numbers greater than 7 are expressed in roster form. L = {8, 9,
10, 11, 12, …} Here, the three dots means that it will continue.
How can you express set L whose elements are numbers greater than
20?__________________________________________________________________________
How can you express set O whose elements are numbers less than 15?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
Possible answers:
L = {21, 22, 23, 24,25, … }
O = {14, 13, 12, 11, 10, … }
Set F is a set whose elements are numbers between 15 and 20 and is expressed
in roster form as F = {16, 17, 18, 19 }.
How can you express set G whose elements are numbers between 30 to 40?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.

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 G = { 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 }
Sets can be described using the rule method. Thus, if you have H = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} you
can express it in rule form as H = {x│x is a number from 1 to 6}. Here, x/x is read as “x such that
x.”
How can you express the following in rule form:
1. I = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } _______________________
2. J = { F, I, R, S, T } _______________________
3. K = {10, 11, 12, 13 } _______________________
4. L = {13, 14, 15, …} _______________________
5. M = { 20, 19, 18, ... } _______________________
Compare your answer with mine
1. I = { x│x is a number from 1 to 10 }
NOTE: Other letters
2. J = { x│x is a letter from the word FIRST }
are also applicable,
3. K = { x│x are numbers between 9 to 14 } such as a, b, c, d,..

4. L = { x│x is a number greater than 12 }

5. M = { x│x is a number less than 21 }

Let us consider the following definitions which will be very useful in the succeeding
discussions.
Definition . A null set or empty set is a set with no element or elements in it. It is denoted
by { } or Ø .
Definition . A subset is a set which contains an element or elements of another set.
Definition . { } or the set itself is considered as improper subset.
Definition . Proper subsets are subsets which contain an element or elements less than
the elements of another set.
Look at the examples below.
A={1}
Subsets : { } and { 1 }
Improper subsets: { } and { 1 }
Proper subsets: none
Total number of subsets: 2

B = {1, 2}
Subsets: { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 1,2}
Improper subsets: { } and { 1, 2 }

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 Proper subsets: { 1 } and { 2 }
Total number of subsets: 4
C = { 1, 2, 3 }
Subsets: { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 } { 2, 3 } { 1, 2, 3}
Improper subsets:{ } and { 1, 2, 3}
Proper subsets: { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 }, { 2, 3 }
Total number of subsets: 8
D = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
What are the subsets of D ? _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What are the improper subsets of D?_______________________________________________
What are the proper subsets of D?_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What is the total number of subsets? _______________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
Given:
D = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
Subsets: { } { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 }, { 1 ,2 } {1, 3 }, { 1, 4 }, { 2, 3 },
{ 2, 4 }, { 3, 4 }, { 1, 2, 3 }, {1, 2, 4 }, {1, 3, 4}, { 2,3, 4 }, { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
Improper subsets: { } and { 1, 2, 3, 4}
Proper subsets: { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 } , { 1, 4 },
{ 2, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 4 }, { 1, 2, 3 }, { 1, 2, 4 }, {1, 3, 4 }, { 2, 3, 4 }
Total number of subsets: 16
If E = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
What are the subsets of E?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What are the improper subsets of E?_________________________________________
What are the proper subsets of E?___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the total number of subsets? ________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.

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 Given: E = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
Subsets: { }, { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 }, { 5 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 }, { 1, 4 },
{ 1, 5 }, { 2, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 2, 5 }, { 3, 4 }, { 3, 5 } { 4, 5 }, { 1, 2, 3 },
{ 1, 2, 4 }, { 1, 2, 5 }, { 1, 3, 4 }, { 1, 3, 5 }, { 1, 4, 5 }, { 2, 3, 4 },
{ 2, 3, 5 }, { 2, 4, 5 }, { 3, 4, 5 }, { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, { 1, 2, 3, 5 }, { 1, 2, 4, 5 },
{ 1, 3, 4, 5, }, { 2, 3, 4, 5 }, { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
Improper subsets: { } and { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
Proper subsets: { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 }, { 5 }, { 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 },
{ 1, 4 }, { 1, 5 }, { 2, 3 }, { 2, 4 }, { 2, 5 }, { 3, 4 }, { 3, 5 }, { 4 , 5 },
{ 1, 2, 3 }, { 1, 2, 4 }, { 1, 2, 5 }, { 1, 3, 4 }, {1, 3, 5 }, { 1, 4, 5 },
{ 2, 3, 4 }, { 2, 3, 5 }, { 2, 4, 5 }, { 3, 4, 5 }, { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, { 1, 2, 3, 5 },
{ 1, 2, 4, 5 }, { 1, 3, 4, 5 }, { 2, 3, 4, 5 }
Total number of subsets: 32
Can you find a rule which will give the total number of subsets given the total number of
elements of a given set?
Recall that,
If you have 1 element, you have 2 subsets.
If you have 2 elements, you have 4 subsets.
If you have 3 elements, you have 8 subsets.
If you have 4 elements, you have 16 subsets.
If you have 5 elements, you have 32 subsets.
You will notice that the total number of subsets is always a multiple of 2. Similarly, if 2 is
raised to the number of the elements, you will get the number of subsets. In notation, the total
number of subsets is equal to 2n where n is the total number of elements of the given set.
Hence,
If n=1, 21 = 2
If n=2, 22 = 2 × 2 = 4
If n=3, 23 = 2 × 2 × 2= 4 × 2 = 8
If n=4, 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 4 × 2 × 2 = 8 × 2 = 16
If n=5,25 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 4 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 × 2 × 2 = 16 × 2 = 32
These all agree with what we have before. If you have 6 elements in a set, how many
subsets are there?
_____________________________________________________________________________
If you have 7 elements in a set, how many subsets are there?
_____________________________________________________________________________

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 Compare your answers with mine:
If you have 6 elements, there are 26 or 64 subsets.
If you have 7 elements, there are 27 or 128 subsets.

What’s More

Use a separate sheet for your answers.

A. Express the following in roster method:
1. The set whose members are 10, 20, 30 and 40.
2. The set whose members are S, E and T.
B. Express the following in the rule method:
1. { L, I, F, E }
2. { D, A, R, L, I, N, G }

What I Have Learned

Supply the missing word or words to complete the sentence. Use a separate sheet for your
answers.
1. __________________ is a collection of well-defined distinct objects or things.
2. __________________ are objects or things in a set.
3. __________________ a set with no element.
4. ________________ and _______________ are ways of describing a set
5. __________________ describing sets by listing down the elements of the given sets.
6. __________________ describing set using the characteristic of the given set.
7. __________________ a set which contains at least one element of the given set.
8. _______________ and ____________ are types subsets.
9. _______________and ____________ are improper subsets. The rest are proper subsets.
10. ________________is a formula to determine the total number of subsets in the given set.

What I Can Do

Answer as indicated. Please use separate sheet for your answers.

A. Express the following in roster method:
1. The set whose members are numbers between 25 and 30.

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 2. The set whose members are numbers less than 30.
B. Express the following in the rule method:
1. { 30, 31, 32, 33, … }
2. { 10, 12, 14, 16, … }

Assessment

NOTE: Write your answers on a separate sheet.

A. True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write TRUE. One point for
every correct answer.
1. 0 = { }
2. { 0 } is an empty set.
3. Null set is a proper subset.
4. The set is an improper subset.
5. If A = { T, Y }, then there are 4 subsets.
NOTE: For part B, one point for every correct subset.
B. List down all the possible subsets of:
A = { love, care, respect }

Additional Activities

Compute the total number of subsets of the following sets given the elements in each set.
1. D = { J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S }
2. E = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,24 }

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 Answer Key
[To follow]

References:
Shadrach, & Pierce. (2020). Introduction to Sets. Retrieved August 04, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2Zmi7WF

Jayant. (2013). what is difference between proper and improper subset is phi a proper subset or not -
Mathematics - TopperLearning.com: h6l1viyy . Retrieved August 04, 2020, from
https://bit.ly/32a1Wh0

What would you like to STUDY today? (2020). Retrieved August 04, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2DyxnaB

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 Lesson
Kinds of Sets and Cardinality of a Set
2
In the previous lesson you learned how to determine a well-defined set and express sets using
the rule or the roster method.You also learned how to find the subset of a given set and
determine its total number of subsets.

What’s In

The following are kinds of sets. Let’s study and analyze the sets in order to be able to
differentiate them and be able to give simple definitions for each kind.

Will you help me differentiate

the following:
EQUAL AND EQUIVALENT
SETS?
FINITE AND INFINITE SETS?
JOINT AND DISJOINT SETS?

What’s New

Here, A and B are equal sets. The arrows show that the elements are the same.
The following are kinds of sets. Let’s study and analyze the sets in order to be able to
differentiate them and be able to give simple definitions for each kind.

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Here, A and B are equal sets. The arrows show that the elements are the same.
Look at sets C and D. Compare their elements.

What can you say about their elements? __________Therefore, what kind of sets are C
and D? __________. Did you write: Their elements are the same? They are equal sets? Then
you’re right.
Compare the following sets. R and S, X and Y, and A and B. Identify which of the sets are
equal and why?
R = { A, R, E } and S = { E, A, R }

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 Did you say, “sets R and S are equal because they have the same elements”? If yes,
that’s
right!
Sets X and Y and A and B are examples of unequal sets. Why? If you said, “because
their elements are not the same”, then you’re correct again. Can you now define what equal sets
are?________________________________________________________________________

Compare your definition.

What is It

Definition . Equal sets are sets having the same elements.

Identify the following sets as either equal or unequal sets. Write your answer on the space
provided.
1. { D, R, A, W } and { W, A, R, D} _______________________
2. { 1, 2, 3, 4 }and { 2, 4, 6, 8 } ___________________________
3. { W, A, I, T } and { B, A, I, T } __________________________
4. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } and { 9, 7, 5, 3, 1 } _______________________
Compare your answer with mine.
1. equal
2. unequal
3. unequal
4. equal
Definition . Equivalent sets are sets having the same number of elements.

Number of elements in E = 4 Number of elements in F = 4

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Hence, sets E and F are equivalent sets.
Similarly, sets
I = { T, R, U, E } and II = { B, L, U, E } are also equivalent sets. Why? _____________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did you answer, because they have the same number of elements? Then, you’re correct!
Compare the following pairs of sets: G and H, U and V, and III and IV. Write whether the sets are
equivalent or not equivalent, in the space provided.

III = { 1, 2, 3 } and IV { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
Sets Kinds of Sets
G and H – __________
U and V – __________
III and IV – __________
Compare your answers with the following:
♦ Sets G and H are not equivalent
♦ Sets U and V are equivalent
♦ Sets III and IV are not equivalent
Why are sets U and V equivalent sets? If you said, because sets U and V have the same
number of elements, then, you’re right!
Determine whether the given sets are equivalent or equal:
1. { R, E, A L } and { G, O, A, L } ____________________________

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 2. { L, O, V, E } and { B, O, A, T } ____________________________
3. { 1,2, 3, 4 } and { 4, 1, 3, 2} _____________________________
4. { T, A, L, E } and { L, A, T, E } ____________________________
5. { a, e, i, o, u } and { do, re, mi, fa so } _______________________
Compare your answers with the answers below:
1. equivalent
2. equivalent
3. equal
4. equal
5. equivalent
Definition . Finite sets are sets which are countable.This means that the elements of the
given set can be counted.
The following are examples of finite sets.
A = { 1, 2, 3 }
B = { T, E, R Y }
C = { x│x is a counting number less than 10 }
D = { x│x is a letter from the word WORD }
E= , , ,
, , ,
Definition . Infinite sets are sets with number of elements that cannot be counted. The
three points after the last element means you can add more elements. It has no end or
nonterminating.
The following are examples of infinite sets.
D = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 … }
E = { 2, 4, 6, 8, … }
F = { x│x is a counting number }
Determine whether the given set is finite or infinite.
1. { 0, 1, 2, 3, … } _________________________
2. { c, a, s, t, l, e } _________________________
3. {1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 } _________________________
54. { x│x is a letter from the alphabet } _________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
1. infinite
2. finite

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 3. finite
4. finite
Definition . Universal set is a set which consists all elements under consideration.
The following are examples of universal sets.
1. A = { x│x is a letter of the alphabet }
2. B = { x│x is a counting number }
3. C = { x│x is a planet in the solar system }
4. D = { x│x is a country in Southeast Asia }
5. E = { x│x is a Roman Number }
Can you name the universal set of the following sets:

1. A2 = { Batanes, Sulu, Laguna, Bulacan, Cebu . . . }

A2 = { _______________________________}
2. B2 = { Magnolia, Selecta, Presto, Arce, Sorbetero . . . }
B2 = { ___________________________________ }
3. C2 = { papaya, mango, banana, pineapple, guyabano . . . }
C2 = { ____________________________________ }
Compare your answers with mine.
1. A2 = { x│x is a province in the Philippines}
2. B2 = { x│x is a brand name of ice cream }
3. C2 = { x│x is a tropical fruit }

Cardinality of a Set
Cardinal number/Cardinality of a set The number of distinct elements in a finite set is
called its cardinal number. It is denoted as n(A) and read as ‘the number of elements of the set’
A.
For example: (i) Given, X = {letters in the word MALAYALAM} Then, X = {M, A, L, Y} has
4 elements. Therefore, cardinal number of set X is 4, in symbol; n(X) = 4

(ii) Set C = {Florida, New York, California} has 3 elements. Therefore, the cardinal number
of set C is 3. So, it is denoted as n(C) = 3.

(iii) Set V is the collection of vowels in the English alphabet. Then V = {a, e, i, o, u} has 5
elements. Therefore, the cardinal number of set V is 5. So, it is denoted as n(V) = 5.

(iv) Given, Z = {counting/ natural numbers between 20 and 50, which are divisible by 7}
Then, Z = {21, 28, 35, 42, 49} has 5 elements. Therefore, cardinal number of set Z is 5, in symbol
n(Z) = 5

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 (v) Set E = {x:x is a counting/natural number less than 1} Then, E = { } has no element.
Therefore, the cardinal number of set E is 0. So, it is denoted as n(E) = 0.

What’s More

NOTE: Please write your answers on a separate sheet. One point for every correct
answer.
A. Determine if the given sets are equal sets or equivalent sets:
1. { n , e, w } and { o, l, d }
2. { ballpen, pen, pencil } and { pencil, eraser, ballpen }
B. Determine if the given set is finite or infinite:
1. { g, o, l, d }
2. { x│x is a letter of the alphabet }
3. { 0, 1, 2, 3 ...}

What I Have Learned

Supply the blank with missing word or words. Use separate sheet for your answers.
♦ ___________________are sets having the same elements.
♦ ___________________ are sets having the same number of elements.
♦ ___________________ are sets which are countable. This means that the elements of the
given set can be counted.
♦ ___________________ are sets with uncountable number of elements.
♦ ___________________is a set which consists of all elements under consideration
♦____________________ is the number of distinct elements in a finite set.

What I Can Do

Identify whether the sets are universal or not. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Page 23 of 39
 1. { x│x is a multiple of 2 less than 102 }
2. { x│x is a title of Secondary Level Modules }

Assessment

Choose the best answer by writing the letter only. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1.What is the cardinality of the set of odd positive integers less than 10?
A) 10 B) 5 C) 3 D) 20

2. Which of the following two sets are equal?

A) A = {1, 2} and B = {1}
B) A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}
C) A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 1, 3}
D) A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3}
3. The set of positive integers is _____________
A) Infinite
B) Finite
C) Subset
D) Empty
4.What is the Cardinality of the set {0, 1, 2}?
A) 3
B) 6
C) 7
D) 9

Additional Activities

Determine the cardinality of the given set. NOTE: No repetition of elements

1. A = {letters of the word MATHEMATICS}
2. C = { 0 }
3. D = {grade 7 sections of Tagbilaran City Science High School}
4. F = {months of a year}

Answer Key
[To follow]

Page 24 of 39
References:
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/learning-resources/

Types of Sets: Equivalent Sets: Singleton Set: Empty Set or Null Set. (2020). Retrieved
August 06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/32dDknU

Bhojasia, M. (2020, June 02). Sets - Discrete Mathematics Questions and Answers.
Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3fqiKUL

Page 25 of 39
 Lesson
Union and Intersection of Sets
3

These two diagrams illustrate the union and intersection of two sets, given sets A and B.

NOTE: shaded part is A Ո B

NOTE: shaded part is A Ս B

Source: www.mathsisfun.com › sets › venn-diagrams

What’s In

In Lesson 1, you learned how to express sets using the rule or the roster method. You also
learned how to find the subset of a given set and determine the total number of subsets of a given
set. In Lesson 2, you learned to determine whether a given set is equal or equivalent, finite or
infinite, or universal and cardinality of a given set.This module will be about union and intersection
of sets.

Page 26 of 39
 Notes to the Teacher
Explain to the students that in general, the inclusive OR is used in
mathematics. Thus, when we say, “elements belonging to A or B”, that
includes the possibility that the elements belong to both. In some
instances, “belonging to both” is explicitly stated when referring to the
intersection of two sets. Advise students that from here onwards, OR is
used inclusively

What is It

The following definitions will help us in this lesson.

Definition. The union of two sets A and B, which is denoted by A U B (read as “ A
union B”), means the set whose elements are the elements found in A or in B or in both A and B.
Look at the example below.
Sets A and B have no common element. There are some sets with no common element.

Then, A U B

Page 27 of 39
 Similarly,
If C = { T, O } and D = { N, I, G, H, T }
Then C U D = { T, O, N, I, G, H, T }
If your given A = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 } and E = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }, what is E U A ?
________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
E U A = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
What did you notice in the union of two given sets with no common elements?
________________________________________________________________________

Then M U N =

What is the common element of sets M and N? If your answer is the 1st car in set M and
the third car in set N, then you’re right! Notice those cars which are the common elements of the
sets M and N in the M U N. How many times did it appear in M U N? They appeared once only
because the common elements are counted as one in the union of sets.

Suppose E = {c, a, r } and F = { r, i, n , g }, then what is F U E?

___________________________________________________________________
How about if you have O = { milk, water, sugar },
N = { water, sugar, coffee }, what is O U N?
____________________________________________________________________

Page 28 of 39
Compare your answer with mine.
F U E = {c, a, r, i, n, g }
O U N = {milk, water, sugar, coffee }
There are some sets wherein one set is the subset of the other.
If G = { aurea, olive, terry } and H = {aurea, olive, alice, terry } then,
G U H = {aurea, olive, alice, terry }.
How about if you have, T = {father, mother, brother sister, baby} and J
{ father, mother }, what is T U J ?
_______________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
T U J = {father, mother, brother, sister, baby }
Did you get all correct answers? If yes, good!
Definition. The intersection of two sets A and B which is denoted by A Ո B, (read as
A intersection B ) means the set of elements or elements found both in A and B. Look at the
examples below.

Then A Ո B = { } since there is no common element between A and B.

Suppose if C = { sun, moon, stars } and D = { planet, galaxy, universe }.
What is C Ո D?________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
C Ո D = { }.
However, if

Page 29 of 39
 Then,

Similarly,
If G = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } and H = { 0, 5, 10 } then G Ո H ={ 0, 5}
How about if I = { S, C, A, R, E }and J = { C, A, R, E, F, U, L }, then what is I ՈJ?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
I Ո J = { C, A, R, E }
How about if you are given K = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 } and L = { 5, 10, 15,
20, 25, 30 }, what is K Ո L ? ______________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
K Ո L = { 15, 30 }

What’s More

NOTE: Please write your answers on a separate sheet.

Given the following sets, answer the questions that follow.
A = { E, N }
B = { J, O, Y }
C = { L, I, G, H, T, E, R }
Answer the following:

1. What is A U B? Answer: ________________________

2. What is B Ո C? Answer: ________________________

Page 30 of 39
 What I Have Learned

Supply missing word or words on the blank. Use separate sheet for your answers.
♦__________________ is the combination of elements found in one or in both sets.
♦ If the two given sets have no common elements, all their elements are the elements in
the union of sets.
♦ If the two given sets have common elements, the common elements appear
_________________ in the union of sets.
♦ __________________ a set which consists of the common elements found in both sets.

What I Can Do

NOTE: Please write your answers on a separate sheet.

Given the following sets, answer the questions that follow.
D = { A, R, E }
E = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 }
F= { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 }
Answer the following:
1. What is D Ս E?
2. What is E Ո F?

Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer by writing the letter only. Use a separate sheet for your
answers.
GIVEN: Let J represents the set of letters in the word “FACEBOOK” and C represents the set of
letters in the word “YOUTUBE”
1. What is the intersection of the two sets?
A. C∩J={O, T, E} C. C∩J={K, E}

Page 31 of 39
 B. C∩J={F,Y} D. C∩J={O,E,B}
2. Find the union of the two sets.
A. C∪J={O,E} C. C∪J={Y,F,A,O,C,E,U,T,B,K}
B. C∪J={F,A,C,E,B,O,O,K} D. C∪J={Y,O,U,T,U,B,E}

Additional Activities

Given the following sets, perform the instructions that follow.

A = { 3, 6, 9 } B = { 5, 10 } C = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } D = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Answer the following:
1. Find A Ս B.
2. Find B Ս C.
3. Find C Ո D.

Answer Key
[ to follow]

References
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/learning-resources/

Sets and Venn Diagrams. (2017). Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3fqIYqh

Sets - Discrete Mathematics Questions and Answers. (2020, June 02). Retrieved August
06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3fqiKUL

Problems on Intersection of Sets: Operations on Intersection of Sets. (2020). Retrieved

August 06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2C4La8x

Page 32 of 39
 Lesson
Difference of Sets
4

The diagram below shows the difference of two sets. It is easy for us to understand concepts
using diagram. This diagram helps a lot in visualizing the elements of a set.

NOTE: shaded part is A-B

Source: www.math-only-math.com › difference-of-two-sets

What’s In

How to get the

difference of two
sets? How is this
possible?

Page 33 of 39
 Notes to the Teacher
In this Lesson you will encounter difference of two sets. Please inform the
students that this is an additional set operation aside from union and
intersection of sets.

What’s New

Definition. Difference of A and B. The difference of A and B denoted by A-B, is defined as the
set whose elements are in A but not in B.

What is It

Suppose, A = { n, i, c, e, l, y } and B = { l, o, v, e, y } then A – B = { n, i, c, } while B – A = { o, v, }.

If,

Similarly,
What is C-D? ________________________________________________

Page 34 of 39
Compare your answer with mine.

How about if D - C? Check your answer with mine.

How about if E = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 } and F = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 }, What is E – F?

_____________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
E – F = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 }
What about F-E?
_________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine
F - E = { 10, 12 }
Did you get it right?
How about if G = { G, O, D, M, T, H, E, R } and H = {M, O, T, H, E, R }
then what is G – H ?
_______________________________________________________
Compare your answer with mine.
G –H = { G, D }
How about H-G?
_________________________________________________________________
Is your answer H-G { }, then, you’re right!

What’s More

Given three sets P, Q and R such that:

P = {x|x is a natural number between 10 and 16},

Q = {y|y is a even number between 8 and 20} and

Page 35 of 39
R = {7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20}

1.Find Q - R

2. Find R - P

3. Find Q – P

What I Have Learned

Matching Type. Match the items in Column A to the items in Column B. Write the letter only. Use
a separate sheet for your answers.

Given:

If P = {letters in the word ‘banaras’}

Q = {Letters in the word ‘bharat’}

and R = {letters in the word ‘bhatinda’}

COLUMN A COLUMN B

(1) P – Q A. {i,n,d}

(2) R – Q B. {r,s}

(3) P – R C. {n,s}

What I Can Do

Given the following sets, answer the question follows. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
C = { L, I, G, H, T, E, R }
D = { A, R, E }
Answer this:
What is C – D?

Page 36 of 39
 Assessment

Choose the letter only. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

For numbers 1 and 2: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {2, 4, 5, 6}
C = {1, 6, 7}

1. What is A – B?
A. {3,2 } C. {1,5 }
B. { 1,3} D. {1,6 }
2. What is B – C?
A. { 1,2,3} C. { 2,4,5 }
B. { 4,5,6} D. { 4,5,6}

For numbers 3 and 4.

Given:
C= D=
, , , ,

3. Find C – D.
A. C.

B. D.
,
4. Find D – C.

A. C.

B. D.

Additional Activities

Given the following sets, answer the questions that follow.

E = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 }
F= { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 }

Page 37 of 39
 What is F – E?

Answer Key
[to follow]

References
Difference of Two Sets: Difference between the Two Sets: Solved Examples. (2020).
Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/32fnZ69

Difference of Sets using Venn Diagram: Difference of Sets: Solved Example. (2020).
Retrieved August 06, 2020, from https://bit.ly/30pJHSz

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Office Address:
Rajah Sikatuna Avenue, Dampas District, Tagbilaran City
Telefax:
(038) 544-2147, 427-1702
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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