AEM 201 Principle of Agricultural Extension
AEM 201 Principle of Agricultural Extension
NOUN LAGOS
Principles of agricultural extension involve the factors that guide the activities of Agricultural
Extension and how decisions are taken.
The principles propel extension activities and programmes which are planned to motivate the
farmers to adopt the introduced technologies. This involves understanding of the scope of
agricultural extension itself, so that there could be deep understanding of the roles expected from
all those who are involved in extension activities.
THE COURSE
This course guide tells you briefly what to expect from reading this material. The study of
principles of Agricultural extension is not only of academic importance, but it is the basis of our
understanding and appreciation of the principles that guides information dissemination to the
clienteles. Studying principles of Agricultural is line studying agricultural productions in its
entirety. This is because adoption of new technology involves a lot of socio-psychological
process. There are different stages of adoption, however, all hinges on the method and techniques
utilized in introducing the innovations to the farmers.
The course started with the understanding of meaning of extension. This is because adequate
knowledge of the meaning of agricultural extension helps to understand what principles of
Agricultural extension entails. The scope and objectives of Agricultural extension are also
discussed. This is to provide the required understanding of limitations of agricultural extension
process.
In Nigeria, funding of agricultural extension is basically from the various tiers of government.
The country still operates a Public extension system, therefore government plays significant role
in agricultural extension. The various roles of government in providing the required technical and
economic services to the farmers. It also emphasized conditions that are required for the
development of effective agricultural extension services.
The course emphasize the importance of the principles of starting where the people are, why the
clientele should determine their own problems and find desirable solution to the problems. The
principle of interest and need was also discussed and while mutual trust and respect are key
factors in Agricultural extension.
Agricultural extension work is voluntary and local leaders are also involved. This is to enahance
local participation in decision making and sustains the technology that is being utilized.
Extension also involves working with the whole family as all the members are critical to effective
agricultural production.
The use of subject matter specialist and various teaching methods cannot be underscored in
extension work. This is to help farmers in solving their production problems and effective
understanding of what they are learning.
The course discussed the characteristics of extension agents and their roles. The extension agents
are the key personnel in extension work. It is therefore important to have a deep understanding of
their roles and requirements for such position.
Extension work requires effective communication work. The elements of Agricultural extension
communication determine the teaching methods to be used and approaches to extension work.
The ultimate is to have effective and extension programme for increased level of farmers
production.
COURSE AIMS
The aim of this course is very simple. The course aims to provide an understanding and
appreciation of principles of Agricultural Extension in propelling effective agricultural extension
process.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
In addition to the aims above, this course set to achieve some objectives.
After going through this course you should be able to:
Understand the meaning of Agricultural Extension and the role of government in
Agricultural Extension.
Distinguished between Agricultural Extension and formal education.
Understand the principles of agricultural extension as it relates to operational modalities
of extension.
Define and know the roles of Extension agents in agricultural extension work.
Know the communication principles and its relationship with Agricultural extension
work.
STUDY UNITS
The following are the study units/modules contained in this course:
Module 1: The meaning of Agricultural Extension.
Module 2: The principles of Agricultural Extension (Part 1 – 3)
Module 3: The Extension agent and Rural Community comprising of 5 Units
Module 4: Communication principles and stages.
The first module consists of 5 units. This involves the meaning of extension. It furthers discuss
the scope of Agricultural extension and the need for Agricultural extension in overall agricultural
development in Nigeria.
The second module introduces the principles of Agricultural Extension. The five units in the
module discussed twelve extension principles. The first principles discussed the need to start
extension work at the level where the farmers are.
In module 3, the concept of extension agent and rural community was introduced. In the unit, you
will learn about the extension agents and rural community what rural community entails and their
characteristics. The issue of development of rural communities in Nigeria was also discussed.
In module 4, you will be exposed to communication principles and stages. It contains elements of
Agricultural Extension communication and group approach to extension communication. You
will also learn that contribution of communities’ methods is the best in extension work and that
the communities also utilize oral media method of communication.
TEXT BOOKS
The following textbooks are recommended for further reading:
Rolling N (1997) Extension Role in Sustainable Agricultural Development in Improving
Agricultural Extension. A reference Manual FAO Rome.
William SKT, Fenlay T. M. and Williams C.C: A manual for Agricultural Extension
Workers in Nigeria. Les. Shyraden Press, Ibadan Nigeria.
World Bank 1990: Agricultural Extension: The next step. Washington D. C.
De wilde J. C. : Tropical Africa. John Hopkins Univeristy Press.
Food and Agricultural Organisation: Improving Agricultural Extension – A refrence
Manual. Rome.
Olayide S. O., Ogunfowora D: Essay S, Idaahaba F. (1985): Elements of Rural
Economics. Scot Allan & Co Essex. England.
ASSESSMENT
There are two components of assessment for this course.
The Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) and the end of course examination.
SUMMARY
This course intends to provide you with some underlying knowledge of principles of Agricultural
extension. By the time you complete studying this course, you will be able to answer the
following type of questions:
What is Agricultural extension and the function of agricultural extension.
Distinguish between formal education and agricultural extension.
What are the principles of agricultural extension?
What are the characteristics of extension agent?
How are communication principles related to the principles of agricultural extension.
What are the elements of agricultural extension communication?
Why do we need to study extension principles for effective extension work.
I wish you success in this course. In particular I hope you will be able to appreciate the
importance of agricultural extension and its principles in effective agricultural extension work.
Module I
Introduction
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
understanding of the course as whole. The Unit will make you to be aware of
mentioned?
borrows insights from other disciplines and field of endeavors which seems
Exercise 1.1
(a). ………………………………………………………..
(b). ……………………………………………………….
(c )………………………………………………………..
teaching methods to improve the knowledge and develop the skill of the
ideas that could provide basis for research or feedback on the use of previous
Exercise 1.2:
users of information which the extension personnel deal with. In the case of
(a). Heterogeneous or
(b). Homogenous
Heterogeneous audience is made of those who are young, old, literate and
non-literate, large scale farmers, small scale farmers, low economic status,
heterogeneous.
The type of audience determines the type of extension methods and materials
well as make the rural communities part of the dynamic social order where
on sources of input and credit facilities that would enhance their level of
production.
In order to have a cultural compatible, socially acceptable and economically
Despite the fact that farmers are encouraged to increase their level of
4.0. Conclusion
In this unit, you have learnt what agricultural extension is about, that it
You have also learnt about the scope of agricultural extension. You must also
5.0 Summary
dimension.
agricultural extension.
Exercise 1.
(i). Voluntary
(iii). Clientele
Exercise 1.2
i. Educational dimension
2. Method of Communication
i. Individual
ii. Group
iii. Mass
6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment
7.0 References
Ibadan Nigeria.
Unit 2: The Scope and Objectives of Agricultural Extension
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
We will also consider the objectives of agricultural extension and reasons for
role.
2.0 Objectives
reasons why they must change their attitude and practice. It is also to be
noted that it does not involve only farmers with direct production i.e
cultivation practices only but those who are involved in processing and
Extension often emphasizes working with people rather than for them,
and also teach people to recognize as problems, conditions which they have
previously felt little concern as well as the possible solutions. Thus extension
work teaches people to recognize what to want and how to work out ways of
Extension work does not only involves taking of research findings to farmers
but it also take the farmer problem to the researchers and help formulate
activities designed to meet the ever-increasing problems facing rural
communities.
communities. This is because it worked with the whole family and involves a
extension utilizes leaders from among the people, in view of this it helps to
systems.
that they can exchange ideas and become useful to themselves and their
Exercise 1. 1
(a). ……………………………………………………………
(b). …………………………………………………………..
than working for the people. This is because it has the aim of building
identify their problems, prioritize such and and work out how solve
such problems. This will also involve ability to work as a team i.e.
There is the problem of low morale among the extension officers due
The use of inadequate training for staff and farmers despite changing
The problem has led to situation where many farmers are unreached
performance.
has effect on the morale of the extension workers and also limits the
completed they are poorly evaluated and this has led to repetition of
past mistakes.
Exercise 1.2:
State four limitations to effective agricultural extension services in
Nigeria
(a).
………………………………………………………………………….
(b).
………………………………………………………………………….
(c
)…………………………………………………………………………
(d)………………………………………………………………………
…….
4.0 Conclusion
It emphasizes working with the people rather than for them, empowering
them to identify and solve their problems, enhance youth, community and
programmes.
5.0 Summary
(4). Extension work with the people rather than for the people
Ibadan Nigeria.
Unit 3: The need for Agricultural Extension and the Role of Government in
Extension Work
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
objectives of agricultural extension were also mentioned while the unit ended
2.0 Objectives
economic growth
extension system.
technology.
(2). Extension is also important in its role as vacuum filler: Most of the
marketing strategies and available market for their products has gone a
2005)
Exercise 1. 1:
………………………………
(1). Extension team: Extension activities are carried out through team
work.
This is important because the tasks to be carried out are enormous and
up of
(a). Administrators who provides the necessary arrangement for
environment.
farmers problems.
ensure that the learners understand and accept the technology being
introduced to them.
farms are operated mainly for profit, farmers either individually or in groups,
the commercial firms supplying the bulk of agricultural inputs which is being
used in farming. Some of the farms too are prompted to engage in trial
demonstrations on both provide and company farms so that the farmers could
(Ogunfowora, 1981).
attributed to the poor status of the farmers at they are mostly small scale
farmers with very poor demand for farm input, thus limiting the extent to
activities.
extension workers who will carry out extension functions. The number of extension
personnel provided and supported would determine the extension – farmer ratio.
inducement and material benefits which can induce good work performance.
government should make adequate provision for the training of the extension
perspective.
adequate provision for farm inputs which would be affordable and easily
required need. However, it should be made functional and work closely with
the ADPs to know the required input to back up innovation being introduced
to the farmers.
stressed.
and running effective extension system requires large resources. Hence, there
agricultural product in the rural area lies within the framework of improving
the infrastructure facilities serving agriculture. If there are good road network
the farmers taking into cognizance storage and processing facilities should
the farmers adopt new technologies and their level of production is enhanced
but if there are no storage and processing facilities level of wastage will
Extension Services
adequate for smoother operation of extension services. This will provide the
basis for any extension programme that is planned. It must also help defend
extension against encroachment by ministries seeking to use its staff for non-
needed personnel for extension work and other related services. This is
researchers and farmers. Presently the extension-farmer ratio is high and well
trained personnel are required to reduce the ratio and bring new technologies
incomplete.
needed personnel for extension work and other related services. This is
researchers and farmers. Presently the extension-farmer ratio is high and well
trained personnel are required to reduce the ratio and bring new technologies
stability and a land tenure system which ensures that the producer has fair
available.
There should be strict compliance with the educational role that is expected
of agricultural extension. Deviation from this role will affect the implication
rural people.
Exerecise 1.3:
(a). ………………………………………………
(b)………………………………………………..
(c )…………………………………………………
(d)…………………………………………………..
4.0 Conclusion
Importance of Agricultural Extension to the development of the country
also important that the extension team, materials and administrative support
5.0. Summary
Extension team, materials and teaching Aids, Training and training facilities
are needed for effective extension work. Government has a role to play in
work, provided well training extension personnel and adequate farm input to
World Bank (1990): Agricultural Extension: The next step, Policy Research
and External Affairs, the World Bank, Washington, 1990, pp. 28-29.
Ibadan Nigeria.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction:
Agricultural Extension began to assume its current form with the rise of
nineteenth century (World Bank 1990). It should be noted that the first national
Extension services were established in Japan in 1893 and the United States in 1914;
while United Kingdom established its own in 1946, Israel in 1948 and India in 1952.
the attainment of independence from colonial masters. Although, there has been
beneficial crops for exportation to the colonial masters’ home country. This dictated the
initial forms of agricultural extension system approach. In specific terms, some of the
approaches include.
2.0 Objectives
commodities usually cash drop or livestock geared to export markets. The system is
operated in such a way that it is on commercial basis that provides for government
backing through provision of inputs to back up provision but with the establishment of a
boards were established for the cash crops. There was cocoa marketing board, cotton
marketing board etc. The marketing boards regulate prices of the products.
technical information that will assist in improving the level of production of the crop.
approach. The extension system involves introducing farmers to new crops, distributing
seeds, fertilizers and other inputs while also been involved in provision of facilities like
rural feeder roads and provision of electricity. Integrated approach is implemented in the
form of large scale and foreign funded projects aiming at alleviating mass poverty in
services for agriculture as well construction of rural feeder roads to encourage transport
The broad focus of multipurpose services makes it difficult for extension agents to
advice in line with national extension goals across the agricultural sector. It involves
technical advice based on new technologies to clientele. They are excluded from other
services.
In most developing countries, public extension system moved fairly beyong their
concentrated on agricultural extension work alone. However, the workers are based in
that each crop or unit of production (e.g. livestock) has his or her own extension agent.
The consequence is that a farmer may be visited by two or more extension agents in a
This involves extension system where the universities build information network
systems to bring new findings on crop breeding, protection and management practices
extension who are engaged in adaptive research training and consultancy. Regular
workshops are held which unite university staff and outside farmers and package of
practices are evaluated. In Nigeria, the University of Ibadan was once involved in
Badeku Village, Project, and University of Ife now Obafemi Awolowo University
Abeokuta and Makurdi have cooperative extension centers where they are into
practices.
This involves the use of voluntary collaborators called animateurs who are trained
by the ministry of Agriculture officials. Their task was to initiate discussions within the
community on local needs and objectives thus empowering the people to dialogue with
the state. They also integrate government plans to the villagers and initiate dialogue
This is a new concept which is being advocated to improve the current poor
and contracting out. This involves the farmers having extension personnel to provide
them with the necessary information that will help their production. It is believed that it
will bring efficiency and accountability. It would also give room for pluralistic mix the
NGO’s semi autonomous bodies and private companies will be involved in providing
audience and the fact that the education process takes place in clientele’s place.
Agricultural extension education is out of school, it does not require the use of
classroom, farmers field is the classroom where demonstration could take place.
Results and method demonstration are also used to secure clientele’s understanding.
categories of people, aged, youths, literate, non-literate, society status, small scale and
large scale farmers etc. This has necessitated the use of various teaching methods
which include, individual, group, mass method backed with effective teaching aids. In
formal set up, the groups are specific and there are criteria developed to bring all of
are based on the needs of the clientele and in most cases; these problems are
prioritized to reflect the felt need of the people. In formal education course content or
curriculum and developed and it is rigid and fixed not based on clientele’s need.
4.0 Conclusion
reveals the transition process that agricultural extension has passed through from
concept to practices. The Unit also showed that extension education has some
5.0 Summary
i. It is voluntary
(ii) What are the differences between extension education and formal education?
Rauch T. (1993): Regional rural development RRD update: elements of a strategy for
Table of Content
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
profession that has not profited from extension services in one way or the other. This
unit considers the functions of agricultural extension system and the lessons learnt in
Agricultural extension.
2.0 Objectives
It is important that the end users should know the specific functions of
(a) It prepares and stimulates the farmers’ state of mind to make them accept
always find it difficult to take risk; hence they prefer to continue with their
(b) Extension disseminates research result to the farmers and takes the farmers
reaction to the usage of new technologies to the researchers. The feed back
(c) Provision of farm management advisory services to the farmer so that they
can efficiently and effectively combine all factors of production for good result.
(d) Extension is not involved in provision of credit and input facilities. However, it
facilities, best strategies for marketing their products, how to form cooperative
societies etc.
(e) Extension gives advice on the wise use and conservation of national
(f) It helps in the development of good family living; this is in relation to the
(g) Extension helps with youth development. This is by organizing various youth
programmes and formation of youth clubs such as young farmers club and
other activities that could help both physical and psychological development of
the young ones. With the various youth programmes it could be possible to
reduce rural-urban migration, most especially when the young ones are
Goals lead the actions of individuals, groups and organizations. While pointing
towards a future state, they are influenced by post experience. Goals usually reveal the
interests of stakeholders and these various with specific reference to life situations,
operational design and methods used are directly influenced by its set of goals and must
4.0 Conclusion
In this unit, we have discussed the functions of Agricultural extension. As you are
now aware, it is the function of extension to prepare the minds of farmers towards
accepting new technologies, disseminate research results to farmers and take feed back
to researches, provide farm management advisory service and develop good family
5.0 Summary
• youth development
• leadership development
(2) What are the lessons learnt from Agricultural Extension services
7.0 References and Further Reading
World Bank (1990): Agricultural Extension: The next step. Policy Research and External
Table of Content
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objective
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
basic and several philosophies behind agricultural extension activities. This is important
so that you can understand why agricultural extension is involved in the activities. It is
presently carried out and why it is limited in scope to communication and educational
roles. The objectives below specify what you are expected to learn after going through
this unit.
2.0 Objectives
Extension Personnel.
This is with respect to identification and finding solutions to the problems on his farm and
home.
know what to do and help the clientele enhance their decision making ability and
Extension agent should know that the philosophy is based on the concept of
involvement and participatory approval. This is because the process of developing the
skills of the farmers through learning by doing will promote sustainability and extension
work. Involvement of people is to help them develop their skill to adopt practical
application of such skill to analyze their problem, use such to better solve their own
problem. It should also be noted that once the skill and ability of the farmers are
developed, the capacity of the farm families would have been built not only to deal with
Once the farmers are skillfully empowered, their ability to adopt new technologies
will increase while their income and standard of living will become enhanced.
of self reliance in the farmers. It is also to discourage the farmers from depending on
extension work is to build in the process where the farmers will be able to take initiations
at solving their problems as it arises. This could also involve farmers forming
themselves into groups, societies and seeking for linkage-opportunities which will
decision and initiatives that will solve their problems. While this facet is acknowledged, it
is important that the role of local leadership in the attainment of extension functions and
(Williams et al 1983). It is very important when issues of change are involved. Digors
(1955) says a leader is an individual whose ideas and actions influence the thoughts and
behaviours of others. Kesley and Hearne (1963) assisted that the local leader is an
accepted grout member who moves the group toward its goal.
In the concept of fulfilling extension philosophy there is the need for utilization of
the local leaders. The extension worker cannot do all the work himself and new
practices are readily accepted by local people when their leaders accept them. This is
crucial because before farmers can accept to utilize any technology despite the fact that
it is for their own good, it must first of all be adopted. So therefore the leaders are
needed for legitimation. It is important the farmers capacity should be enhanced but the
needs and interests of the farmers should be properly identified. The local leaders are in
position to mobilize the farmers though participatory; approach to identify the needs and
prioritize such.
Using local leaders for extension work gives the extension agent multiplier effect.
This is because the leaders will assist the extension agent reaching many more farmers
that he would not get to. Once the extension personnel trained the leaders well, they will
assist him to spreading the information using the approach of “teach one teach all”.
Despite the fact that extension is out to help the farmers, certain specific
• Emotionally stable
• Empathy
• Integrity and
• Faith.
local leaders, there should be adequate training and assistance for them. The leaders
problems among themselves. While working with the lay leaders, the professional
leader (extension worker) should work with the local leaders to the extent that the local
leader should be able to ask “how can I do this job better”. This is an indication that the
farmer is reading to improve his standing and prestige with his followers.
4.0 Conclusion
This Unit has explained to you the philosophy of agricultural extension and the
5.0 Summary
The role of local leaders in mobilizing farmers’ towards awareness and adoption of new
technologies.
The multiplier effect of the role of local leader in the dissemination of information.
The characteristic of local leaders such as group oriented individual, integrity, high
Mention and discuss four specific roles of local leaders in extension work.
Table of Content:
1.0 Introduction
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
After studying the unit, it is expected that you should be able to:
(a). understand the principles of starting extension work at the farmers level
extension personnel should work at the level where the farmers are. If the
the level of understanding of the farmers. The farmers have various economic,
are been used to enhance the farmer learning ability. It is therefore important
the extension must know the farmers conditions. It means personal contact with
the habits traditions, attitude and economic statues of the people and society
and their present level of operation, the extension personnel will be able to
exorbitant cost, it would be very difficult for most of the farmers to accept and
utilize such technologies. In Nigeria, most of the farmers are small scale
farmers with low income, hence has a limit to technologies they could adopt. In
a situation when most of the farmers are illiterates and of low social status, an
understanding of this situation will enable the extension agent to know how to
important that the extension personnel should know the local (name) units to
enhance his dissemination of information to the clientele. The use of the local
accomplish this, the extension agent should work with the people to understand
how to determine their own problem. The concept of problem analysis should be
taken seriously, so that the clientele can distinguish between what is a problem. A
problem has diverted consequence arising from the situation. The basic idea behind
the principle is to stimulate the thinking ability-of the clientele. This is because the
extension agent only encourages the clientele to learn how to solve their own
problems. The extension personnel does not solve the problems of its clientele but
only guides them on how to solve their problems. If the extension agent should
attempt to solve the problem for the clientele, it will amount to him imposing his
idea on the people and this should not be the ideal, it contradicts the philosophy of
agricultural extension.
The principle helps to build in sustainable practices in the clientele. It does not
make them to rely on the extension personnel absolutely. If this skill is developed
in the clientele where there is problem it would be possible to link logically and
address the issue. In circumstances that require the involvement of the people, the
clientele will know how to mobilize and initiate discussions aimed at solving such
problem, it will also help inbuilt in the farms ability to effectively monitor and
evaluate programme. They will be able to diagnose why projects fail and other
particular should be knows as this is what would arouse the interests of the address
his needs. For example a farmer that has the problem of Quela Quela bird’s
infestation of his farm would be more interested at that particular period in any
technology that would remove the birds than opportunity to apply for agricultural
loan. Interests of the farmers relate to the area of need that they are desirous of
solving at a particular time. Understanding of the farmer interest helps to save cost
and time in Extension work. It “enables the Extension agent to go straight and
4.0 Conclusion
The unit has discussed three principles that are farmers specific situation and
5.0 Summary
also involves empowering the farmers to attain good level of logical thinking so
(a). State the three principles discussed in this unit and explain why they are
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
The last unit discussed has is principle of agricultural extension. In this unit,
built up of effective extension work. Thus after studying this unit certain things
It is very important to know that in human relationship mutual trust and respect
is critical. Two people who are not friendly cannot work together, in a situation
Similarly in extension work, the clientele and he extension agent should respect
The extension agent has the sole responsibility of giving respect to the farmers
farmers are knowledgeable as they have been successfully carrying out farming
activities over the years to the best of their ability. Therefore, he should not
view the famers as people without intelligence. Although they may not be
aware of modern farming practices, but that does not mean that if they have the
privilege of learning the practices they would not utilize such. Therefore
farmers should be respected for their own knowledge. It is important for the
coping with their peculiar problem over the years. Therefore, they should be
respected for this. The extension agent on the other side should also be credible
in the presence of the farmers this is by keeping to his promises and not
the farmers. There is need for the extension agent to exhibit high level of
competence in his work. The farmers expect much from the extension agent
circumstances where the extension agent could not handle the issues, he should
be sincere with himself and the farmers and hence should consult with the
It is only when the clientele is willing and accepts what is being introduced to him
that extension could make any impact on the project. Coercion does not help in
project implementation and sustainability; therefore, extension principle should
encouraged so that both the clientele and the extension agent would have a
common goal and will work towards achieving the stated objectives.
In view of the above, extension should provide the maximum opportunity for the
people to work on programmes that have been determined by them and the
extension agents working together. If the clientele are not involved in the planning
programmes.
from the physical involvement of members of family by providing farm labour for
provides spine of reasons why extension should work with all members of the
family i.e. men, women, young, old, rich and poor. The family should be regarded
as a working unit both at the domestic front and in the field. Extension work should
working with the rural people that they should be treated as rational beings who are
capable of making their own decisions. Extension personnel should also be deal
with the related problems of these groups as much as they could. The extension
worker should note that involvement of the whole family could assist with respect
to the acceptance of his message, this is because members of the family could be at
various age, educational and economic level. This could have subjected the family
members to various information sources thus increasing their level of awareness for
example, the illiterate member of the family have access to newsprints such as
handbills, bulleting, special public loans etc. which provides additional sources of
information.
4.0 Conclusion
The unit has introduced you to principles of mutual trust and respect, voluntary
5.0 Summary
(i). Extension agent should respect the knowledge of the people and should
(ii). There is no coercion in Extension work. The clientele works with extension
(iv). Extension involves the use of different teaching methods due to its
heterogeneous nature.
6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment
(b). State two reasons why extensions should work with the whole family.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
With the last three units you must have been able to understand the basic principles of
Agricultural Extension. This unit will discuss four other principles that are required for
successful extension practices. The objectives below specify what you are expected to
2.0 Objectives
with the facts that emanate from experimentation and adaptation of findings.
Therefore the developments of impact points are based on the tested findings
facts that will not affect the farmers who naturally are not willing to take risks.it is
in view of the above that whatever extension does are found to be proved both at
the experimental level and on the field. Therefore extension personnel; must
ensure that whatever information that must be disseminated is well tested and
The reason why the above has to be done is because if the farmers find out that
the information being disseminated to them has not improved their output or is not
better than their previous practices, they may become discouraged and the same
time it will erode their trust and respect for the extension personnel; and this
the fact and acquire knowledge the specialist/ experts are involved. Ignorance on
specialist and use well trained people who can solve the problem of the clientele
and prove adequate linkage with research institutes. Presently, with the training
and visit, the system, provides the opportunity for the extension agent and subject
matter specialist to meet monthly for the technical Review meeting(MTRM).At the
meeting, the experts now gives advice on the problems, develop impacts points
that the extension agent will disseminate to the farmers for the next one month.
The extension agents are also free to consult with the specialists where there are
area of nutrition and processing of food crops. For example, at the onset of
extension agents: who also organize programmes for women farmers on the best
method for processing the commodity. Apart from the above, the trained specialist
could also participate in the adaptive phase/ stage of research, which provides
Extension work .It is not only the extension agent who are interested, the
funding agencies, both locally and internationally are also interested, this is
improving the lots of the farmers. This is because evaluation will help to
condition of the community, it will also help to know if the method of the
extension personnel used is effective or not. At the end it will also help to
could affect the trust and respect of the people. In many developing
supply of inputs extension has no alternative but to combine this with its
2.0 Conclusion
In this unit, you have learnt about some principles of extension based on facts
3.0 Summary
(a) Extension principle of fact and knowledge based on the need for extension to use
empirical facts and well proven technology (ii) Principle of working with specialist
(ii) Discuss the principle of periodic appraisal and working with specialist.
MODULE 2 : Unit 5
Table of Content
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
Why is it important?
2.0 Objectives
carry out other socio-economic activities. Technology can be classified into two
major categories:
improved breeds of animals (e.g. semen from progeny-tested slues used for
artificial insemination)
skills, and other processes that farmers need to successful grow of crop or produce
management practices, integrated pest management (IPM) and soil and water
management practices are generally taught through vocational training programme
for rural young people or disseminated through a public funded Extension system.
interviewed.
In order to understand the different roles that research extension, input supply
dealers and other system actors should play in the technology development and
Crops Technology
Plant Protection
Cropping Systems
Livestock Technology
Farming Systems
Farm Mechanization
Agro forestry
Post-harvest technology
Farm management
both hardware and software components. For example a new crop variety, as type
Therefore, the functional relationship or linkages, both within and across different
Research and extension are two vital parts of the agricultural support services. The
research programmes had to be designed in such a way that is in touch with the
cooperation between extension agents works with the farmers to identify their
problems and areas of needs which serves as input for Research as shown in the
table.
RESEARCH-EXTENSION-FARMER
A two-way communication from the farmers to the extension agents to the research
and the from reaserch to extension agents to the farmers. Communication among
the three different groups requires an unstanding of the needs and levels of
useable form. Researchers traditionally are not the best equipped to transform their
and resources.
In the Research-Extension-Farmers Linkages, there are two models. In the first
research and extension are in the same institution. In the United States the two
functions are located in the land grant universities where specialist often have both
research and extension assignment. They may also teach in the facility. This system
assumes that the farmers are well educated, have good communication facilities,
are relatively few in number with large holdings and are supported by a viable
In the second model, the research and extension institution are separate because of
the nature of agricultural sector, the number of people and the traditions of the
country. In Nigeria, the research and extension are in separate institutions. The
(ADPs), the ADP’s link up with the research institutions and the university while
they are also effectively linked with the farmers. This is because the training and
visit system is still operational in Nigeria. Hence, the extension agents visits
farmers fortnightly get the impact points monthly after the monthly technical
improving the production capacities of the farmers. You were also made to
4.0 Conclusion
The unit has discussed what technology entails and the importance of technology in
improving the production capacities of the farmers. You were also made to
5.0 Summary
Livestock technology
Improving Agricultural
for Agricultural.
Development. Eds Cernea mm, Coulter J.K., Russel F.A. World Bank Washington,
D.C. USA
MODULE 3:
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
rural developments.
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction:
underscored as they are closest to the farmers. The Unit will make you understand the
role of extension agents in rural development, the requirements for the extension agents
effective performance and the support system in extension work. This is important to
2.0 Objectives:
After studying this unit it is expected that you should be able to:
Specifically, the basic role of extension agents is that it helps in the improvement of
those who are involved in primary food production. This is because it involves a shift
from the traditional resource based method of production to a new science base method.
The science based methods involve the adoption of new varieties, new cultural
practices, use of agrochemicals and other capital – intensive inputs. Before these new
technologies are adopted, the farmers need to be aware of them and learn how to use
• It serves the role of educational development. The extension agent educate the
use the resources and services available, develop the right attitude and skills that
• Extension agent serves as vacuum filler. The extension agents help in the area
of input supply to the clientele. This is because when new technologies are
introduced, it had to be backed up with inputs which may not be within the reach
of the farmers, the extension agents help to direct the farmers to where the inputs
could be obtained, he also helps to organize them to groups so that they can
benefit from economics of large scale. He also helps the farmers to obtain
information on financial sources which they may not be aware of. Extension
innovations to the clientele. Extension fills the gap between the research and
farmers. He ensures that the researches to be culturally compatible,
• Extension agent serves as farmers trainer for decision making. Essentially the
agricultural prices and economic situation. This is with a view of enhancing their
level of income.
associations. This is with a view of making farmers to work together and also
enhancing their capital base as they can pull resources together to obtain inputs
* Extension agent holds to develop the potentials of the farmers especially the
cultivation practices of the farmers and their ability to use modern techniques
Agricultural extension can successfully perform the roles stated above only if the
following activities are provided, since he cannot work in isolation of other factors.
that is needed and also hygiene factors that motivates the extension agent.
(b) Researchers: Extension cannot work without the researchers. They are
the farmers’ problem and the researcher uses his expertise to study and
(c) Subject Matter Specialists (SMSs): In the Training and Visit System of
extension the subject matter specialist position is very important. They are
extension agent and plays a key role during the monthly Technical Renew
and farmers. They also help in diagnosing the problems that arise from
problems. They also work closely with the researchers since they are on
The farmers who are the grassroots beneficiaries of the extension teaching team
heterogeneous in nature i.e. different age groups, social status, educational level
etc. It is therefore important to utilize teaching techniques that will suit various
several teaching aids such as film strips, posters, flannellograph, fliers, visual aids
are used. In view of the above there is the need for an organized body charged
therefore important that for farmers to have access to improve technology there
should be a ground for agro services. In some states of Nigeria, there exists
Agricultural Input Supply Companies (AISC) who provides the inputs to the
agents.
The extension agents had to be trained regularly to update their knowledge and
keep them abreast of new technologies. This will not only improve their
performances but on the long run enhance their credibility and integrity with the
farmers.
Every programme output needed to compare with the objectives, using the
evidences on ground so as to be able to know the targets are met and objectives
achieved. This is of utmost importance as it will provide a factual base for the
modification of any aspect of the programme that is not in lie with the desired
results.
With the key roles of extension agents in rural development work, it is important
that the following factors should be considered for the extension agents to
enable him understand what to do, why he must do it as the level of skill gap be
work he will do and also the framework for updating his skills.
2) The extension agent must have belief in what he is doing. If the extension agent
does not have belief in what he is doing, definitely his level of interest and zeal
will be low. It is therefore not possible for such extension agent to make success
of what he is doing. The interest and ability to face challenges are quite
important.
3) There should be constant training for the extension agents. The extension agents
should have opportunities for in-service training, and regular professional training
so as to update their skill and enhance their credibility and integrity with the
farmers.
4) The extension agents should be provided the required materials such as training
aids and materials for effective teaching and demonstration to the farmers.
extension agent for optimum performance. There must be room for career
6) The required extension tem must be in place and made functional so as not to
frustrate the efforts of the extension agents. The extension agent cannot work
is therefore important that the team should be available so that the necessary
extension work could be carried out if not well funded. Extension training,
requires money as such, funding should not only be available but should be
8) The issue of wide extension farmer ratio should be given adequate consideration.
In situations where there exists 1:3000 extension to farmer ratio may not augur
well. The extension agent may not be able to effectively manage such ratio with
This is to assess the performance of the extension work and help advice
4.0 Conclusion
In this section you have been made to understand the roles of extension agents,
the support system that must be in place for the extension worker to operate
effectively. You have also learnt that what is required to make the extension
agent effective in the performance of her duties. With this unit, you must have
realized some factors that must be functional for effective rural development in
Nigeria.
5.0 Summary
duties.
S.K. Williams, T.M. Fenley, C.E. Williams (1981): A manual for Agricultural Extension
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
The Unit focused on rural community and its characteristics. This is with a view
of Giving you the opportunity to understand the concept of rural community and
the definition of the cultural elements in rural community. In the unit you will also
learn about the characteristics of rural community and the peculiarities of the rural
communities.
2.0 Objectives
There have been various approaches to the definition of ‘rural’. Rural community
of occupation. It should be realized that all these factors are important in the
population of 2,250 and above are urban area while lesser population are
classified as rural, however, this did not take into consideration other factors. In
This include (a) Population size (b) Population density (c) Proportion of people
The rural communities invariable are of small population size, population density
is low, they are mostly involved in agricultural production fishing and pastoral
infrastructural facilities is also why poor in the rural communities lacked electricity,
portable water, all season motorable roads, educational facilities, health facilities
etc. These are key elements that effect level of production, income and standard
of living.
The peculiarities and the aforementioned factors affect poverty level of the people
in the rural area. Studies have shown that majority of those in rural areas of
Nigeria live below the poverty line. The consequence is that with high population
of the rural dwellers living in the ambits of poverty and the rural population
to take place in the country, the rural sector should be taken into consideration,
since it is basis for primary production and one of the largest sources of labour for
production.
Social System: This is a group of people who interacts and as such develops
basis in the long run. It consists of various institutions that specifically have goals
or purposes.
3.2.2 Family: This is a social unit from which an individual emerges from biological or
by adoption. A family comes into existence when a man (not a boy) and woman
comes together taking the traditional and cultural laws of the land into
(children) living together under one roof constitutes the family. It is expected that
they eat together, take a decisions together and have common social enterprise.
3.2.3 Status: This is a position or start in the system of social relationship. The level
of prestige and honour that it brings may influence the characteristics of such
3.2.4 Power: This is the ability of a person or group of persons to realize their own will
ever against resistance from any quarter. There are two major types.
(i) Authority: which is the power that comes voluntarily from the consent of
the people. It is tied to particular position and not to the individual himself
person’s position but in the individual themselves. This may be due to his
roles, values, beliefs, sanctions and relationship that change and regulate
behaviour to meet human needs. Institutions have a abstract aspect (i.e. norms,
values, beliefs and sanctions) and a structure i.e. the organization of persons or
functionaries who bring into action the abstract as well as the set of material
3.2.6 Socialization: This is the process through which the social and cultural heritage
a new student who came in, to school and changed his/her way due to interaction
3.2.7 Social Control: This is the process by which deviance is eliminated or people
There are formal way e.g. police and informal ways like gossips, public disgrace.
3.2.8 Culture: Consist of artificial objects, institutions and modes of life or thought
which characterize a group. It is a way of life which include knowledge, belief, art,
3.2.9 Beliefs: This is what is accepted to be true, regardless of how it was found. It is
any cognitive proposition about any aspect of the universe that is accepted as
true e.g. the traditional oracle in Yorubaland like Ifa, and deities like Sango, Oya,
Ogun, etc. It is important for extension workers to know and appreciate this
aspect of the clientele. Beliefs are divided into superstition which is derived from
ignorance or fear of the unknown e.g. children should not stand up while eating
because the food will go to the leg and taboos which are objects or practices
community from eating yam until yam festival has been carried out.
3.2.10 Norms: These are rules or standards which govern behaviour. They constitute
situation. They provide the criteria for judging behaviour. Norms are the most
actions. The consistency that is found in the behaviour of the rural people comes
from adherence to norms. The sub-units of norms are folkways, mores and law.
It includes customs, which are passed down from previous generations and which
new additions are made. It ranges from trifling act ands behaviour to the most
elders in the morning in Yoruba land by prostrating for him. Folkways are
subdivided to fashion which are practices that undergo rapid changes e.g.
dressing and custom which are relatively permanent like naming ceremony,
marriage, etc.
Mores are norms, which are indispensable to a social group’s welfare. The
with impunity, he cannot violate the mores without incurring punishment. Mores
influence the moral conduct of the people. Conformity to m ores brings discipline
to the society e.g. punishing those who steal by exposing them to public disgrace
3.2.11 Values: These are ideas, principles, standards held by the society as to what is
important or good or what is worth working for. They are considered desirable
and thus highly cherished. It is a function of mindset e.g. the wearing of locally
made cheap and simple dress like tie and dye clothes (adire).
The rural people are entrenched in their traditional ways of life despite the
changing trend and dynamic nature of the society. This could be adduced to their
lack of awareness of emerging trends and the opportunities in other areas of the
society, even when they are aware they may not have access to such
fish and recently olericulture (snailery) are the primary occupation of the rural
people. Some are also involved in food processing like gaari, palm oil etc. They
use mostly simple tools for their activities due to their financial position.
3.3.2 Size of Community: With the definition of ‘rural’ they are small in size with little
population pressure. This is important because the rural farmers require large
areas for cultivation. There is also low population density which is a great
sex, marital status, level of education and religious affiliations among others.
3.3.3.1 Age: According to Jibowo (2000) the population of children in the rural
population is larger than that of the urban population; it also has a lower
population in the age category of 15-44 with higher proportion of its population
3.3.3.2 Sex: The rural area is characterized by both male and female but the male
and leadership in most household. The male heads the family and takes most
decision.
3.3.3.3 Marital Status: Marriage is highly cherished in the rural community. This is a
position that is highly revered, there is set rules about purity before marriage and
married people are respected as they are classified into a higher status than the
3.3.3.4 Religion: In the areas they are mostly traditional worshipper but with the
emerging trend and the high growth rate of evangelism where the rural area is of
great target, Christianity and Islamic religions are rapidly penetrating the rural
areas with many being converted. It is a common feature to have shrines and
3.3.4 Environment: In the rural areas the people are exposed to physical or in
organize environment and have access to these natural forces. The farmer
operates in the open area under the influence of rain, sun and wind and there is
good relationship between their survival and the natural forces. The physio-social
environment or material culture is low in the rural area as there are low presences
and nationalities.
3.3.5 Social Stratification: The social classes are few because the opportunities to
modify their social position are limited. The rural people also exhibit less social
mobility and social interaction. The level of social interaction is low because
ability to meet with different people from other tribes, races regularly in rare.
There is also high degree of togetherness among the people this is because
members of a given rural society are more often from related kinsmen of similar
community of ‘fate’.
4.0 Conclusion
From the above discussion, it could be concluded that rural people are of low
population size, low density, diverse and rich cultural values. They also exhibit
5.0 Summary
The unit has discussed the concept of rural community, various cultural elements
Fadipe, N.A. (1970): The Sociology of the Yoruba, Ibadan University Press, 1970.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
In the previous unit you have learnt about the concept of rural community and
Its characteristics. In this unit, you will be taught about the components of rural
this concept will enhance your understanding of the work of Extension agents
communities.
2.0 Objectives:
residential groups.
3.1.2 Community as basis of Primary Interaction
The definition is based on the interaction among people and the existence of
political and social) on the basis of belonging to some familiar social category.
Community refers to a segment of the people who tends to interact with one
communities are societies but not all societies are community. From the content
from others because of their common participation in specific institution and their
community exists among persons, sharing similar social status, ethnicity or other
territorial area as the bases for carrying out the greatest share of their daily
and which carried on a highly generalized series of activities in and through a set
of institutions which provided on a day-to-day basis the full range of goods and
modalities of the people and their life style before he can carry out his
members might come together to build a market at a particular point while others
may disagree and go ahead to establish their market in another location, the
where a culture dominates and absorb other culture through assimilation like in
most female colorized country like Cote’d’voire, Bukinafaso where the peoples
original way of life has been taken out by French culture. In some Nigerian
communities both English cultur4e and the people’s original culture were blended
In view of the above, extension agents must live and work with the people so that
he can have in-depth understanding of their way of life and how to deal; with
cooperation. Opposition involves struggle of one against the other in the attempt
to achieve something good while cooperation is the unification of the efforts of
3.2.2 Accommodation
recognition and acceptance of the relation which define the status of a person or
accompany accommodation with people. At home, the father is the leader, in his
absence the mother while absent the eldest child. The existing pattern of
ASSIMILATION:
This is the process by which people of diverse culture and racial organs achieve
enough social solidarity in the same geographical territory. An immigrant for example
is assimilated when he has acquired enough cultural traits of the new society to get
along smoothly with others. E.g. in Yoruba communities some Ibos and Hausas have
3.2.3 Accumulation
This involves the acquisition of new cultural traits by individuals or groups and
For example the introduction of battery cage system into agriculture has
to another. While the movement from one group to the other without any
In the rural area there is limited level of social mobility. This could be due to most
In Nigeria today, the community leaders are performing many function to promote
Education: They help to inform others after being educated on how to utilize a
Legitimisation: The community leaders approve new programmes which are brought
into the community for implementation. The approval of the leaders implies that such
Programme Execution: They take an active part in carrying out rural development
properties, time and energy. They also organize, supervise, and motivate other
people to carry out rural development programmes and to contribute their resources to
the programme.
they can concentrate on dealing with pressing local issues. The local leaders
(a) The local leaders provide the strong basis for members of the community to be
willing and ready to accept the technology being introduced to them by the
extension worker. In most cases they lead the local people to provide facilities
such as farm land for demonstration plots. They therefore facilitates a process
where, new practices are more readily accepted by the rural people when its
(b) It is not possible for the extension worker to do the job he is expected to do all by
himself. He needs assistance. The extension worker identifies and train local
leaders or innovation while the local leaders in-turn train members of their group
4.0 Conclusion
The unit has presented what a community is, the social process in the community
and the roles of community leaders in extension work. Discussions in the unit
have exposed you to basic things that an extension worker should know in a
The unit discussed the concept of community, extension agent and social process
study of this unit would have made you understand the content of social system in
a community.
(iii) What are the specific roles of community leaders in extension work
Ringroad, Ibadan.
Fadipe, N.A. (1970): The Sociology of the Yoruba, Ibadan University Press,
1970.
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
Having discussed the concept of rural communities and its composition with the
you should have adequate knowledge about the problems affecting development
stimulate rural development in most part of Nigeria have failed to take into
account the complex nature and structure, of life and living such environments.
Hence most plans fail from the outside or are met with resistance in the rural
communities.
In some cases, specific projects are spelt out which in the end will only succeed
itself into formidable web of problems that could be classified into five categories.
(a) Natural Problems: There are some of the problems that are not manmade. This
structure, the pattern of lowlands and the framework of the river system (Olayide,
et. al, 1981). There are also problems created by climatic factors such as
variable wind.
In order to solve the natural problems, it requires a full knowledge of and the
limitations imposed by the ecosystem. There is also the need to assess how far
(b) Social-Cultural Problems: In Nigeria, there are many complex societies that
ethnic groups are really complex. In view of this, there are complex and intricate
sets of cultural universe such as social norms, values, traditions, customs, tastes,
rites and psychological orientation to change. All these affects adoption of view
programme planning and implementation in the rural areas however lack of stable
and broad based long term national plan towards rural areas has been the
fundamental problem.
There have been failed attempts to crystallize rural development problems within
up to develop the rural areas does not give room for self-belongingness and the
unsustainable.
problems and/or bottlenecks. This group of problems has many facets. First
there is the problem of attaining and/or ensuring optimal resource mix. This is in
water and management. There is the difficulty of ensuring as well as attains the
optimum even under modern systems of production let along under the prevalent
these problems.
A lot of effort is being made at revamping our developing the rural communities in
Nigeria. This could be attributed to the fact that over 70% of Nigeria live in the
rural areas and re within the ambit of poverty. It is therefore important that for any
(i) Encourage full and proiductive employment in the rural community. This is to
change the situation in which many rural people are under-employed and operate
only at the subsistence level, to that in which they apply their full productive
(ii) Increased food production to help the standard of living of the people.
In view of the above, the following could be done specifically to improve development
in rural communities.
(ii) There should be a strong statistical base for effective planning. The problem of
planning on faulty statistics should be avoided. In the past, this has been the
case and the outcome of projects planned and implemented on wrong statistics
(iii) Participatory approach should be used for project initiation, planning and
implementation. All the stakeholders should be carried along to ensure that the
fact needs of the people are addressed. The use of this approach will also
(iv) Participatory Monitoring and evaluation should be introduced as this will provide
concentrate only agricultural production to the neglect of the other sectors. There
should be strategies to develop other sectors since each sector complement the
other.
There are other broad strategies which had been adopted for rural development
(b) Agricultural Extension Approach: This aims at assisting the rural farmers to
technology so that they could adopt it, improve their level of income and their
standard of living. It has its own techniques which include the use of
demonstration plots, visual and audio visual aids and other methods.
(c) Integrated Rural Development: This combines the development of the various
- situation analysis
- formulation of objectives
- planning
- implementation
4.0 Conclusion
In this unit you have learnt about the problems of developing rural areas in
Nigeria with the specific strategies that have been used and that is been used.
With the study, it will become easier for you to understand problems of rural
development in Nigeria.
5.0 Summary
The unit has discussed problems of rural development in Nigeria from a broad
Ibadan.
Abeokuta.
Nigeria.
MODULE 4: COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES AND STAGES
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
7.0 References
INTRODUCTION :
extension communication , the extent of extension communication and the nature bof
2.0 OBJECTIVES
means by which information is passed from the source s to receiver with the intention
the skill of the receiver and change their activities. It should be noted that extension
of improved technology by the end users who are less knowledgeable . It involves
getting the clientele / audience to understand the innovation that is being promoted
communicate ideas which are clearly and accurately stated. Communication must
also be organized and very logical so as to attain the objectives of such information
dissemination . It is important that the receiver must cooperate in communication or
There must be use of correct words and symbols to conform to local customs,
and pattern. Communication must also assume some social responsibilities. This is
by ensuring that issues or technologies that could be injurious to the farmers are
4.0 Conclusion:
The unit has introduced you to the concept of Extension Communication and that
technique in place.
5.0 Summary.
The need to have effective agricultural extension communication technique to attain the
Table of Content
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
7.0 References
1.0 Introduction
gains a common understanding of the meaning, intent and use of the message.
2.0 Objectives: At the end of the study, you will be able to:
communicates with the farmers while the farmers also give him feed back
extension again must know and receive the impact point which is accurate,
5) It should be noted that there are some standards of culture that affects the
patterns.
and disease control, some could be toxic to human beings. The worker is
obligated to make some that the uses of such materials fully understand
how to handle them and avoid side effects of such to themselves and their
families. Thoughts should also be given to social changes that may follow
communication.
the initiator of the communication process. It is important for the person to have
confidence of the end beneficiaries. This is because the people, whom he wishes
to communicate with, will want to know some things about him and this has effect
on his credibility. The credibility of the communicator affects the attitude of people
workers are adequately trained and that they are competent to disseminate
This is having indepth knowledge of their interests and needs, the most
to present it.
(b) Has interest in the audience and their welfare. Understand how his
message can help, and how he himself could improve update his skill.
(c) Prepares his communication carefully using the most appropriate materials
(f) Appreciates the need for a mutual understanding between the teacher
a situation whence the clientele will loose interest in the learning process.
people and the environment while he works. This includes the cultural
(c) The communicator not starting from the area of needs and interests of the
clientele.
(d) Failure to appreciate the need to keep to time of appointments and not
been innovative.
(e) Not giving full information to the clientele, if the communicator gives half
3.2.2 Message
audience.
clientele.
information must be in line with the needs and interests of the farmers.
with the needs and interests of the group receiving the message.
perspective.
This is the means or avenue of disseminating the messages. There are varieties
of ways by which messages are channeled for effective and successful response.
- Office calls
- Telephone calls
- Correspondence
- Result demonstration
- Method Demonstration
- Result Demonstration
- General Meeting
- Lectures
- Group Discussion
- Workshops
- Excursions
- Publications
- Bulletins
- Circulars
- Leaflets
- Agric shows
- Cinema
3.2.4 Receiver
extension, the receivers could include the farmers, processors and other end
users of information. The receiver begins the feed back process and also serves
The mode of communication is very important from the point of view of educating
the farmer. Every message has a source and the channel (method) through
Noise represents distractions that could hinder the message. There are other
factors that could affect communication. This includes factors like knowledge of
4.0 Conclusion
Williams S.K., Fenley J.M., Williams C.E. (1983): A manual for Agricultural
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
process and that the message is actually directed towards him and that the
2.0 Objectives
One of the principles of agricultural Extension is that extension should use variety
of teaching methods in training the rural people. This is because the audience in
extension is heterogeneous desires. The use of different methods wills also enhance
changed behavrious
Demonstration only 35
discussion
There are many factors that determine the type of extension method to use. If the
This is an approach that involves contact with the farmers and holding personal
discussion/or teach new techniques. This method gives opportunity for mutual
This involves personal visits to the farm or homes of the farmers to hold personal
It is important that the extension agent understand why he is visiting and the
visiting should be significant and important to meet the needs of the clientele.
The visit provides the extension workers the first hand knowledge of discussion
The major limitation to the practice is that it requires a large amount of workers
This is not so effective in Nigeria., It involves the farmers visiting the office of the
extension work to discuss their needs and problems with him. In \case where
there are large scale farms, the extension personnel can also visit the farmers in
This aspect of extension method has been in operating in the developed world
but due to poor infrastructural facilities in Nigeria, it was costly. With the recent
information are required and also the extension worker calling on the farmer to
extension workers, the clientele have more belief in what the extension worker
recommends most especially when it is practical and based on initial local
practices.
The use of result demonstration will help in starting new practices and gives the
agent sending mails, documents, instruction guides etc. to the farmers. The
farmers could also send information to the extension agent through this channel.
The farmer and extension agent could also chat on internet. This is one of the
fastest means of communication and getting across to the farmers. This only
limitation is the problem of limited internet facilities in rural Nigeria and ability of
the farmers to use these facilities in view of their low level of education.
Conclusion:
You must have learnt how Farm and Home Visit, office calls, telephone calls,
4.0 Summary
o Technique and importance of Farm and Home Visits, Office calls and
Telephone calls
o Methods demonstration
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
In the last unit, you must have learnt the various ways by which the extension
extension, the work is not limited to few farmers but various groups of farmers. The
groups of farmers must be reached and the extension worker using groups’ approaches
will make the work faster and cheaper. In this unit you will discuss the above in details.
2.0 Objectives
At the end of the study of this unit, you should be able to:
The choice of group approach to use depends on many factors such as level of
education, age, the subject matter or the type of innovation, the resources
“how to do it”. Various skills such as how to spray for insect or disease control,
how to apply; fertilizer, how to adjust a cultivator, and how to organize a farm
youth club.
doing things. It involves the farmers setting instructions and been involved in the
be taken:
(ii) Decide on what skills to be taught and how many times it is to be repeated.
There is the need to carry out a ‘mock’ demonstration before the day so that
This is because failures, apologies and excuses will distract farmers from the
demonstration.
Carry out the demonstration involving all the farmers, carry out the procedures in
calm and well composed manner. Allow questions and permit the farmers to be
practically involved.
some points were not available locally and the farmer needed information.
The method is very good provided the extension worker has a deep
(a) The above could be in form of lectures. This is a one-way process and
This is a process that involves two or more people who pool their
knowledge and feelings through mutual agreement and clarify the issue
(c) Excursion
innovation, tours could be organized so that the farmers could visit places
where innovations to be introduced are already in practice. It will also
emphasized,
favourable results.
4.0 Conclusion
The unit has discussed the group approach that is commonly used in agricultural
These factors will help to make you understand the group methods that could be
5.0 Summary
Rural Economics eds. Olayide, S.,O., Ogunfowora, O., Essang, S. and Idsachaba,
Lai Oso and Adebayo, L. (1990): Communication and Rural Development in Nigeria.
Extension
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 Introduction
communicate alike. A means for reaching large number of farmers at the same
time is through the mass method. In this unit you will learn the approach being
used in extension services. Unlike the last unit where the group method to a
2.0 Objectives
At the end of the study of this unit, you should be able to:
extension.
bulletins, circulars, and leaflets. Agricultural shows are also an effective means of
reaching out to many people with extension mewssage. Posters, exhibiting area
also useful method while electronic media like Radio and Television are also very
useful.
Radio
Presently this is man’s most universal mass medium of communication (Mc Anny
(ii) The cost of production is low while the reception cost is low
(iii) Effectiveness: There is considerable evidence to show that radio has been
effectively used for instruction in formal school setting and for out of school
purposes.
programme reinforce local values and provide a voice for the audience
are broadcast on the air for the clientele to carry out the instructions
broadcast, they may also get back to the producer through the
because:
discrimination
The use of Television in Extension work is through instructional television and the
center not only makes for increased access but also provides opportunity for
the people to come together and discuss programme content and message
The use of visual aids in agricultural extension has the following advantages:
It helps people remember more of the message: makes the topics come alive:
To help the extension worker – once you have prepared a visual aid it will
Plan ahead – think of places where it will help illustrate the message
3.5.7 Projected Equipment: There are many types of projected equipment that is
used in extension work. This include overhead, opaque, slide, film strip, film
The projectors make teaching effective as it displays objects that could enhance
The print media have an enduring characteristic which neither radio nor the
television has. It can be read and re-read at convenience thing allowing for
further understanding of message contents. It can be store away from future use,
thus making for the preservation of materials that are considered important for
future reference. Some of the print materials include bulletins, leaflets and
posters.
concept of the town carrier, songs, poets, etc. There are five basic traditional
(iii) Songs
Town Carrier: They are individuals select by the king to disseminate information
in the town. The town crier normally cut the attention of the people quickly as
they in most instances abandon whatever they are doing tyo listen to him.
Invariably the people comply with the direction he gives. Town criers speak the
language of the people and he is given the respect which is due to the king.
Folktales: It is a form of story telling which could be disseminated in agriculture
to have a lasting impact. Oral poems are composed, for any occasion.
Traditional Festivals: They are mostly connected and utilized to break even. It
4.0 Conclusion
In the unit you have learnt the various techniques of media approaches in
modern teaching.
5.0 Summary
• The concept and utilization of Audio aids, Visual and Audio Visual aids
(iii) Mention all the types of oral media you know and build it up.
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