Assignment -1

CEIR11: Basics of Civil Engineering

Section: ICE-A

Details of Stone/Rock mines/quarries &

Cement manufacturing units in India

State/Union Territory:
1)MADHYA PRADESH
2)KERALA
3)ANDHRA PRADESH
Details of Students in the group:
S.No Name Roll No.
.
1 J Vishwas 110122047
2 Karuna s 110122049
3
4
5
6

Max. Marks per student: 10 Marks

Last Date of Submission: 15-Dec-2022
 1. Preamble:

2. List of Rock/Stone mines/quarries in respective state/UT

State/ Location of Type/ Remarks/
S.N Quarry/mine Rock
UT classification of Addl. Reference(s) of information
o. name
Name (Name, Coordinates) Rock Information
1 Madhya Simariya Limestone Sedimentary mppsc.org
Pradesh
23° 14’52’’N Rock Wikipedia

79°40’55’’ E mindat.org

2 Madhya Balaghat Manganese Sedimentary mppsc.org

Pradesh Ore
21°50’39’’ N , Rock Wikipedia

80°13’39’’E mindat.org

3 Madhya Buxwaha Diamond Igneous Rock mppsc.org

Pradesh
24°15′7″N 79°17′15″E

4 Madhya Malanjkhand Copper ore Igneous and mppsc.org

Pradesh
22.0210° N, 80.7128° Sedimentary Wikipedia

E Rocks mindat.org

5 Madhya Katni Bauxite Sedimentary mppsc.org

Pradesh
23° 32,39’’ N Rock Wikipedia

mindat.org
 State/ Location of Type/ Remarks/
S.N Quarry/mine Rock
UT classification of Addl. Reference(s) of information
o. name
Name (Name, Coordinates) Rock Information
80° 19’39’’E

6 Madhya Satpura Coal Sedimentary mppsc.org

Pradesh
21.4167°N, 76.1667°E Rock Wikipedia

mindat.org

7 Kerala Varkala, Laterite Sedimentary https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engine

Ragunathapuram ering/lateritic-soil

8.73867,76.7167 rock

8 Kerala Pulimath Charnockite Metamorphic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnockite

rock
8.753216028621146, rock

76.89990609078716

9 Kerala Sabarimala GarnetBiotite Metamorphic https://www.britannica.com/science/migmat

9.1231742981 Gneiss rock ite

76.852898038 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migmatite

10 Kerala Vellamthetti- Migmatie Metamorphic https://www.britannica.com/science/migmat

kalanjoor rock ite

9.1231742981 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migmatite

76.852898038
 State/ Location of Type/ Remarks/
S.N Quarry/mine Rock
UT classification of Addl. Reference(s) of information
o. name
Name (Name, Coordinates) Rock Information

11 Kerala Chenneerkara- Granite Igneous Rock https://byjus.com/chemistry/uses-of-granite/

prakkanam

9.2715493975

76.735505716

12 AP Anantapur, Chittoor, Granite Igneous Rock Common type of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock

Cuddapah, Guntur, intrusive, felsic, _types

Mahabubnagar, igneous rock with

Medak, Prakasam, granular

structure
Srikakulam,
Warangal

districts

13 AP Arlametta Quarry, Basalt Igneous Rock Fine Nageswara Rao,

grained.Magnesiu
Duddukarra,west P.V., Swaroop,
m- and iron-rich
Godavari P.C., Karimulla,
extrusive igneous
district,coastal S. (2012)
Andhra rock
Mineral
region
 State/ Location of Type/ Remarks/
S.N Quarry/mine Rock
UT classification of Addl. Reference(s) of information
o. name
Name (Name, Coordinates) Rock Information
chemistry of

Pangidi basalt

flows from

Andhra

Pradesh.

14 AP Devarapallii mandal , Pumice Igneous Rock Light coloured Light coloured

WestGodavari district highly vesicular highly vesicular

volcanic rock volcanic rock

15 AP Narpala mandal in Dolomite Sedimentary AKA Dolostone – https://en.wik

ananthapuramu Sedimentary ipedia.org/wik

district carbonate rock i/List_of_rock

that
_types
contains a high

percentage of the

mineral dolomite

16 AP Garugubilli Quartzite Metamorphic Hard, non- https://books.

foliated
Village, google.co.in/b
rock metamorphic
Merakamudidam ooks?id=W-
rock
Mandal,
 State/ Location of Type/ Remarks/
S.N Quarry/mine Rock
UT classification of Addl. Reference(s) of information
o. name
Name (Name, Coordinates) Rock Information
Vizianagaram which was aXSbdjB1cC&

District , A.P originally pure pg=PA188&re

quartz sandstone dir_esc=y#v=o

–
nepage&q&f=
A
metamorphosed

sandstone
typically

composed of
>95%

quartz

17 AP Markapur- Slate Metamorphic Metamorphic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

rock - List_of_rock_types
Cumbum
A low grade

metamorphic
rock

formed from
shale

or silts
 3. List of cement manufacturing units in respective state/UT
Location of
Remarks/Addl.
Cement Source of Nearby Reference(s)
Information
S.No. State/UT Name Manufacturing Lime stone Limestone mine (types of cement of
(Name,
unit (Name, Coordinates) produced/Owner/plant information
Coordinates)
capacity etc.)
(Name, Coordinates)

1. Madhya Pradesh Belacement bela cement lalapur limestone Sec head : https://
works/madhepur limestone mine/Satna Chandrakant en.m.wikipe
mine Devra Tiwari dia.org/
village wiki/
(25.6237438, UltraTech_
78.6905344) Cement
2. Madhya Pradesh Creative house Kulsewar salaiya limestone Owner:Shiv https://
wares limestone mines/Katni Kumar , eaindustry.
mine nic.in/
Gaurav,
(23.999588,8 cement/
Prithviraj
0.86506) report1detai
mundra
ls.asp?
 Location of
Remarks/Addl.
Cement Source of Nearby Reference(s)
Information
S.No. State/UT Name Manufacturing Lime stone Limestone mine (types of cement of
(Name,
unit (Name, Coordinates) produced/Owner/plant information
Coordinates)
capacity etc.)
(Name, Coordinates)

comp_code
=C27000001
4
3. Madhya Pradesh JK White/Katni NANWARA salaiya limestone Owner: Anil https://
LIMESTON mines/Katni Agnihotri www.jkcem
E ent.com/
MINE/VUR about-us
AHOGAAR
H
(23.70464,80
.53733)
4. Madhya Pradesh rewa Jaypee Nauparta lalapur limestone Owner:Shri http://
Cement/ Limestone mine/Satna Jayprakash wikimapia.o
Nauparta Mines rg/
Gaur
(24.556646,81.1 (24.57372,81 9556732/
7503) .190 95) Jaypee-
Rewa-
Cement
 Location of
Remarks/Addl.
Cement Source of Nearby Reference(s)
Information
S.No. State/UT Name Manufacturing Lime stone Limestone mine (types of cement of
(Name,
unit (Name, Coordinates) produced/Owner/plant information
Coordinates)
capacity etc.)
(Name, Coordinates)

5. Madhya Pradesh Prism Cement Haebadpur Ramstan Owner:Ranjan https://

Ltd. /satna Limestone limestone www.prism
Raheja
(25.33609,82.976 mines mines/satna cement.com
75) (24.63754,80 /
,836 44)
6. Madhya Pradesh Kymore Cement Jamuwnikal Owner:Manoj https://
Works/kymore a limestone Jindal www.swapd
(24.05977,88.860 mines ial.com/
83) (23.3842982, public/
79.7 460762) knowledge-
contents/
industrial-
data/acc-
kymore-
cement-
plant/
7. Madhya Pradesh Cement Nayagaon UltraTech Manager:J. https://
Corporation of mine Limestone Mine Viswash cciltd.in/
India Ltd- Nayagaon page.php?
 Location of
Remarks/Addl.
Cement Source of Nearby Reference(s)
Information
S.No. State/UT Name Manufacturing Lime stone Limestone mine (types of cement of
(Name,
unit (Name, Coordinates) produced/Owner/plant information
Coordinates)
capacity etc.)
(Name, Coordinates)

Nayagaon (24.547558, id=163

(24.5557198, 74.780282)
74.7672644)
8. Madhya Pradesh Sidhi Cement Bankiyan Owner:MN https://
Works/sidhi Mehta www.cemne
(24.32559,81.213 t.com/
32) limestone global-
mines cement-
(24.62991,81 report/
.213 32) facility/
sidhi-
cement-
plant
9. Madhya Pradesh UltraTech- Vikram Suvakheda, Owner:Aditya http://
Vikram Cement Cement &Kheda Rathore Birla www.labgo.i
Works limestone Limestone Mine n/lab/
(24.57936,74.805 mines ultratech-
45) /Neemuch cement-
(24.4669,74. limited-
 Location of
Remarks/Addl.
Cement Source of Nearby Reference(s)
Information
S.No. State/UT Name Manufacturing Lime stone Limestone mine (types of cement of
(Name,
unit (Name, Coordinates) produced/Owner/plant information
Coordinates)
capacity etc.)
(Name, Coordinates)

8719 16) unit-

vikram-
cement-
works-
khor-
neemuch
10. Madhya Pradesh K. J. S. Cement sidhi Ramstan Owner :Kamalji https://
Ltd/Maihar vinayak limestone th Singh kjscement.c
(24.26210,80.787 limestone mines/satna om/
Aluwalia
2) mine
(24.32997,88
.608 3)
11. Kerala Malabar Malabar
cements/Pallipur
am
(9.74739,76.3630 limestone
2) mine near
Walayar
dam
 Location of
Remarks/Addl.
Cement Source of Nearby Reference(s)
Information
S.No. State/UT Name Manufacturing Lime stone Limestone mine (types of cement of
(Name,
unit (Name, Coordinates) produced/Owner/plant information
Coordinates)
capacity etc.)
(Name, Coordinates)

(10.85821,76
773 08)
12. Kerala Diamond Palakkad Malabar
limestone Limestone Mines
cements/kanjiko
mines (10.85821,767730
de(10.78397,76.
(10.78428,
77260)
76.65493)
8)
 4. Properties and uses of stone listed above
LATERITE

PROPERTIES

Laterite soil is rich in aluminum and iron, formed in wet and hot tropical areas.

Almost all laterites are rusty red due to the presence of iron oxides. It is prepared by

the long-lasting and intensive weathering of the parent rock.

USES

Laterite soil are commonly used as road pavement materials to provide a better

sub base, gravel for roads and base materials. They are also good material for

embankment construction 

CHARNOCKITE

PROPERTIES

Dark colour and clouding of the feldspars are typical features of these rocks, as

is a bluish tint in quartz. Some charnockites contain a brownish-green hornblende,

often rather rich in titanium. The garnet characteristic of these rocks is rich in pyrope.

USES

Charnockites are igneous while granulites are metamorphic. Charnockite is coarse-

grained and lacks foliage. Both of these have a similar utility and are often used in

the construction industry.

MIGMATITE

PROPERTIES

Migmatites often appear as tightly, incoherently folded veins (ptygmatic folds).

These form segregations of leucosome, light-colored granitic components exsolved

within melanosome, a dark colored amphibole- and biotite-rich setting.

USES

Migmatites have an attractive appearance, often being marked with irregular small

stripes or patches of contrasting shades ranging from almost white to dark grey, and

are widely used as building stone, sometimes being polished for ornament.

GARNET BIOTITE GNIESS

PROPERTIES

Dark-gray- to rusty-grayish-brown-weathering, sulfidic muscovite-biotite-magnetite

gneiss or schist marked by abundant small garnets, biotite, and fine laminae of

quartz and plagioclase. Contains thin belts of amphibolite and calc-silicate gneiss.

USES

Some of it accepts a vibrant polish and is appealing sufficient to be used as an

architectural stone. Beautiful floor tiles, facing stone, stair treads, window sills, counter tops,

and cemetery monuments are regularly crafted from polished gneiss.

GRANITE

PROPERTIES

It has very dense silica content. Since the rock is made largely of silica from

magma, it contains a large amount of silica. Due to the large presence of silica in its

composition, granite is highly resistant to decay. Granite is an easily quarried stone.

USES

● Granite used in Building Monuments. Long-lasting structures like temples,

gravestones or monuments are usually made of granite. ...

● Granite used in Jewellery. Few granites are rare and amazingly beautiful. ...

● Granite used in Fireplace Mantle and Floor. ...

● Granite used in Bathroom, Shelves, Tabletops, Basins.

LIMESTONE

PROPERTIES : extremely durable, absorb water , highly reactive with acids,

mainly consist of calcite etc…

raw material of quick lime(CaO),cement ,

USES

used as soil conditioner , used in blast furnace and as aggregate in roads etc…

Manganese Ore :
PROPERTIES : mainly consist of pyrolusite , chemically active , hard

metal,very brittle , easily oxidizable etc…

USES : used to produce variety of important alloys , used in dry cell

batteries and paints , and to deoxidise steel etc…

Diamond :
Properties : high electrical resistivity ,low thermal expansion coefficient

,high strength , hardness , low coefficient of friction , high thermal conductivity

, resistant to chemical corrosion etc…

Uses : used in jewellery , cutting processes , automotive industries,

highway construction and repair etc…

Copper Ore :
Properties : highly malleable , ductile , extremely good conductor of

heat and electricity , corrosion resistant , chemically less reactive etc…

Uses : used in electrical industries for a large extent , construction ,

making alloys , industrial machinery etc…

BAUXITE :
Properties : has high aluminium content (Al(OH)3) and therefore it’s a

ore for aluminium , soft mineral , grey-reddish brown in colour etc…

Uses : best material for making aluminium , used in abrasive ,

cement , oil , steel ,electric and machinery industries etc…

Coal :
Properties : black in colour , hard , easily combustible , major precense

of carbon , different types based on mode of formation etc…

Uses : used in thermal power plants for energy production , used as

fuel , used in production of cement, carbon fibres, foams , syngas , important

ingredient in production of activated carbon ans silicon metal etc…

 5. Properties and Uses of Cement

Physical Properties of Cement

Different blends of cement used in construction are characterized by their physical properties.
Some key parameters control the quality of cement. The physical properties of good cement
are based on:

● Fineness of cement
● Soundness
● Consistency
● Strength
● Setting time
● Heat of hydration
● Loss of ignition
● Bulk density
● Specific gravity (Relative density)

Fineness of Cement
The size of the particles of the cement is its fineness. The required fineness of good cement is
achieved through grinding the clinker in the last step of cement production process. As
hydration rate of cement is directly related to the cement particle size, fineness of cement is
very important.

Soundness refers to the ability of cement to not shrink upon hardening. Good quality cement
retains its volume after setting without delayed expansion, which is caused by excessive free
lime and magnesia.
Tests:
Unsoundness of cement may appear after several years, so tests for ensuring soundness must
be able to determine that potential.

● Le Chatelier Test
This method, done by using Le Chatelier Apparatus, tests the expansion of cement due to lime.
Cement paste (normal consistency) is taken between glass slides and submerged in water for 24
hours at 20+1°C. It is taken out to measure the distance between the indicators and then returned
underwater, brought to boil in 25-30 mins and boiled for an hour. After cooling the device, the
distance between indicator points is measured again. In a good quality cement, the distance should
not exceed 10 mm.
● Autoclave Test
Cement paste (of normal consistency) is placed in an autoclave (high-pressure steam vessel) and
slowly brought to 2.03 MPa, and then kept there for 3 hours. The change in length of the specimen
(after gradually bringing the autoclave to room temperature and pressure) is measured and
expressed in percentage. The requirement for good quality cement is a maximum of 0.80%
autoclave expansion.
Standard autoclave test: AASHTO T 107 and ASTM C 151: Autoclave Expansion of Portland
Cement

Consistency of Cement
The ability of cement paste to flow is consistency.
It is measured by Vicat Test.
In Vicat Test Cement paste of normal consistency is taken in the Vicat Apparatus. The
plunger of the apparatus is brought down to touch the top surface of the cement. The
plunger will penetrate the cement up to a certain depth depending on the consistency. A
cement is said to have a normal consistency when the plunger penetrates 10±1 mm.
Strength of Cement
Three types of strength of cement are measured – compressive, tensile and flexural. Various
factors affect the strength, such as water-cement ratio, cement-fine aggregate ratio, curing
conditions, size and shape of a specimen, the manner of molding and mixing, loading
conditions and age. While testing the strength, the following should be considered:

● Cement mortar strength and cement concrete strength are not directly related. Cement strength is
merely a quality control measure.
● The tests of strength are performed on cement mortar mix, not on cement paste.
● Cement gains strength over time, so the specific time of performing the test should be mentioned.

Compressive Strength
It is the most common strength test. A test specimen (50mm) is taken and subjected to a
compressive load until failure. The loading sequence must be within 20 seconds and 80
seconds.
Standard tests:

i. AASHTO T 106 and ASTM C 109: Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using
50-mm or 2-in. Cube Specimens)
ii. ASTM C 349: Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms
Broken in Flexure)
Tensile strength
Though this test used to be common during the early years of cement production, now it does
not offer any useful information about the properties of cement.
Flexural strength
This is actually a measure of tensile strength in bending. The test is performed in a 40 x40 x
160 mm cement mortar beam, which is loaded at its center point until failure.
Standard test:

i. ASTM C 348: Flexural Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars

Setting Time of Cement

Cement sets and hardens when water is added. This setting time can vary depending on
multiple factors, such as fineness of cement, cement-water ratio, chemical content, and
admixtures. Cement used in construction should have an initial setting time that is not too low
and a final setting time not too high. Hence, two setting times are measured:

● Initial set: When the paste begins to stiffen noticeably (typically occurs within 30-45 minutes)
● Final set: When the cement hardens, being able to sustain some load (occurs below 10 hours)

Again, setting time can also be an indicator of hydration rate.

Standard Tests:

i. AASHTO T 131 and ASTM C 191: Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle
ii. AASHTO T 154: Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Gillmore Needles
iii. ASTM C 266: Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Gillmore Needles

Heat of Hydration
When water is added to cement, the reaction that takes place is called hydration. Hydration
generates heat, which can affect the quality of the cement and also be beneficial in
maintaining curing temperature during cold weather. On the other hand, when heat generation
is high, especially in large structures, it may cause undesired stress. The heat of hydration is
affected most by C3S and C3A present in cement, and also by water-cement ratio, fineness
and curing temperature. The heat of hydration of Portland cement is calculated by
determining the difference between the dry and the partially hydrated cement (obtained by
comparing these at 7th and 28th days).
Standard Test:
ASTM C 186: Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement
Loss of Ignition
Heating a cement sample at 900 - 1000°C (that is, until a constant weight is obtained) causes
weight loss. This loss of weight upon heating is calculated as loss of ignition. Improper and
prolonged storage or adulteration during transport or transfer may lead to pre-hydration and
carbonation, both of which might be indicated by increased loss of ignition.
Standard Test:
AASHTO T 105 and ASTM C 114: Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
Bulk density
When cement is mixed with water, the water replaces areas where there would normally be
air. Because of that, the bulk density of cement is not very important. Cement has a varying
range of density depending on the cement composition percentage. The density of cement
may be anywhere from 62 to 78 pounds per cubic foot.
Specific Gravity (Relative Density)
Specific gravity is generally used in mixture proportioning calculations. Portland cement has
a specific gravity of 3.15, but other types of cement (for example, portland-blast-furnace-slag
and portland-pozzolan cement) may have specific gravities of about 2.90.
Standard Test:
AASHTO T 133 and ASTM C 188: Density of Hydraulic Cement

Chemical Properties of Cement

The raw materials for cement production are limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon),
bauxite (aluminum) and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk, marl, shale, clay, blast
furnace slag, slate. Chemical analysis of cement raw materials provides insight into the
chemical properties of cement.

1. Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)

Low content of C3A makes the cement sulfate-resistant. Gypsum reduces the hydration of C 3A,
which liberates a lot of heat in the early stages of hydration. C3A does not provide any more than
a little amount of strength.
Type I cement: contains up to 3.5% SO3 (in cement having more than 8% C3A)
Type II cement: contains up to 3% SO3 (in cement having less than 8% C3A)
2. Tricalcium silicate (C3S)
C3S causes rapid hydration as well as hardening and is responsible for the cement’s early strength
gain an initial setting.
3. Dicalcium silicate (C2S)
As opposed to tricalcium silicate, which helps early strength gain, dicalcium silicate in cement
helps the strength gain after one week.
4. Ferrite (C4AF)
Ferrite is a fluxing agent. It reduces the melting temperature of the raw materials in the kiln from
3,000°F to 2,600°F. Though it hydrates rapidly, it does not contribute much to the strength of the
cement.
5. Magnesia (MgO)
The manufacturing process of Portland cement uses magnesia as a raw material in dry process
plants. An excess amount of magnesia may make the cement unsound and expansive, but a little
amount of it can add strength to the cement. Production of MgO-based cement also causes less
CO2 emission. All cement is limited to a content of 6% MgO.
6. Sulphur trioxide
Sulfur trioxide in excess amount can make cement unsound.
7. Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide
Aside from adding strength and hardness, iron oxide or ferric oxide is mainly responsible for the
color of the cement.
8. Alkalis
The amounts of potassium oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide (Na2O) determine the alkali content of
the cement. Cement containing large amounts of alkali can cause some difficulty in regulating the
setting time of cement. Low alkali cement, when used with calcium chloride in concrete, can
cause discoloration. In slag-lime cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag is not hydraulic on
its own but is "activated" by addition of alkalis. There is an optional limit in total alkali content of
0.60%, calculated by the equation Na2O + 0.658 K2O.
 9. Free lime
Free lime, which is sometimes present in cement, may cause expansion.
10. Silica fumes
Silica fume is added to cement concrete in order to improve a variety of properties, especially
compressive strength, abrasion resistance and bond strength. Though setting time is prolonged by
the addition of silica fume, it can grant exceptionally high strength. Hence, Portland cement
containing 5-20% silica fume is usually produced for Portland cement projects that require high
strength.
11. Alumina
Cement containing high alumina has the ability to withstand frigid temperatures since alumina is
chemical-resistant. It also quickens the setting but weakens the cement.

Some of the numerous functions of cement are given below.

1. It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.

2. It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3. It is used for water tightness of structure.
4. It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels, beams, stairs, pillars etc.
5. It is used where a hard surface is required for the protection of exposed surfaces of structures
against the destructive agents of the weather and certain organic or inorganic chemicals.
6. It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles, fencing posts etc.
7. It is used in the construction of important engineering structures such as bridges, culverts, dams,
tunnels, lighthouses etc.
8. It is used in the preparation of foundations, watertight floors, footpaths etc.
9. It is employed for the construction of wells, water tanks, tennis courts, lamp posts, telephone
cabins, roads etc.

6. Any other information

7. Contribution/role of each student in preparing this report

S.No. Name Roll No. Role

4
5

8. References