ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BHRC) VOL. 16, NO.

7 (2015)
PAGES 1025-1035

LIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH

AGGREGATE AS SELF CURING AGENTS IN SELF
COMPACTING CONCRETE

R. Gopi, V. Revathi, D. Kanagaraj

Department of Civil Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637 215,
Tamil Nadu, India

Received: 10 February 2015; Accepted: 15 May 2015

ABSTRACT

In the present study, light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and fly ash aggregate (FAA)
were used as self-curing agents in self-compacting concrete (SCC). FAA and LECA were
used as an internal water reservoir. The coarse aggregate was replaced by 5% LECA and the
fine aggregate was replaced by the various proportions of FAA from 0% to 50% by weight
of fine aggregate. Test results showed that SCC mix with 40% FAA attained higher strength
under conventional water curing. Besides, SCC mix with 30% FAA showed higher strength
under self-curing. It is concluded that SCC with LECA and FAA could be successfully
used as self curing agents where conventional curing is not effective.

Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; light weight aggregate; fly ash aggregate; light
weight expanded clay aggregate; self-curing.

1. INTRODUCTION

Self-compacting concrete (SCC), is the one which does not need any mechanical vibration
after placing as it flows into formwork under its own weight [1]. SCC has several
advantages compared to conventional vibrated concrete, promoting faster construction
times, easy flow around congested reinforcement and avoids vibration equipment noise.
SCC achieves high-quality durable finishes; simply and effectively. SCC technology has
wide spread acceptance in in-situ construction as well in precast concrete products. Such
concrete is made by using high powder content with mineral and chemical admixture, lower
w/c ratio and lower coarse aggregate content. To enhance the flow of SCC, the mineral
admixture such as fly ash, silica fume, GGBS and super plasticizer should be used. SCC
properties are greatly influenced by admixture type, its dosage and filler. Aggregate
gradation plays a major role for thriving production of SCC when paste content is increased

E-mail address of the corresponding author: [email protected] (R. Gopi)
1026 R. Gopi, V. Revathi, D. Kanagaraj

with higher volume of paste. It will have unfavorable effects on mechanical properties, and
cracking vulnerability [2]. The finer size fraction of fine aggregate reduces the flowablity
and increases the viscosity. However the size of fine aggregate does not have remarkable
influence on compressive strength of mortar for SCC [3]. From the results of SCC with
different sizes of coarse aggregate such as 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm and 10 mm, it is
understood that flow properties were reduced with increase in size of coarse aggregate and
increase in strength is directly proportional to the size of the coarse aggregate [4].
For any concrete, curing is an essential process to attain desirable strength and durability
properties. Often, it is not easily possible to provide curing water from the top surface at the
required rate to achieve concrete with desired properties. In this respect, self curing can be
provided by the gradual release of water from aggregate, in which it was absorbed before
mixing, to the cement particle to allow continued hydration to achieve desired properties.
Self curing can be possible by using pre-soaked lightweight aggregates as self-curing agents.
Self curing can be carried out with less quantity of saturated light weight aggregate [5]. This
gives additional water to the concrete which is not the part of mixing water [6]. High water
absorption lightweight aggregate may have the beneficial effect of supplying curing water
internally [7]. Self-curing refers to the use of prewetted lightweight aggregate that can
provide curing water throughout the cross section of the concrete. This differs from
conventional curing where water is provided after placement and where the water is applied
only at the surface of the concrete [8]. Different such as bentonite clay, super absorbent
polymers, natural and artificial lightweight aggregates (LWA) such as leca, expanded shale,
and diatomaceous earth could be used as self curing agents in concrete [9]. In this LECA
concrete can be used in making structural elements and save money, especially, in high-rise
building, building on a low strength soil and also where there is a not sufficient coarse
aggregate mine. Famili et al (2012) investigated self-curing of high strength SCC with leca.
They found a moderate reduction of compressive strength [10]. However, Kovler and his
associate (2007), Weber and his associate (1997) observed increase in compressive strength
by incorporating LWA [5, 11]. Besides, Durán-Herrera et al (2007) reported self-cured
concrete has no effect on the compressive strength due to the inclusion of LWA [12].
Therefore it is suggested by various authors to use self-curing where external curing is
impractical. Further, while combining LWA as self-curing agent in SCC improves
workability due to high water absorption of aggregate. A.A. Maghsoudi et.al. (2011)
reported that the spherical shape of leca enhances rheological properties of fresh concrete
mix and it was expected to increase the compressive strength of SCSCC [13]. Mehmet
Gesoglu et.al. (2014) investigated Self-consolidating characteristics of concrete using
rounded fine and coarse fly ash lightweight aggregates. Due to the spherical shape of FAA
provides ease in flow of the aggregate particles. Also, due to the increase in the content of
FAA, there was a gradual decrease in the compressive strength irrespective of the testing
age. This is because of weakness of FAA compared to natural aggregate [14]. Several
researchers studied the effects of the particle size, specific gravity, density, strength,
moisture content, and absorption of the FAA on the properties of Light Weight Concrete
(LWC). Consequently, there are only a few studies on utilization of FAA in the manufacture
of SCC. Erhan Güneyisi et.al. (2012) studied fresh properties of self-compacting cold
bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete. They found that the use of FAA with silica
fume together decreases the slump value time and V-funnel flow time. On the other hand L-
 LIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH AGGREGATE AS ... 1027

Box height ratio improved significantly [15]. Harilal.B and his associate (2013) evaluated
that the cold bonded fly ash aggregate concrete gained more compressive strength than other
types of cold bonded aggregates such as quarry dust and cement [16]. Furthermore, the
researchers showed that FAA with spherical shape makes easier the mobility of fresh SCC.
As SCC with self curing agents is emerged as new innovation in construction industry, it
will receive attention in near future. The remarkable development of infrastructure urges the
need of pioneering concrete which fulfill the requirements. Flowability of SCC with self
curing agents improves while the segregation resistance tends to decrease [17&18]. Also,
compressive strength of SCSCC is comparable to the water cured SCC. Leca as self curing
agent is attempted by several researchers. However, as the cost of Leca is high, the present
study proposes to use fly ash aggregate (FAA) as partial replacement for fine aggregate with
Leca as partial replacement for coarse aggregate and to evaluate the fresh and hardened
properties of self compacting self curing concrete (SCSCC).

2. MATERIALS

2.1 Cementitious materials

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269-1987 [19] is used. The
specific gravity of cement is found to be 3.15. The class ‘F’ fly ash obtained from Mettur
thermal power plant is used as a mineral admixture and also for manufacturing the FAA.
The specific gravity of fly ash is 2.27. The chemical properties of the cementitious materials
are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 1: Chemical properties of cementitious materials

Chemical
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O
Composition
Cement (%) 19.4 5.28 6.0 62.3 1.16 2.21 0.23 0.97
Fly ash (%) 50.68 26.9 11.24 5.24 1.82 1.72 0.5 0.81

2.2 Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate

Locally available river sand is used as natural fine aggregate. River sand conforms to
aggregate grading zone III. Naturally crushed coarse aggregate of size 12 mm is used in this
study. It is tested as per IS: 383-1970 [20]. The properties of fine & coarse aggregate are
presented in Table 2.2.

2.3 Fly ash aggregate (FAA)

The artificially made fly ash aggregate was prepared by mixing cement and fly ash in
various proportions of water. The contents were thoroughly mixed in the drum until the
complete formation of FAA. This method of formation of FAA is called as pelletisation. The
parameters such as adjusting the angle of the mixer drum as 35° to 55° and speed of
revolution of mixer drum kept as 35 to 55 rpm need to be considered for the efficiency of the
production of pellet [21]. The prepared FAA were sieved at 4.75 mm sieve and allowed to
dry for a day. The dried FAA was cured in a water tank for 7 days. This is called as cold
1028 R. Gopi, V. Revathi, D. Kanagaraj

bonded fly ash aggregate. In the mix proportion, cement and fly ash were added in the ratio
of 15:85 with w/c 0.3 for FAA preparation [22]. In the present work FAA is used as partial
replacement for fine aggregate. Fine aggregate was replaced from 10% to 50% by FAA in
increment of 10%. The properties of FAA are shown in Table 2.2.

2.4 LECA
Light weight expanded clay (LECA) is produced by firing natural clay, which swells at
1000-1200 °C due to the action of the gases generated inside the mass. In the present study
leca was obtained from GBC India, Ahmadabad, Gujarat. The coarse aggregate is replaced
by 5% leca. The properties of leca are shown in Table 2.2.

Table 2: Properties of Aggregates

S.No Properties Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate FAA LECA
1. Specific Gravity 2.61 2.73 1.85 0.42
2. Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1635 1571 1050 442
3. Fineness Modulus 2.18 6.36 3.28 6.51
4. Water Absorption (%) 0.52 0.45 20 39

2.5 Chemical admixtures

Superplastcizer or high range water reducing admixtures are an essential component of SCC.
Glenium B233 (polycarboxylate ether based) superplastcizer was used to attain good
workability in SCC and their dosage is 0.5% of cementitious material. Glenium Stream 2
admixture was used as viscosity modifying admixture to attain good flowability in SCC and
their dosage is 0.2% of cementitious material.

2.6 Water
Mixing water used in the study satisfied the quality standards of drinking water and it was
taken from KSR college campus.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Mix design

SCC mix design was done as per modified Nan-Su method for M30 grade [23]. Initially, a
number of trial mixes were made and finally the coarse aggregate was partially replaced by
5% leca and the fine aggregate is partially replaced from 10% to 50% by FAA. The mix
without LECA and FAA is taken as control mix. The mix proportion for all the mixes are
shown in Table 3.1.

3.2 Curing
Both water curing and self curing was attempted for all the mixes. LECA and FAA were pre
wetted for 24 hours and surface dried (SSD condition) before concreting to achieve self
curing. In case of water curing, LECA and FAA were added in dry state and conventional
curing was carried out externally.
 LIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH AGGREGATE AS ... 1029

3.3 Properties of SCSCC

The fresh concrete properties of SCC were carried out for all the mixes in order to ensure the
self compactabilty. The hardened SCSCC properties such as compressive strength using 150
mm cubes, split tensile strength with 150 mm x 300 mm cylinder and flexural strength with
500 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm prisms were carried out as per IS: 516:1959 [24] at the age of
7 and 28 days (Fig 3.1 to 3.3). At each age, three specimens were casted and tested.

Figure 1. Compressive strength Figure 2. Split tensile strength Figure 3. Flexural strength

Table 3: Mix Proportion of SCSCC

Quantity (kg/m3)
Ingredients
CM L5FAA10 L5FAA20 L5FAA30 L5FAA40 L5FAA50
3
Cement [kg/m ] 375 375 375 375 375 375
Fly ash [kg/m3] 80.47 80.47 80.47 80.47 80.47 80.47
Water [lit/m3] 178 178 178 178 178 178
Fine Aggregate [kg/m3] 890.96 801.86 712.77 663.68 534.57 445.48
Fly Ash Aggregate [kg/m3] - 89.09 178.19 227.28 356.38 445.48
LECA [kg/m3] - 37.43 37.43 37.43 37.43 37.43
Coarse Aggregate [kg/m3] 748.62 711.18 711.18 711.18 711.18 711.18
Superplastcizer [kg/m3] 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27
VMA [kg/m3] 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
Note: L – Leca; FAA - Fly Ash Aggregate; CM - Control SCC Mix

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Fresh concrete properties of SCSCC

The fresh concrete properties of SCSCC made with LECA as partial replacement for coarse
aggregate and FAA as partial replacement for fine aggregate is shown in Table 4.1. The
slump flow is a measure of the ability of concrete to flow under its own weight. The slump
flow is in the range of 680mm to 725mm. The maximum slump flow is achieved by 725mm.
T50cm slump flow is between 3.1sec to 4.5sec. It is in the desirable value. V-funnel test is
 1030 R. Gopi, V. Revathi, D. Kanagaraj

performed for to measure the filling ability with out any external force. The value obtained
is 8.12sec to 11sec which is in the recommended value of 6sec to 12 sec. J-ring, L-box, U-
box tests is the measure of passing ability of SCC in congested reinforcement. The results
reported that 6mm to 9mm for J-ring, 0.83 to 0.95 for L-box and 13mm to 25mm for U-box
test. All the passing tests results show that incorporating LWA in SCC gives satisfactory
results as per EFNARC [25] guidelines.

Table 4: Fresh concrete properties of SCSCC

Test Recommended
CM L5FAA10 L5FAA20 L5FAA30 L5FAA40 L5FAA50
Methods Values
Slump flow 650 to 800 mm 680 700 710 725 710 702
T50 cm
2 to 5 sec 4.5 4.2 4 3.1 3.4 3.7
slump flow
V – funnel 6 to 12 sec 11 10 9.45 8.12 8.55 9.34
J –ring < 10 mm 9 8 8 7 7 6
L – Box 0.8 to 1 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.95
U – Box 0 to 30 mm 25 22 20 13 15 18

4.2 Hardened concrete properties of SCSCC

The hardened concrete properties were obtained at 7 days and at 28 days according to
Indian Standard Specifications IS:516:1959 [24].

4.2.1 Compressive strength

Table 5: Compressive Strength of SCSCC

7 days Compressive strength (MPa) 28 days Compressive strength (MPa)
Mix id
Water curing Self curing Water curing Self curing
CM 17.92 15.60 36.50 23.75
L5FAA10 25.18 20.44 39.78 37.75
L5FAA20 28.59 24.71 41.00 39.18
L5FAA30 32.07 29.00 43.25 40.12
L5FAA40 35.45 27.11 45.85 37.58
L5FAA50 34.28 25.90 44.45 35.64

The compressive strength test results of SCSCC are furnished in Table 4.2. It is seen
from the test results that addition of FAA with LECA drastically increased the compressive
strength under water and self curing in comparison with CM. Also water cured mixes
developed higher compressive strength than self cured corresponding mixes. The
compressive strength of SCSCC mixes were increased from 25.18 MPa to 35.45 MPa for
FAA content from 10% to 50% at 7 days under water curing while the compressive strength
of CM was 17.92 MPa. Similar trend is noticed under self curing. In comparison with CM,
the LFAA mixes reached higher compressive strength under self curing. The reason could be
due to the enhanced binding of FAA with cement paste and contributed for higher
 LIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH AGGREGATE AS ... 1031

compressive strength. Further, water curing provided higher compressive strength than self
curing. The compressive strength of CM under water curing was 36.50 MPa at the age of 28
days. The mixes with LF increased the compressive strength from 39.78 MPa to 45.85 MPa
at 28 days with the increase of FAA 10% to 40%. The compressive strength of CM under
self curing was 23.75 MPa which did not attain the design compressive strength at the age of
28 days while all LFAA mixes reached the target compressive strength. In case of water
cured SCC, mix L5FAA40 attained highest compressive strength and it was observed as
45.85MPa whereas self cured SCC mix L5FAA30 achieved maximum compressive strength
which was noticed as 40.12 MPa. Furthermore, a correlation between the different SCSCC
mixes with compressive strength of water curing and self curing specimens were made and
found to be good with R2 = 0.953 and R2 = 0.878 respectively (Fig.4.1). The expression
obtained for 28 days compressive strength (fcs) is given below.
fcs = -0.3193x2+3.9553x+32.804; (Water curing)
fcs = -1.7068x2+13.658x+13.752; (Self curing)

50 fcs= -0.3193x2 + 3.9553x + 32.804

Compressive strength (MPa)

45 R² = 0.953
40
35
fcs = -1.7068x2 + 13.658x + 13.752
30
R² = 0.878 Water
25
curing
20
15 Self
10 curing
5
0
CM L5FAA10 L5FAA20 L5FAA30 L5FAA40 L5FAA50
Mix id
Figure 4. Regression analysis for compressive strength at 28 days

4.2.2 Split tensile strength

Table 6: Split tensile Strength of SCSCC

7 days Split tensile strength (MPa) 28 days Split tensile strength (MPa)
Mix id
Water curing Self curing Water curing Self curing
CM 2.45 1.73 3.50 2.38
L5FAA10 3.38 2.60 3.87 3.70
L5FAA20 3.50 2.78 4.34 3.98
L5FAA30 3.64 2.95 4.76 4.20
L5FAA40 3.82 2.80 5.19 3.85
L5FAA50 3.72 2.68 4.94 3.32

The split tensile strength test results of SCSCC are given in Table 4.3. The split tensile
strength of SCSCC reflects the results of compressive strength. The split tensile strength of
1032 R. Gopi, V. Revathi, D. Kanagaraj

CM was obtained as 2.45 MPa at 7 days under water curing. With respect to LFAA mixes,
the split tensile strength was varied from 3.38 MPa to 3.82 MPa at the age of 7 days under
water curing whereas the split tensile strength ranged from 2.60 MPa to 2.95 MPa at 7 days
under self curing. Further, split tensile strength at 28 days showed the same trend as that of 7
days. Split tensile strength of CM was obtained as 3.50 MPa at 28 days under water curing.
Similarly, split tensile strength of CM was obtained as 2.38 MPa under self curing at 28
days. The split tensile strength of LFAA mixes varied from 3.87 MPa to 5.19 MPa under
water curing whereas the split tensile strength ranged from 3.32 MPa to 4.20 MPa under self
curing. Further, highest split tensile strength was observed as 5.19 MPa for L5FAA40 mix
under water curing and mix L5FAA30 attained 4.2 MPa under self curing condition at 28
days. Furthermore, a correlation between the different SCSCC mixes with compressive
strength of water curing and self curing specimens was made and found to good with R 2 =
0.957 and R2 = 0.963 respectively (Fig.4.2). Also, an expression between the different
SCSCC mixes with 28 days split tensile strength (fsp)of water curing and self curing
specimens were obtained and is given below.
fsp = -0.0582x2+0.7384x+2.732; (Water curing)
fsp = -0.2102x2+1.6247x+1.073; (Self curing)

5.5
fsp = -0.0582x2 + 0.7384x + 2.732
Split tensile strength (MPa)

5
4.5 R² = 0.957
4
3.5 fsp = -0.2102x2 + 1.6247x + 1.073 Water
3 R² = 0.963 curing
2.5
2
1.5 Self
1 curing
0.5
0
CM L5FAA10 L5FAA20 L5FAA30 L5FAA40 L5FAA50
Mix id
Figure 5. Regression analysis for split tensile strength 28 days

4.2.3 Flexural strength

Table 7: Flexural Strength of SCSCC

7 days Flexural strength (MPa) 28 days Flexural strength (MPa)
Mix id
Water curing Self curing Water curing Self curing
CM 4.24 3.05 6.60 4.30
L5FAA10 4.95 4.36 7.38 6.80
L5FAA20 5.33 4.60 7.84 7.00
L5FAA30 5.60 4.96 8.26 7.53
L5FAA40 6.10 4.78 8.52 6.95
L5FAA50 5.85 4.42 8.38 6.52
 LIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH AGGREGATE AS ... 1033

Flexural strength test results of SCSCC are presented in Table 4.4. The flexural strength
of CM was obtained as 4.24 MPa at 7days under water curing. Incorporation of FAA in
SCC, the flexural strength ranged from 4.95 MPa to 6.10 MPa at the age of 7 days under
water curing. The flexural strength of self curing mixes varied from 4.36 MPa to 4.96 MPa
at 7 days under self curing. Further, flexural strength at 28 days showed the same effect.
Flexural strength of CM was obtained as 6.60 MPa at 28 days under water curing. Similarly,
flexural strength of CM was obtained as 4.30 MPa under self curing at 28 days. The flexural
strength of FAA mixes was varied from 7.38 MPa to 8.52 MPa under water curing whereas;
the flexural strength gained was 42% at the age of 28 days under self curing. Here also,
similar to compressive strength and split tensile strength test results of SCSCC, highest
flexural strength was obtained for L5FAA40 mix as 8.52 MPa under water curing and
L5FAA30 mix reached 7.53 MPa. The correlation between the different SCSCC mixes with
flexural strength of water curing and self curing specimens were good with R 2 = 0.995 and
R2 = 0.907 respectively (Fig.4.3). The expression obtained for 28 days flexural strength are
given below.
ffs = -0.0964x2+1.039x+5.656; (Water curing)
ffs = -0.3173x2+2.5664x+2.347; (Self curing)

9
ffs = -0.0964x2 + 1.039x + 5.656
8 R² = 0.995
7
Flexural strength (MPa)

6
ffs = -0.3173x2 + 2.5664x + 2.347 Water
5 R² = 0.907 curing
4 Self
3 curing
2
1
0
CM L5FAA10 L5FAA20 L5FAA30 L5FAA40 L5FAA50
Mix id
Figure 6. Regression analysis for flexural strength 28 days

5. CONCLUSION

The present study has the following conclusions.

The mix combinations of SCSCC with LECA and FAA and CM satisfied the fresh
workability concrete properties as per recommended guide lines given in EFNARC
standards. The SCSCC mix with LECA: FAA proportion 5:40 attained higher compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength than other mixes under water curing. In
case of self curing, SCSCC mix with LECA: FAA proportion 5:30 achieved higher
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength than other mixes. The
addition of LECA and FAA as self curing agents contributes higher strength properties than
1034 R. Gopi, V. Revathi, D. Kanagaraj

CM. LECA and FAA facilitate a high relative humidity within the pore structure of the
concrete. This extends the hydration and thereby increases the strength of concrete.
Therefore, self compacting self curing concrete with LECA and FAA is recommended for
field application where curing is difficult.

Acknowledgement: The authors express their sincere thanks to the Management and
Principal of K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu,
India for the facilities and support provided to carry out the research work.

REFERENCES

1. Maghsoudi AA, Mohamadpour Sh, Maghsoudi M. Mix design and the mechanical
properties of self-compacting light weight concrete, International Journal of Civil
Engineering, 9(2011) 230-236.
2. Bhattacharya Arka, Ray Indrajit, Davalos Julio F. Effects of aggregate grading and
admixture/filler on self-consolidating concrete, Open Construction and Building Technology
Journal, 2(2008) 89-95.
3. Subrato Chowdhury, Sandeep Kadam, Sandeep Keskar. Impact of fine aggregate particle
size on rheology and compressive strength of mortar for SCC, Indian Concrete Journal,
(2011) 51-9.
4. Krishna AV, Krishna Rao B, Rajagopal A. Effect of different sizes of coarse aggregate on
properties of NCC and SCC, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,
2(2010) 5959-65.
5. Kovler K, Jensen OM, RILEM Report 41. Internal curing of concrete – state of the art,
RILEM Publications S.A.R.L, (2007) 1-161.
6. Jagannadha Kumar MV, Srikanth M, Jagannadha Rao K. Strength characteristics of self-
curing concrete, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 1(2012)
51-7.
7. Bloem DL. Concrete strength measurements – cores and cylinders. In: ASTM Proceedings,
Philadelphia, PA, 65(1965).
8. John W Roberts. Current and future trends in the application of internal curing of concrete,
Proceedings of the Fourth International Research Seminar, USA, (2005) 197-209.
9. Ole Mejlhede Jensen, Pietro Lura. Techniques and materials for internal curing of concrete,
Materials and Structures, 39(2006) 817-25.
10. Famili H, Khodadad Saryazdi M, Parhizkar T. Internal curing of high strength self-
consolidating concrete by saturated lightweight aggregate – effects on material properties,
International Journal of Civil Engineering, 9(2011) 210-21.
11. Weber S, Reinhardt HW. A New generation of high performance concrete: concrete with
autogenous curing, Advance Cement Based Materials, 6(1997) 59-68.
12. Durán-Herrera A, Aïtcin PC, Petrov N. Effect of saturated lightweight sand substitution on
shrinkage in 0.35 w/b Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 104(2007) 48-52.
 LIGHT EXPANDED CLAY AGGREGATE AND FLY ASH AGGREGATE AS ... 1035

13. Maghsoudi AA, Mohamad pour SH, Maghsoudi M. Mix design and mechanical properties
of self-compacting light weight concrete, International Journal of Civil Engineering,
9(2011) 230-6.
14. Mehmet Gesog˘lu, Erhan Guneyisi, Turan Ozturan, Hatice Oznur Oz, Diler Sabah Asaad.
Self-consolidating characteristics of concrete composites including rounded fine and coarse
fly ash lightweight aggregates, Concrete and Composites, 60(2014) 757-63.
15. Erhan Güneyisi, Mehmet Gesoğlu, Emad Booya. Fresh properties of self-compacting cold
bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete with different mineral admixtures, Materials
and Structures, 45(2012) 1849-59.
16. Harilal B, Job Thomas. Concrete made using cold bonded artificial aggregate, American
Journal of Engineering Research, 1(2013) 20-5.
17. Yong Jie Kim, Yun Wang Choi, Mohamed Lachemi. Characteristics of self-consolidating
concrete using two types of lightweight coarse aggregates, Construction and Building
Materials Journal, 24(2010) 11-16.
18. Alexandre Bogas, Gomes AJ. Self-compacting lightweight concrete produced with
expanded clay aggregate, Construction and Building Materials Journal, 35(2012) 1013-22.
19. IS: 12269-1987, Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India.
20. IS: 383-1970, Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for
concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
21. Sivakumar Gomathi. Pelletized fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete: A promising
material, Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction, 3(2012) 42-8.
22. Shanmugasundaram S. Jayanthi SR. Sundararajan C. Umarani K Jagadeesan. Utilization of
fly ash aggregate in concrete, Modern Applied Science, 4(2010) 44-57.
23. Vilas V Karjinni, Shrishail B Anadinni. Mixture proportion procedure for SCC, Indian
concrete Journal, 83(2009) 35-41.
24. IS: 516-1959, Indian Standard code of practice-Methods of test for strength of concrete,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
25. EFNARC. Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete, European
Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures,
www.efnarc.org, 2002.