COMPUTER DEVICE

Peripheral
A peripheral is a “device that is used to put
information into or get information out of the
computer.”

There are three different types of peripherals:

➢ Input, used to interact with, or send data to

the computer (mouse, keyboards, etc.)
➢ Output, which provides output to the user
from the computer (monitors, printers, etc.)
➢ Storage, which stores data processed by the
computer (hard drives, flash drives, etc.)
OVERVIEW
A peripheral device is generally defined as any auxiliary device such as a computer
mouse or keyboard, that connects to and works with the computer in some way.
Other examples of peripherals are expansion cards, graphics cards, image scanners,
tape drives, microphones, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras. RAM—
random access memory—straddles the line between peripheral and primary
component; it is technically a storage peripheral, but is required for every major
function of a modern computer and removing the RAM will effectively disable any
modern machine. Many new devices such as digital watches, smartphones and
tablet computers have interfaces which allow them to be used as a peripheral by a
full computer, though they are not host-dependent as other peripheral devices are.
According to the most technical definition, the only pieces of a computer not
considered to be peripherals are the central processing unit, power supply,
motherboard, and computer case.
OVERVIEW
Usually, the word peripheral is used to refer to a device external to the computer
case, like a scanner, but the devices located inside the computer case are also
technically peripherals. Devices that exist outside the computer case are called
external peripherals, or auxiliary components, Examples are: “Many of the external
peripherals I own, such as my scanner and printer, connect to the peripheral ports on
the back of my computer.” Devices that are inside the case such as internal hard
drives or CD-ROM drives are also peripherals in technical terms and are called
internal peripherals, but may not be recognized as peripherals by laypeople.
In a system on a chip, peripherals are incorporated into the same integrated circuit
as the central processing unit. They are still referred to as “peripherals” despite
being permanently attached to (and in some sense part of) their host processor.
COMMON PERIPHERALS

INPUT OUTPUT INPUT/OUTPUT

• Keyboard • Computer display • Modem
• Computer mouse • Printer • Network Interface controller (NIC)
• Graphic tablet • Projector
• Touchscreen • Speaker
• Barcode reader
• Image scanner
• Microphone STORAGE DEVICES
• Webcam • Floppy disk drive
• Game controller • Flash drive
• Light pen • Disk drive
• Scanner • Smartphone or Tablet computer storage interface
• Digital camera • CD/DVD drive
 INPUT DEVICES
In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to
provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, digital
cameras and joysticks.
Many input devices can be classified according to:
❖ modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
❖ the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse’s position, though digitized
into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, can further be
classified according to:
❖ Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space coincides with the
display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears.
Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examples involving indirect input include
the mouse and trackball.
❖ Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative (e.g. with
a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)
INPUT DEVICES
Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input
may be either absolute or relative. For example, digitizing
graphics tablets that do not have an embedded screen involve
indirect input and sense absolute positions and are often run in
an absolute input mode, but they may also be set up to simulate
a relative input mode like that of a touchpad, where the stylus
or puck can be lifted and repositioned.

Input and output devices make up the hardware interface

between a computer and a scanner
KEYBOARD
A keyboard is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of
buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to
a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. They act as the
main text entry interface for most users. Traditional keyboards use spring-based
buttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys, or even projected
keyboards. It is typewriter like device composed of a matrix of switches.
Examples of types of keyboards include:
➢ Keyer
KEYBOARD
➢ Keyboard

➢ Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK)

Pointing Devices
Pointing devices are the most commonly
used input devices today. A pointing
device is any human interface device that
allows a user to input spatial data to a
computer. In the case of mice and touchpads,
this is usually achieved by detecting
movement across a physical surface. Analog
devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or
pointing sticks, function by reporting their
angle of deflection. Movements of the
pointing device are echoed on the screen by
movements of the pointer, creating a simple,
intuitive way to navigate a computer’s
graphical user interface (GUI).
Composite Devices
Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks,
can be combined on a single physical device
that could be thought of as a composite device.
Many gaming devices have controllers like this.
Technically mice are composite devices, as they
both track movement and provide buttons for
clicking, but composite devices are generally
considered to have more than two different
forms of input.
➢ Game controller
➢ Gamepad (or joypad)
➢ Paddle (game controller)
➢ Jog dial/shuttle (or knob)
➢ Wii Remote
Imaging and Input Devices
Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the
outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a
multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement.
➢ Digital camera
➢ Digital camcorder
➢ Portable media player
➢ Webcam
➢ Microsoft Kinect Sensor
➢ Image scanner
➢ Fingerprint scanner
➢ Barcode reader
➢ 3D scanner
➢ Laser rangefinder
➢ Eye gaze tracker
Imaging and Input Devices

Medical Imaging
➢ Computed tomography
➢ Magnetic resonance
imaging
➢ Positron emission
tomography
➢ Medical ultrasonography
Audio Input Devices

Audio input devices are used to

capture sound. In some cases, an
audio output device can be used as
an input device, in order to capture
produced sound.
➢ Microphones
➢ MIDI keyboard or other digital
musical instrument
Output Devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment

used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by
an information processing system (such as a computer) which
converts the electronically generated information into human-
readable form.
Display Devices
A display device is an output device that visually conveys text,
graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display
device is called soft copy because the information exists
electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time.
Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays,
gas plasma monitors, and televisions.
Input/Output
There are many input and output devices such as multifunction
printers and computer-based navigation systems that are used for
specialised or unique applications.[6] In computing, input/output
refers to the communication between an information processing
system (such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the
signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals
or data sent from it.
Input/Output
Examples
These examples of output devices also include input/output
devices. Printers and visual displays are the most common type of
output device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming
increasingly available.

•Speakers •Automotive navigation system

•Headphones •Braille embosser
•Screen (Monitor) •Projector
•Printer •Plotter
•Voice output communication aid •Television
•Radio
Computer Memory
In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store
information for use in a computer. The term primary memory is
used for storage systems which function at high-speed (i.e. RAM), as
a distinction from secondary memory, which provides program and
data storage that is slow to access but offer higher memory
capacity. If needed, primary memory can be stored in secondary
memory, through a memory management technique called “virtual
memory.” An archaic synonym for memory is store.
Volatile Memory
Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to
maintain the stored information. Most modern
semiconductor volatile memory is either Static RAM (see
SRAM) or dynamic RAM (see DRAM). SRAM retains its
contents as long as the power is connected and is easy to
interface to but uses six transistors per bit. Dynamic RAM is
more complicated to interface to and control and needs
regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents being lost.
However, DRAM uses only one transistor and a capacitor per
bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities and, with more
bits on a memory chip, be much cheaper per bit. SRAM is not
worthwhile for desktop system memory, where DRAM
dominates, but is used for their cache memories. SRAM is
commonplace in small embedded systems, which might only
need tens of kilobytes or less. Forthcoming volatile memory
technologies that hope to replace or compete with SRAM
and DRAM include Z-RAM, TTRAM, A-RAM and ETA RAM.
Non-Volatile Memory
Non-volatile memory is computer memory
that can retain the stored information even
when not powered. Examples of non-
volatile memory include read-only memory
(see ROM), flash memory, most types of
magnetic computer storage devices (e.g.
hard disks, floppy discs and magnetic tape),
optical discs, and early computer storage
methods such as paper tape and punched
cards. Forthcoming non-volatile memory
technologies include FeRAM,
CBRAM,PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack
memory, NRAM and Millipede.
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