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180 degree bend + 4db, but not less than

Standard Hooks 60mm
90 degree bend + 12 db
16 mm dia. bar and smaller = 90 deg.
bend + 6 db extension
20 and 25 mm dia. bar = 90 deg. bend +
SH. for stirrups and tie
12 db extension
25 mm dia. bar and smaller = 135 deg.
bend + 6 db
10 - 25 mm dia = 6 db
Minimum diameters of bend
28, 32 and 36 dia = 8 db
1. shall be bent cold
Bending reinforcement
2. shall not be field bent
1. spacing between parallel bars = 25
mm
2. for 2 or more layers of parallel bars =
directly above with minimum spacing of
25 mm
Spacing limits for reinforcement
3. clear distance bet. long bars = 1.5 db
or less than 40mm
4. in walls and slabs = flexural reinforce-
ment spacing = 3 x wall or slab thickness,
not farther than 450 mm
(refer to reviewers)
1. permanently exposed to earth = 75
Concrete cover mm
2. for bundled bars = equivalent diameter
of the bundle, but not greater than 50 mm
Offset bars:
1. slope = 1 in 6
2. Lateral ties or spirals shall be placed
not more than *150 mm* from points of
Special reinforcement details for
bend
coulmns
3. bent already before placement in the
forms

Steel cores
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Spirals:
1. for cast-in-place = not less than 10 mm
diameter
2. clear spacing = not exceed 75 mm or
less than 25 mm
3. anchorage = 1 1/2 exrta turns at each
end
4. lap splice
Lateral reinforcement for compression
members
Ties:
1. for 32 mm longitudinal bars = 10 mm
diameter
2. for 36 mm l. bars and bundles = 12 mm
diameter
3. vertical spacing of ties = 16 l. bars
dia., 48 tie bar dia or least dimension of
compression member
1. Space shall be not be spaced farther
apart then *5 x depth of slab* or *450
Shrinkage and temperature reinforce- mm*
ment (for slabs)
2. Spacing of prestressed tendons shall
not exceed *1.80 m*
Large beam supporting a smaller beam,
is called
Girder

Occupancies having surgery and emer-

Essential Facilities
gency treatment, fire & police stations
Occupancies having housing or support-
Hazardous Facilities ing toxin or explosives chemicals or sub-
stance
Special Occupancy

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Occupancies that are institutional, men-
tal hospitals, and with occupancy of
5,000 or more persons
All structure housing occupancy or hav-
Standard Occupancy ing functions not listed in other Cate-
gories
Private garages, carports, sheds and
Miscellaneous Structures
fences over 1.5M high.
those loads produced by the use and oc-
cupancy of the building or other structure
and do not include dead load, construc-
tion load, or environmental loads such
as wind load, earthquake load and fluid
load.
Live Loads

consist of the weight of all materials and

fixed equipment incorporated into the
building or other structure.

Dead Loads

A building that does not comply with the

Building, ENCLOSED requirements for open or partially en-
closed buildings.
A building having each wall at least
80 percent open. This condition is ex-
Building OPEN
pressed for each wall by the equation Ao
e 0.8 Ag
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is a building thatthe total area of open-
ings in a wall that receives positive ex-
ternal pressure exceeds the sum of the
Building, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED
areas of openings in the balance of the
building envelope (walls and roof) by
more than 10%
Any metal or wood stud wall that sup-
Bearing wall ports more than 1.45 kN/m of vertical
load in addition to its own weight.
Any masonry or concrete wall that sup-
Bearing wall ports more than 2.90 kN/m of vertical
load in addition to its own weight.
any wall or element of a wall, or any
member or group of members, that de-
fines the exterior boundaries or courts
Exterior Wall
of a building and that has a slope of 60
degrees or greater with the horizontal
plane.
Part of any wall entirely above the roof
line.

Parapet wall

A wall designed to resist the lateral dis-

placement of soil or other materials.
Retaining wall

A wall designed to resist lateral forces

Shear Wall
parallel to the place of the wall
Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to
Building, Low Rise
18m
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Total design lateral force or shear at the
Base Shear, V
base
The secondary effect on shears and
moments of structural members due to
the action of the vertical loads induced
P-Delta
by horizontal displacement of the struc-
ture resulting from various loading con-
ditions.
The horizontal deflection at the top of the
Story Drift
story relative to the bottom of the story
Is the story drift divided by the story
Story Drift Ratio
height
Lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent
Soft Story
of the stiffness of the story above
the summation of design lateral forces
Story Shear
above the story under consideration
The story strength is less than 80 per-
Weak Story
cent of the story above
A horizontal or nearly horizontal sys-
tem acting to transmit lateral forces to
Diaphragm the vertical resisting elements. The term
"diaphragm" includes horizontal bracing
systems
Members and joints are capable of re-
Moment Resisting Frames
sisting forces primarily by flexure
A part of the structural system designed
Lateral-Force Resisting Frames
to resist the Design seismic forces
the occurrence or frequency of earth-
Seismicity
quakes in a region
Steel elements as wires, cables, bars,
rods or strands of wires or a bundle of
Tendons
such elements used in prestressed con-
crete structures is called __

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(sometimes called cold flow) is the ten-
dency of a solid material to move slowly
creep
or deform permanently under the influ-
ence of persistent mechanical stresses.
Stress developed when the forces ap-
plied tends to elongate the structure
Tensile stress

Stress developed when the forces ap-

plied tends tocause a body to become
Compressive stress shorter along the direction of applied
force.

a normal stress in the tangential (az-

imuth) direction. axial stress, a normal
circumferential stress/ hoop stress
stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical
symmetry.
the shear stress produced in the shaft
due to the twisting.

Torsional stress

A wall designed to resist the lateral dis-

Retaining wall
placement of soil or other materials
Deforemed bars larger than __ in diam-
36mm
eter should not be bundled
-Minimum dia: 16mm
-Maximum dia: 36mm
Bundled Bars:
-Minimum hoop/stirrup dia: 12mm
-Minimum cover: 50mm (indoor)
Reinforcing bars put in a contact to act
Bundled bars
as a unit
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A structural system without a complete
Bearing wall system
vertical load-carying space frame
s a structural system designed to resist
braced frame
wind and earthquake forces.
A structural element subjected to trans-
Beam
verse load/s
Sharp bending or buckling of a long col-
Crippling
umn
Crippling Usual Failure of a long column
needs moment resisting reinforcement
One way Slab only in its short direction. w/l is less than
.5 and thickness is >75
thickness formula if simply supported
l/20
slab
thickness formula if one end is continu-
l/24
ous
thickness formula if both ends continu-
l/28
ous
l/10 thickness formula if contilevered
10mm Min diameter top bars/ temperature bars
12mm Min diameter bottom bars or main bars
16mm Min diameter of beam, Column, footing...
Needs moment resisting reinforcement
Two way slab
in both directions.
Slabs without supporting beams, only
Flat slab
columns
20mm slab Minimum clear cover
Reinforced concrete structures perma-
75mm nently in contact with ground must have
a minimum cover of __
40mm

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Reinforced concrete structures not in
contact with ground must have a mini-
mum cover of __
Reinforced concrete structures that are
50mm exposed to weathering must have a min-
imum cover of __
Rail Beam beam along the railway
Also known as a sheeting rail, is a hor-
Girt izontal structural member in a framed
wall.
Young's Modulus Modulus of Elasticity
A quantity that measures an object
or substance's resistance to being de-
formed elastically (i.e., non-permanent-
ly) when a stress is applied to it.
Modulus of Elasticity

Law that states "the stress is proportion-

al to strain"

Hooke's Law

A bar subject to forces or couples that

lie in a plane containing the longitudinal
Beam section of the bar. According to determi-
nacy, it may be determinate or indetermi-
nate.
A projecting beam supported at only one
end fixed
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Cantilever Beam

A beam resisting on simple supports at

both ends which are free to rotate and
have no moment resistance.
Simple Beam

a simple beam extending beyond one

of its Supports. It reduces the Positive
Overhanging moment at midspan while developing
a negative moment at the base of the
cantllever over the support
A beam which is simply supported at one
end and fixed at other end.

Propped Beam

a beam having both ends restrained

against translation and rotation. The
fixed ends transfer bending stresses, in-
Fixed End Beam crease the rigidity of the beam and re-
duce its maximum deflection.

a beam extending over more than 2 sup-

ports in order to develop greater rigidity
and smaller moments than a series of
simple beams having similar spans and
Continiuous Beam
loading, Both fixed end and continuous
beams are indeterminate structures for
which the values of all, reactions, shears
and moments are dependent not only

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on span and loading but also or cross
sectional shape and material
Beams in which the reactions of the sup-
Statically Determinate Beams ports may be determined by the use of
the equations of static equilibrium.
A graphic representation of the variation
In magnitude of the external shears pre-
sent in structure for a given set of trans-
verse loads and support conditions con-
Shear Diagram
centrated loads produce external shears
which are constant In magnitude be-
tween the loads uniformly distributed
loads produce linearly varying shears.
A graphic representation of the variation
In magnitude of the bending moment
Moment Diagram present in a structure for a given set of
transverse load and support conditions.
The overall
A net resultant of shear forces that acts
Positive Shear vertically upward on the left part of the
structure being considered
A net resultant of shear forces that act
Negative Shear vertically downward on the left part of the
structure being considered
A bending moment that produces mo-
Positive Moment ment that produces a concave curvature
at a section of a structure
A bending moment that produces mo-
Negative Moment ment that produces a convex curvature
at a section of a structure
The flexural stress at the neutral surface
Zero
of a beam structure is__
The main Bars for Cantilevered Slabs
Top
are Located at__

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Ribbed floors consisting of equally
spaced ribs are usually supported direct-
ly by columns. They are either one-way
spanning systems known as ribbed slab
Waffle Slab or a two-way ribbed system known as __

The ratio of its effective length to its least

Short Column
lateral dimension does not exceed 12.
If the ratio of the effective length to its
least lateral dimension exceeds 12
Long Column

An upright compression member with a

ratio of unsupported height to average
least lateral dimension does not exceed
3.

Pedestal

Are most commonly used footings for

Reinforced cement concrete Columns
because it is simple and most economi-
Isolated Footing
cal. It is used to support a single column
and are independent footings which are
provided for each column.

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Flooting used when two columns are

COMBINED FOOTING close together, causing overlap of adja-
cent isolated footings
Footing used Where soil bearing capac-
COMBINED FOOTING ity is low, causing overlap of adjacent
isolated footings
Footing used where proximity of building
line or existing building or sewer, adja-
cent to a building column.

COMBINED FOOTING

A component of a building's foundation. It

is a type of combined footing, consisting
of two or more column footings connect-
ed by a concrete beam.

Strap Footing

Consists of one footing usually placed

under the building area. They used when
MAT FOOTING
soil bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy and differential settle-

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ment for single footings are very large or
much be reduced

The free-body diagram of any joint is a

Concurrent force ___ system in which the summation of
moment will be of no help.
The free-body diagram of any joint is
a concurrent force system in which the
Method of joints summation of moment will be of no help.
Recall that only two equilibrium equa-
tions can be written
In this method, we will cut the truss
into two sections by passing a cutting
plane through the members whose in-
Methods of sections ternal forces we wish to determine. This
method permits us to solve directly any
member by analyzing the left or the right
section of the cutting plane.
It is any longitudinal, horizontal, structur-
al member in a roof

Purlins

A tension member used to limit the de-

flection of a girt or purlin in the direction
of its weak axis or to limit the sag in angle
bracing.
Sagrod

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also known as a sheeting rail, is a hor-
izontal structural member in a framed
wall. It provides lateral support to the wall
panel, primarily, to resist wind loads. A
comparable element in roof construction
is a purlin.
Girt

A series of sloped structural members

(beams) that extend from the ridge or hip
to the wall plate.
Rafter

Was designed by Albert Fink of Ger-

many in the 1860s. The Appomattox
High Bridge on the Norfolk and West-
ern Railroad included 21 Fink deck truss
Fink Truss spans from 1869 until their replacement
in 1886.

The relatively rare Howe truss, patent-

ed in 1840 by Massachusetts millwright
William Howe, includes vertical mem-
Howe Truss bers and diagonals that slope up towards
the center, the opposite of the Pratt truss.

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A truss in the form of a K due to the ori-
entation of the vertical member and two
oblique members in each panel. An ex-
K Truss ample is the Südbrücke rail bridge over
the River Rhine, Mainz, Germany

A branch of Engineering that deals with

Engineering Mechanics External Forces of an assumably rigid
bodies
Deals with the study of the external ef-
fects of forces on rigid bodies that are at
Statics
rest and remain at rest before and after
the application of forces
Study of External Forces applied on a
Dynamics
body inducing any motion.
essential for the design and analysis of
many types of structural members, me-
Rigid Bodies chanical components, electrical devices,
etc, encountered in engineering.Does
not deform under load
Magnitude Amount of force
Orientation of the Path where the force
Direction
will be imposed.
Is a physical quantity that can be de-
scribed by a single element of a number
Scalar
field such as a real number, of accompa-
nied by units of measurement.
Is usually said to be a physical quantity
Scalar that only has a magnitude and no other
characteristics.
A quantity that has both magnitude and
Vector
direction.
A set of forces having the same direction
Parallel Forces
but do not converge at a common point
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Coplanar Forces A set of forces acting on a single plane
A set of forces having all its directions
Concurrent Forces
converge at a common point
Representative force of the cummulative
Resultant Forces
effects of forces
Part of the Resultant force resolved at
Component of a Force
the direction of the coordinate axes
Reactive force developed by a body on
Reaction
which a force or system of force acts
Moment Rotation of a Force at a point or an axis
Shortest distance of a force from the
Moment Arm
point or axis
A sketch showing only the forces in the
Free-Body Diagram
selected particle
A shetch showing the physical condi-
Space Diagram
tions of the problem
is a state in which the resultant of the
Equilibrium force system that acts on a body vanish-
es.
means that both a resultant force and the
Equilibrium
resultant couple is zero
It is an instrument at the ground surface
which records the electrical effects trans-
Seismograph mitted to it by a seismometer and thus
shows the times and amplitude of earth
shocks
The adhesive for per unit area of con-
tact between reinforcing bar and the sur-
Bond Stress
rounding concrete developed at any sec-
tion of a flexural member.
Carbon Component of steel dictates its ductility
The center of mass of a geometric object
Centroid of uniform density. Center of gravity of a
plane area
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a quantity of a body's tendency to resist

Moment of Inertia
angular acceleration.
Branch of Engineering that deals with
Strength of Materials
the internal effects of forces on the body.
Stress It is the unit strength of element
It is the unit deformation of a material
Strain
subjected to an applied load
Lines depicting the direction but not the
Stress Trajectories magnitude of the principal stress of the
beam
Also called as extensometer. Instrument
Strain Gauge
to measure a minute deformation
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which
the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed,
Elastic Limit or it is the maximum stress that may e de-
veloped such that there is no permanent
or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.
The point at which the material will have
Yield point an appreciable elongation or yielding
without any increase in load.
Happeds to reinforcing steel in a rein-
Yield forced concrete slab or beam if such
member is about to colapse
The maximum ordinate in the
Ultimate Strength stress-strain diagram is the ultimate
strength or tensile strength.
The strength of the material at rup-
Rupture strength ture. This is also known as the breaking
strength.
The region in stress-strain diagram from
Elastic and Plastic Ranges
O to P is called the elastic range. The

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region from P to R is called the plastic
range
Property that enables deformity upon the
Elasticity force applied and recovers after remov-
ing such force
The ability to deform under compressive
Malleability
stress or load
The ability to absorb energy before rup-
Toughness
turing
The behavior an increased rate of load
Strain Rate Effect application can cause in normally ductile
material
The brittle behavior low temperature can
Temperature Effect
cause in a normally ductile material
Forces done along the longitudinal axis
Axial Forces
or the length of the material
Axial Stresses Stress that develops to resist axial force
Forces done perpendicular the longitudi-
Shear Force
nal axis or the length of the material
Shearing Stress Stress that develops to resist shear force
Force producing both tension and com-
Bending pression on to the cross-section of the
body.
Torsion Twisting effect on to the cross section
A temporary change in the shape the
Elastic Deformation body produced by a stress less than the
elastic limit of the material
Permanent Set Inelastic strain in a material
Gradual permanent deformation pro-
Creep
duced by continuous application of loads
The time-dependent decrease in
Stress Relaxation strength capacity in a constrained mate-
rial
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Failure to maintain elastic limit subjected
Fatigue
to repeated series of stress
the TEMPORARY force exerted by a
Jacking Force device that introduce tension inte the
pre-stressing rendons.
Addition or retention of water to the
Curing
poured concrete mix is called ___
rapid hardening of cement is called early
Setting
__cement
Gradual downward mmovement of an
Settlement engineering structure due to compres-
sion of the soil below the foundation
liquifaction the softening of soil
The capacity reduction factor for con-
0.9
crete structures subjected to BENDING
The capacity reduction factor for con-
0.85 crete structures subjected to SHEER-
ING
Slight curve or bending upward of a
Camber
beam
is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in
a concrete structure to create a weak-
contraction joint ened plane and regulate the location of
cracking resulting from the dimensional
change of different parts of the structure.
The vertical or horizontal face in con-
Construction Joint crete structure where concreting has
been stopped and continued later.
An area along a fault where there has not
Seismic gap been any earthquake activity for a long
period of time
A type of joint used to separate abut-
Isolation Joint ting materials or assemblies that should
remain structurally independent, such

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as where new construction meets old,
or where a nonstructural slab on grade
abuts structural columns or walls
Length of embedded reinforcement re-
Development Length quired to develop the design strength of
reinforcement at a critical section.
A pin, usually round, that fits into a cor-
Dowel responding hole to fasten or align two
pieces.
splice To join or unite together
Potable Water used in concrete
Working Stress ACTUAL stress due to load applied.
The MAXIMUM unit STRESS permissi-
Allowable Stress
ble in a structural member. nation
a form of bracing where a pair of braces
either above or below a beam terminates
Chevron
at a single point within the clear beam
span
Fusing two pieces of material using a
welding heat process; most commonly used with
metal and plastics.
knot
Natural Defects of Softwoods and Hard-
shake
woods
split
25 - 75mm Spacing of spiral column
Lateral ties used for 36mm main bars for
12mm
column is
12mm min size of slab reinforcement
m < 0.5 One way slab ratio of width to length
m > /= 0.5 Two way slab ratio of width to length
Minimum thickness of suspended R.C.
100mm
slab

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- most common designation for steel
beams
A36
- 36,000 psi
- riveted, bolted, welded
slabs not exposed to weather and not
20mm in contact with the ground must have a
minimum clear cover of __
Course aggregates in the concrete must
3/8 inch
be larger than __
General Construction
Type 1: Normal Cures in 28 days
Used in sidewalks, driveways, etc.
Heat bult up can be damaging
Type 2-Moderate
Large piers and heavy retaining walls
When early removal of form work is de-
Type 3: high early strength cement sired
used in cold weather
Heat is reduced, usually for large
amounts being poured, takes longer
Type 4-Low Heat
gravity dams
large built up in heat could be damaging
lessen need for gypsum
severe resistance to sulfate
Type 5-Sulfate Resisting When the concrete will be exposed to
pollutants like acid rain, this mixture is
used to protect from it
Lap splices for uncoated deformed bar
300mm or wire must not be less than the larger
of 48db and __
The minimum clear spacing between
25mm parallel bars in a layer must not be db not
less than_____.
no of reinforcement bars 2 to 4
3mm Minimum size of fillet weld.

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Where can we stop pouring ready mixed
at L/3 concrete on beams if pouring cannot be
done in one setting
Composite a combination; a blend
Web reinforcement that resist vertical
stirrup and diagonal tensions in a beam and
hold the main bars in place.
Long Column most likely to fail due to buckling
The depth of concrete section measured
Effective depth from the compression face to the cen-
troid of the tension reinforcement.
a fallacy which comes from the failure
critical depth to interpret the results of full and mod-
el-scale pile test
Loop of reinforcing bars or wires enclos-
ties ing longitudinal reinforcement in tied col-
umn
Length of reinforcement or mechanical
anchor or hook or combination thereof
End Anchorage
beyond point of zero stress in reinforce-
ment
Is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters
above the ground in exposure C and
Basic Wind Speed associated with the annual probability of
0.02 of being equaled or exceeded (50
year mean recurrence interval)
is the threshold value of wind speed U
Critical Wind Speed below which entrainment of sediment at
the bed is low
The minimum tie to hoop diameter for
12mm
bundled bars is __
the min thickness required by Code for
length/10 a solid Caantilevered slab shall be the
larger of the 75mm and ___

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one of the cross braces that support the
crosstie
rails on a railway track
it is a continuous reinforcing bar having a
crosstie
seismic hook of not less than 90 degrees
Earthquake effect : being torn apart as
Earthquake ruptures
the two sides
Earthquake effect : one plate is thrust
earthquake sublimation
beneath the other
Earthquake effect : Earth resulting from
a shaking of the Earth's surface a sudden release of energy in the Earth's
lithosphere that creates seismic waves
This is where the risk of rupture during
Fault Line
earthquake is high

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