Doc No.

CAL-92-T-0001
Project No. 4672

Stability and Integrity Analysis

20" Carbon Steel Sales Gas Pipeline

0 6/10/2003 Issued for Use JBY DWH BKE

A 4/16/2002 Issued for Review JBY GKA

REV DATE DESCRIPTION PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED

Doc. No CAL-92-T-0001 Class 2

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Stability Integrity Analysis 20" Carbon Steel Sales Gas Pipeline CAL-92-T-0001

CONTENTS

Section Title Page

1 Introduction 3
2 Design data & conditions 4
3 End sections, anchor force & end deflections 5
4 Stresses in restrained sections 8
5 Stability of bent sections 11
6 Water crossings 16
7 Conclusions 18
8 References 19

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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this calculation is to analyse the integrity and stability of the 20" Sales Gas Pipeline
that forms part of the Sawan Gas Field Development Project, phase 1. Calculations performed in this
report cover the following:
1 Analysis of end sections of the pipeline, where the transition from restrained to unrestrained
conditions occur. The movement at the ends of the pipeline is calculated, as is the force (anchor)
required to prevent this movement. Based on the movements and anchor forces calculated,
recommendations are made whether to (a) use anchor blocks to restrain the pipeline at ends or
(b) ensure the above ground pipework has sufficient flexibility to absorb the movements.
2 Stresses in restrained sections of the pipeline, caused by internal pressure, temperature change
ground loads, elastic (roped) bends and formed bends are examined. Based on the stresses
calculated, recommendations of minimum bend radius are made for changes in direction.
3 The stability of the pipeline in the trench is examined to determine ability of the ground to
support pipeline changes in direction, horizontally and vertically.
4 Analysis of the pipeline crossing wet areas, irrigation channels, streams and rivers is
performed. Based on bouyancy determined, recommendations for weighting down of the
pipeline are made.
An analysis of road crossing design is performed in a separate calculation, in accordance with API RP1102
" Steel pipelines crossing railroads and highways".
The 20" sales gas pipeline route, profile and trenching details are shown on the following drawings:
Drawing Series Title
STD-00-T-0001 to STD-00-T-0040 Pipeline Standard Details
DWG-92-T-6000 to DWG-92-T-6010 Pipeline Alignment Sheets

The results of calculations performed in this report are to be used for the detailed design and alignment/routing
of the pipeline.
The basis for the calculations performed in this report are the design conditions stipulated in the contract
documents and the pipeline basis of design, document number BD-00-T-0001.

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SECTION 2
DESIGN DATA AND CONDITIONS

Design Data and Conditions

Item Symbol Unit Value
Design Pressure bar 140 2034.887516 140.307756
Design Pressure p MPa 14
Design Pressure kPa 14030
Normal Depth of Cover H m 1.00 3
Installation Temperature Ta 0
C 26 79
Design Temperature (Max) Tb 0
C 93 199
Design Temperature (Min) Tc 0
C 30 79
Pipeline Material API 5L X-46
External Coating 3 Layer Polyethylene
Tensile strength Rm MPa 435
Specified Minimum Yield Strength SMYS Re MPa 358.5
Modulus of Elasticity E MPa 199948
Modulus of Thermal Expansion a 1/0K 0.0000117
External Diameter De mm 219.075 8.625
Wall Thickness dN mm 7.92 0.312
Design Factor A (ASME B31.8 table 841.114b) dfa 0.6
Design Factor B dfb 0.9
Desgin Factor C dfc 1.0
Design Factor D (ASME B31.8 table 841.114b) dfd 0.60
Design Factor E (Buoyancy) dfe 1.5
Corrosion Allowance (Internal) Dd mm 1.5
Density of pipe contents Sg kg/m^3 80
Poissons Ratio m 0.3
Ground-Pipe Friction Coefficient f 0.2
Soil Density xs kg/m^3 1900
Soil Density xs kN/m^3 19
Soil Wet Density xw kN/m^3 9.23
Moment Coefficient Ke 0.07
Deflection Coefficient Ky 0.042
Internal Diameter Di mm 203.235
Metal Cross Sectional Area XA mm2 5253.83
Moment of Inertia I mm4 29322414.8541094
Section Modulus W mm3 267693
Minimum wall thickness d mm 6.42
Minimum Wall Moment of Inertia Iw mm4/mm 22.05
Minimum Section Modulus Ww mm3/mm 6.87
Mean pipe radius rg mm 106.3
Mass of pipe Mp kg/m 41.2
Self Weight of pipe Qe N/m 412
Mass of pipe contents Mc kg/m 3
Self Weight of Pipe Contents Qc N/m 26

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SECTION 3
END SECTIONS ANCHOR FORCE AND END DEFLECTIONS

This section covers calculations for the ends of the buried pipeline, where it emerges from the ground.
The end of the pipeline may be designed as follows and this section contains calculations for both:
1) Fully restrained, with anchor blocks, to prevent displacement of the end of the pipeline
2) Unrestrained, without anchor blocks, movement of the end of the pipeline is then
transferred to the above ground pipework, which must be designed to accommodate
the movement. The displacement at the pipeline end is the result of temperature and
pressure effects.
The following site conditions are expected:
1) The underground sections are straight and long enough to develop virtual anchors
2) The line cover will be reclaimed trench spoil, compacted, unless the spoil is unsuitable,
in which case selected backfill will be imported.
3) The line external coating is resilient to abrasion due to a relative displacement
between the pipe and the surrounding soil at unrestrained sections (ends).
Detail calculations are based on the FEED, contract scope of work and the pipeline basis of design, document
# BD-00-T-0001. The design data and conditions are summarised in section 2 of this report.
If a buried pipeline is not restrained at the ends by anchors (ground/concrete blocks/station approach bends) it
will expand at the free end due to pressure and temperature effects. The end displacement will be partly checked
by the friction developing between the pipe and the surrounding ground. It is assumed that the pipeline ends
will not be flooded, otherwise the submerged soil density will be 10 kN/m^3.

Fig 1 Soil and self weight forces acting on the buried pipe

Qn H

Qe+Qc 0.5 De

Where:
H = Normal depth of cover
Qn De = External diameter
Qn = Ground load
De Qe = Self weight of pipe
Qc = Self weight of pipe contents

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Anchor force & displacements @ normal depth of cover: (H=1.0m)

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Anchor Force ( to prevent

Na Na=XA*(0.2*Syp1+abs(Sxt2)) N 1027375
end movement)
Ground load Qn Qn=De*xs*(H+0.5*De) kN/m 4.62
Linear Soil Friction W W=(2*Qn+Qe+Qc)*f kN/m 1.94
Virtual Anchor/slippage
Lm Lm=Na/W m 531
length

End Displacement, (when

pipeline not anchored)
DLm DLm=W*(Lm^2)/(2*XA*E) mm 259.6

Relationship between displacement & depth of cover:

Depth of cover H DLm (mm) DLm (mm)

Qn (kN/m) W (kN/m) Lm (m)
(m) Expand Contract
0.2 1.3 0.6 1703.7 833.1 54.7
0.4 2.1 0.9 1097.6 536.7 35.2
0.6 3.0 1.3 809.6 395.9 26.0
0.8 3.8 1.6 641.3 313.6 20.6
1 4.6 1.9 530.9 259.6 17.1
1.2 5.5 2.3 453.0 221.5 14.5
1.4 6.3 2.6 395.0 193.1 12.7
1.6 7.1 2.9 350.2 171.2 11.2
1.8 7.9 3.3 314.5 153.8 10.1
2 8.8 3.6 285.4 139.6 9.2
2.2 9.6 3.9 261.2 127.7 8.4

End Displacement Vs Depth of Cover

2.5

2
Depth of Cover (m)

1.5
DLm (mm) Expand
DLm (mm) Contract
1

0.5

0
0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0
Displacement (mm)

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Displacement (mm)
Stability Integrity Analysis 20" Carbon Steel Sales Gas Pipeline CAL-92-T-0001

Summary & Recommendations

The forces required to fully restrain (anchor) the ends of the pipeline and prevent axial movement have been
calculated. Due to the wide temperature range of operation of the pipeline, the anchor force required is large
(1298 kN). It is recommended that the pipeline ends not be anchored, but left unrestrained and the above ground
connecting pipework be designed to accommodate the movements expected at the end of the pipeline.

The movements at the end of the unrestrained pipeline have been calculated. The movement at the pipeline
ends is directly dependent upon the depth of burial of the pipeline. It is recommended that to limit the total
displacement required to be accomodated by the above ground pipework, that the ends of the pipeline be buried
to a depth of 2m. To ensure a reduction in the displacement at the end of the pipeline, the depth of burial must
be increased for a distance equivalent to the virtual anchor length at that depth.

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DESIGN CONDITION: 1300 Psig @ 225 F

STRESSES IN RESTRAINED SECTIONS

This section covers the stress evaluation and check of a fully restrained section of pipeline. The sections of
pipeline that are fully restrained are those sections located away from the end sections of the pipline.

The stresses analysed are caused by:

Internal pressure
Temperature change
Ground loads
Elastic bending
Design checks to be satisfied are:
Tangential or hoop stress shall be less than SMYS multiplied by the design factor A. The
design factor A is as prescribed by ASME B31.8 table 841.114B
Equivalent stress due to pressure and temperature shall be less than SMYS multiplied by the
design factor B.
Equivalent stress due to all anticipated loads shall be less than SMYS multiplied by the
design factor C.
Assumptions:
Ke is moment coefficient for an indirect load transfer. Max Value Ke=0.070 for arc of 70 degrees
(35 either side of horizontal)
Pressure Stresses

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Tangential or Hoop Stress Syp Syp=p*De/(2*(dN-Dd)) MPa 239
Axial Stress Sxp Sxp=m*Syp MPa 72
Tangential or Hoop Stress (nom wt) Syp1 Syp1=p*De/(2*dN) MPa 194
Axial Stress (Nominal wall) Sxp1 Sxp1=m*Syp1 MPa 58
Design Check Pass/Fail Syp<= Re*dfa FAIL

Temperature Stresses

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Axial Stress Sxt Sxt =a*(Ta-Tb)*E MPa -157
Maximum axial compressive stress Sxt2 Sxt2 =a*(Ta-Tb)*E MPa -157
Maximum axial tensile stress Sxt3 Sxt3 =a*(Ta-Tc)*E MPa -10

Equivalent stress due to pressure and temperature

Condition 1, pipe operating at Tb (maximum)

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Stress along X axis Sxh Sxh=Sxp+Sxt2 MPa -85
Stress along Y axis Syh Syh=Syp MPa 239
Seh=(Sxh^2+Syh^2-
Equivalent stress check Seh MPa 291
(Sxh*Syh))^0.5
Design Check Pass/Fail Seh<= Re*dfb PASS

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Condition 2, pipe operating at Tc (minimum)

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Stress along X axis Sxl Sxl=Sxp+Sxt3 MPa 62
Stress along Y axis Syl Syl=Syp MPa 239
Equivalent stress check Sel Sel=(Sxl^2+Syl^2-(Sxl*Syl))^0.5 MPa 215
Design Check Pass/Fail Sel<= Re*dfb PASS

Elastic Bending

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Elastic Bending Stress (Axial Stress) Sxb Sxb=(+ - )*E*De/(2*R) MPa Refer table 2
Tangential Bending Stress Syb Syb=(+ - )*Ke*Qe1*rg/(Ww)*frr MPa Refer table 2
Moment Coeff for Indirect load trans Ke See assumptions 0.07
Ground Reaction Qe1 Qe1=Na/R kN/m Refer table 2
Rerounding factor frr frr=(1+(2*p*rg^3*Ky)/(E*Iw))^-1 0.7568
Deflection Coefficient Ky 0.042

Table 1 Calculation of overall equivalent stress (MPa) For Hot or Cold Formed Bends

R/De Bend Radius m Sxb Sxp+Sxt Sx Syb Syp Sy Max Seq Result
20 4.38 0 -84.9 -84.9 192.3 239.4 431.7 480 FAIL
40 8.76 0 -84.9 -84.9 96.1 239.4 335.5 385 FAIL
60 13.14 0 -84.9 -84.9 64.1 239.4 303.5 354 PASS
80 17.53 0 -84.9 -84.9 48.1 239.4 287.4 338 PASS
90 19.72 0 -84.9 -84.9 42.7 239.4 282.1 333 PASS
110 24.10 0 -84.9 -84.9 35.0 239.4 274.3 325 PASS
120 26.29 0 -84.9 -84.9 32.0 239.4 271.4 322 PASS
140 30.67 0 -84.9 -84.9 27.5 239.4 266.8 318 PASS
160 35.05 0 -84.9 -84.9 24.0 239.4 263.4 315 PASS
180 39.43 0 -84.9 -84.9 21.4 239.4 260.7 312 PASS

Elastic Bending

Qe1
b

Deformed Shape

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Table 2 Calculation of overall equivalent stress (MPa) For Elastic Bends (Roped)

R/De Bend Radius m Sxb Sxp+Sxt Sx Syb Syp Sy Max Seq Result
100 21.91 999.7 -84.9 -1084.7 38.5 239.4 277.8 1247 FAIL
500 109.54 199.9 -84.9 -284.9 7.7 239.4 247.1 461 FAIL
1000 219.08 100.0 -84.9 -184.9 3.8 239.4 243.2 372 FAIL
1500 328.61 66.6 -84.9 -151.6 2.6 239.4 241.9 344 PASS
2000 438.15 50.0 -84.9 -134.9 1.9 239.4 241.3 330 PASS
2500 547.69 40.0 -84.9 -124.9 1.5 239.4 240.9 322 PASS
2600 569.60 38.5 -84.9 -123.4 1.5 239.4 240.9 321 PASS
3500 766.76 28.6 -84.9 -113.5 1.1 239.4 240.5 313 PASS
4000 876.30 25.0 -84.9 -109.9 1.0 239.4 240.3 310 PASS
4500 985.84 22.2 -84.9 -107.1 0.9 239.4 240.2 308 PASS
5000 1095.38 20.0 -84.9 -104.9 0.8 239.4 240.1 306 PASS
6000 1314.45 16.7 -84.9 -101.6 0.6 239.4 240.0 304 PASS

R/De Vs Equivalent Stress

Data Source for SMYS intercepts

Bend Radius
1400 (D) 1
1300 ###
SMYS
1200(Re) ###
1100 ###
1000
Equivalent Stress Mpa

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 10 100 1000 10000

R/De

SMYS Hot or Cold Bends Elastic Bends

Summary & Recommendations

The minimum bend radius required to ensure integrity of bent sections of the pipeline are as follows:
1) Min. bend radius of cold formed bends (field bends) or induction bends, Radius=25D, 10.15m
2) Min. bend radius of elastic bends (roped bends) Radius= 900D, 365.4 m

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291.2797650805 322.65

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10000

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SECTION 5
STABILITY OF BENT SECTIONS

Along the pipeline there will be a number of bends in the horizontal, vertical or oblique plane, this section covers
stability of those bends, within the trench.
The line is considered stable if the bend action on the ground surrounding the pipeline does not exceed the
ultimate ground resistance.
The ulimate ground resistance against uplift is calculated by two methods:
1) Vesic (Nyman K.J, ref 4 section 8)
2) Myerhof (Nyman K.J, ref 4 section 8)
The two methods produce similar, though slightly differing results for vertical bend stability. Both methods
will be used to determine vertical bend stability, and the average of the two recommended for construction.
The ultimate ground resistance in the horizontal plane is calculated by the method recommended by
ASME B31.1 Appendix VII
For bends buried above normal ground level, in an embankment etc, failure occurs along a logarithmic spiral
failure surface, which can be approximated by the angle 250(Vp). Calculation of the minimum embankment width
will be required.
Values of the breakout factor Fg are derived from the graph at the end of this section.
Uplift Force

A) Vesic Method

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Uplift force Puv Puv=xs*De*Z*(Fg+Pi()/8*De/Z) kN See Table Below

Soil resistance calculated with a safety factor of 1.1:

H Z Z/De Fg Puv (kN/m) Puv/1.1

0.4 0.510 2.326 2.13 4.68 4.26
0.5 0.610 2.782 2.41 6.31 5.73
0.6 0.710 3.239 2.69 8.16 7.42
0.7 0.810 3.695 2.96 10.25 9.32
0.8 0.910 4.152 3.24 12.56 11.42
0.9 1.010 4.608 3.52 15.11 13.74
1 1.110 5.065 3.80 17.89 16.26
1.1 1.210 5.521 4.07 20.90 19.00
1.2 1.310 5.978 4.35 24.14 21.95
1.3 1.410 6.434 4.63 27.61 25.10
1.4 1.510 6.891 4.91 31.31 28.47
1.5 1.610 7.347 5.18 35.25 32.04
1.6 1.710 7.803 5.46 39.41 35.83
1.7 1.810 8.260 5.74 43.81 39.82
1.8 1.910 8.716 6.02 48.43 44.03
1.9 2.010 9.173 6.29 53.29 48.45
2 2.110 9.629 6.57 58.38 53.07

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B) Meyerhof Method

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Uplift force Puv Puv=0.5*xs*H^2*Kb+xs*De*H kN See Table Below

Soil resistance calculated with a safety factor of 1.1:

H 0.5*xs*H^2*Kb xs*De*H Puv (kN/m) Puv/1.1

0.4 2.43 1.66 4.10 3.72
0.5 3.80 2.08 5.88 5.35
0.6 5.47 2.50 7.97 7.24
0.7 7.45 2.91 10.36 9.42
0.8 9.73 3.33 13.06 11.87
0.9 12.31 3.75 16.06 14.60
1 15.20 4.16 19.36 17.60
1.1 18.39 4.58 22.97 20.88
1.2 21.89 4.99 26.88 24.44
1.3 25.69 5.41 31.10 28.27
1.4 29.79 5.83 35.62 32.38
1.5 34.20 6.24 40.44 36.77
1.6 38.91 6.66 45.57 41.43
1.7 43.93 7.08 51.00 46.37
1.8 49.25 7.49 56.74 51.58
1.9 54.87 7.91 62.78 57.07
2 60.80 8.32 69.12 62.84

Summary & Calculation of minimum bend radius for vertical bend stability.

Min bend rad (Na/Puv)

H Pu Vesic Pu Myerhof Average Pu Average Pu/1.1
m R/De
0.4 4.68 4.10 4.39 3.99 257 1175
0.5 6.31 5.88 6.09 5.54 185 846
0.6 8.16 7.97 8.07 7.33 140 640
0.7 10.25 10.36 10.30 9.37 110 501
0.8 12.56 13.06 12.81 11.65 88 403
0.9 15.11 16.06 15.58 14.17 73 331
1 17.89 19.36 18.63 16.93 61 277
1.1 20.90 22.97 21.94 19.94 52 235
1.2 24.14 26.88 25.51 23.19 44 202
1.3 27.61 31.10 29.36 26.69 38 176
1.4 31.31 35.62 33.47 30.42 34 154
1.5 35.25 40.44 37.85 34.40 30 136
1.6 39.41 45.57 42.49 38.63 27 121
1.7 43.81 51.00 47.41 43.10 24 109
1.8 48.43 56.74 52.59 47.81 21 98
1.9 53.29 62.78 58.04 52.76 19 89
2 58.38 69.12 63.75 57.96 18 81

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2) Horizontal Force

a) Bend Trenched in Granular Soil

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Ultimate
Load/Ground Puh Puh=0.5*xs*(H+ De)^2*tg^2*(45+y/2) kN See Table Below
resistance
Note: tg^2*(45+y/2) assumed to be 4.6

Summary & Calculation of minimum bend radius for horizontal bend stability

Min bend rad Na/Puh

H (m) Puh Puh/1.1
m R/De
0.4 16.75 15.23 67 308
0.5 22.60 20.54 50 228
0.6 29.32 26.65 39 176
0.7 36.91 33.56 31 140
0.8 45.38 41.26 25 114
0.9 54.73 49.75 21 94
1 64.94 59.04 17 79
1.1 76.04 69.12 15 68
1.2 88.00 80.00 13 59
1.3 100.84 91.67 11 51
1.4 114.56 104.14 10 45
1.5 129.14 117.40 9 40
1.6 144.60 131.46 8 36
1.7 160.94 146.31 7 32
1.8 178.15 161.95 6 29
1.9 196.23 178.39 6 26
2 215.19 195.63 5 24

b) Bend buried above ground level (embankment etc)

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Width of bank req B B=2*(H+ De)/(tg*Vp) m See Table
Failure angle Vp Vp=90-(45+y/2) degrees 25
(tg assumed as 0.01866)

0.5 B

Failure Surface
De P Vp(25o)

Embankment Detail

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Summary & Calculation of minimum bend radius required for bend stability where buried in an embankment

Minimum B for Min bend radius

H (m) H+De Puh Puh/1.1
stability m R/De
0.4 0.62 2.65 16.74 15.22 67 308
0.5 0.72 3.08 22.59 20.54 50 228
0.6 0.82 3.51 29.31 26.65 39 176
0.7 0.92 3.94 36.91 33.55 31 140
0.8 1.02 4.37 45.37 41.25 25 114
0.9 1.12 4.80 54.71 49.74 21 94
1 1.22 5.23 64.93 59.03 17 79
1.1 1.32 5.66 76.02 69.11 15 68
1.2 1.42 6.08 87.98 79.98 13 59
1.3 1.52 6.51 100.82 91.65 11 51
1.4 1.62 6.94 114.53 104.12 10 45
1.5 1.72 7.37 129.11 117.38 9 40
1.6 1.82 7.80 144.57 131.43 8 36
1.7 1.92 8.23 160.91 146.28 7 32
1.8 2.02 8.66 178.11 161.92 6 29
1.9 2.12 9.08 196.19 178.36 6 26
2 2.22 9.51 215.14 195.59 5 24

c) Bend buried in trench in rocky ground

For bend buried in trench having the width <= De+0.6m is stable for all bending radii and all depths of
cover considered.

Trench Rock

0.3 De 0.3

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Breakout Factor Fg for angle of internal friction = 40 degrees.

Theory applies to Z/De = (5-10)
Breakout Factor Fg
10 Fg
Z/De
0.5 0.5
9
0.9 1
###8 ###
2.1 2
###7 ###
### ###
6
3.6 3
Ratio Z/De

###5 ###
### ###
###4 ###
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fg

Note: For use in calculations line of best fit used: Z/De=1.654 Fg-1.18

Summary & Recommendations

The following bend radii are recommended for stability of the pipeline within the trench:
1) Minimum bend radius for vertical bends, from 2m depth, Radius= 48D, 25.00m
2) Minimum bend radius for horizontal bends Radius= 38D, 20.00m
3) Minimum bend radius for horizontal bends buried in an embankment Radius=38D, 20.00m
4) Minimum bend radius for horizontal bends buried in rock , stable for all Radii.

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embankment

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 Road Crossings

The line crossing is exposed to traffic loads in addition to other loads occurring in the cross-country sections of the line.

This report determines the equivalent stress due to pressure, temperature, ground and traffic load.

The stress is calculated and checked by the formula:

Seg=(Sx2 + Sy2 - SxSy + 3t2)0.5<=1Re

Design checks to be passed are:

1) Hoop stress shall be less than applicable design factor x SMYS
2) Combined stress shall be less than applicable design factor x SMYS

1) DETAIL STRESS CALCULATION

Pressure Stresses
Item Symbol Formula
Tangential or Hoop Stress Syp Syp=p*De/(2*(dN-Dd))
Axial Stress Sxp Sxp=m*Syp

Temperature Stresses
Item Symbol Formula
Maximum axial compressive stress Sxt2 Sxt2 =a*(Ta-Tb)*E

Stress due to Ground and Traffic loads

Calculation of traffic load on a buried section of line is performed for PDO class 50 vehicle and PDO transporter 60 ton vehicle
The traffic load distributed over 1(m) length of pipe is calculated by Boussinesq's method as given in the paper by spangler
(ref 3.8) for a depth of cover of H=1.2, 1.5, 2.0 & 3.0 m respectively.
When plotted on double log paper the relationship "load vs cover depth" shows a straight line. This allows the determination
of loads for any other depth inside or outside the calculated values.
It can be easily seen that the standard heavy transporter 60(tons) imposes heavier loads on the line underneath and shall be used
for the stress check further.
The graph(s) developed are applicable for any other line of the development project.

Table 1 Data for Traffic load vs depth of cover for standard heavy transporter of 60 tons
Depth of Cover
(m) Traffic load (kN/m^2)
0.60
0.70 Traffic Load Vs
0.80
0.90
1.00 64.00 100.

1.10 54.00
1.20 54.00
1.30
1.40
1.50 44.00
1.60
Traffic Load N/mm^2

1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00 34.00
2.10
2.20

Page 21
1.
0.10
 Traffic Load N/mm
Road Crossings

2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
1.
2.70
0.10
2.80
Dept
2.90
3.00 24.00

Tangential stresses are calculated as follows:

Tangential stress
Item Symbol Formula
Tangential Stresses Syq Syq=(+ - )Kb*Qtot*rg/Ww*frr
Ground Load Qs Qs=xs*H*De
Traffic Load Qv Qv=S*gv*De
Total Load Qtot Qtot=Qs+Qv

Page 22
 Road Crossings

ons of the line.

Unit Calculated Value

N/mm2 239
N/mm 2
72

Unit Calculated Value

N/mm2 -157

sporter 60 ton vehicle

paper by spangler

ws the determination

eath and shall be used

Traffic Load Vs Depth of Cover

100.00

Page 23
1.00
1.00 10.00
 Road Crossings

1.00
1.00 10.00

Depth of Cover (m)

Unit Calculated Value

N/mm 2
see table below

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Stability Integrity Analysis 20" Carbon Steel Sales Gas Pipeline CAL-92-T-0001

SECTION 6
WATER CROSSINGS

Stagnant pools, canals and rivers may be classified according to erosion criteria, as follows:

Type O Stagnant pools, rivers and canals where erosion cannot be detected.
Minimum depth of cover is recommended to be H=1.0m under the lowest points of
the canal river or pool profile. Windrows will not be constructed along the river
section shorter than 100m. For sections longer than 100m, intermittent windrows
25m long should be made 100m apart.

Type A Erosion of 1.0m detected or predicted. The line stability against uplift provided by minimum
soil cover left after erosion. Minimum depth of cover under the lowest points of river profile
is recommended to be H=1.5m.

Type B Erosion of 1.5m detected or predicted. The line stability against uplift is provided by concrete
coating or concrete weight cast in-situ. Soil covering the concrete to be 1.5m thick at the
lowest points of river profile.

Type C Erosion larger than 1.5m could occur. The line stability against uplift is provided by concrete
coating or concrete weight cast in-situ. The concrete is protected by gabions 0.4m thick.
The soil cover above the gabions to be equal to the erosion depth predicted.

Type D Solid rock river bed which is not susceptible to erosion. The line is laid in trench and stability
assured by concrete cast in-situ. The concrete is protected by gabions 0.4m thick

1) Cover Depth for stability

Force acting on the pipeline Direction Symbol

Self weight of pipe down Qe
Weight of pipe content down Qc
Mass of wet soil displaced up Qb
Mass of wet soil above pipeline down Qn

Qb

H
Min H

Qn

Qe+Qc

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Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Design Factor (dfe) for bouyancy dfe 1.5
Pipeline bouyancy Qbu Qbu=Qn+Qe+Qc N/m 376.94
Minimum depth of cover H(min) H(min)=(1.5Qbu-Qe-Qc)/(De*xw) m 0.063

Test of recommended depths Depth (m) Test Result

Type O 1 DOC>=H(min) PASS
Type A 1.5 DOC>=H(min) PASS
Type B 1.5 DOC>=H(min) PASS
Type D as required as required

2) Continuous Concrete Coating

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Design Factor (dfe) for bouyancy dfe 1.5
refer concrete weight calc
Submerged mass of concrete Wc Wc=((De+2*Dc)^2-De^2)*PI()/4*Ccs below

Pipeline bouyancy Qbu Qbu=Qn+Qe+Wc N/m

Dc=(((Qbu-Qe-Qc)*(4/pi()
Concrete coating thickness (min) Dc *Ccs)+De^2)^0.5-De)/2 mm 21.92
Minimum depth of cover H(min) H(min)=(1.5Qbu-Qe-Qc)/(De*xw) m 0.063

Test of recommended Recommended

Test Result
Concrete Coating Thickness Thickness
Design Check, Concrete Recommended Thickness
100 PASS
Coating > Dc(min)

Concrete Set-on or Bolt-on Weights

Item Symbol Formula Unit Calculated Value

Mass of Concrete Weights Wc Wc=((De+2*Dc)^2-De^2)*PI()/4*Ccs kg/m pipe 37
Mass of Concrete Weights Spacing at 2m Centres kg each 37
Mass of Concrete Weights Spacing at 3m Centres kg each 55
Mass of Concrete Weights Spacing at 4m Centres kg each 73
Mass of Concrete Weights Spacing at 5m Centres kg each 91
Mass of Concrete Weights Spacing at 6m Centres kg each 110

Summary & Recommendations

The following recommendations are made to assure the stability of the pipeline in wet areas:

1) Area type O, minimum depth of cover to be 1.0m to the lowest point on the wet area profile.
2) Area type A, minimum depth of cover to be 1.5m to the lowest point on the wet area profile.
3) Area type B, minimum depth of cover to be 1.5m to the lowest point on the wet area profile.
pipeline to continuously concrete coated, with concrete 100mm thick minimum for full extent of area.
Alternately apply concrete set on weights of mass and spacing as prescribed in the table above.
4) Area type C, as per area type B, plus install Gabions 0.4m thick on top of the concrete coating.
Minimum depth of cover to be equal or greater than maximum predicted erosion.
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5) Area type D, as per area type B, plus install Gabions minimum 0.4m thick on top of trench.

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SECTION 7
CONCLUSION
The following is a summary of the findings of each section:

The forces required to fully restrain (anchor) the ends of the pipeline and prevent axial movement have been
calculated. Due to the wide temperature range of operation of the pipeline, the anchor force required is large
(1298 kN). It is recommended that the pipeline ends not be anchored, but left unrestrained and the above ground
connecting pipework be designed to accommodate the movements expected at the end of the pipeline.

The movements at the end of the unrestrained pipeline have been calculated. The movement at the pipeline
ends is directly dependent upon the depth of burial of the pipeline. It is recommended that to limit the total
displacement required to be accomodated by the above ground pipework, that the ends of the pipeline be buried
to a depth of 2m. To ensure a reduction in the displacement at the end of the pipeline, the depth of burial must
be increased for a distance equivalent to the virtual anchor length at that depth, a distance of 97.3m

The minimum bend radius required to ensure integrity of bent sections of the pipeline are as follows:
1) Min. bend radius of cold formed bends (field bends) or induction bends, Radius=25D, 10.15m
2) Min. bend radius of elastic bends (roped bends) Radius= 900D, 365.4 m

0
0

The following bend radii are recommended for stability of the pipeline within the trench:
1) Minimum bend radius for vertical bends, from 2m depth, Radius= 48D, 25.00m
2) Minimum bend radius for horizontal bends Radius= 38D, 20.00m
3) Minimum bend radius for horizontal bends buried in an embankment Radius=38D, 20.00m
4) Minimum bend radius for horizontal bends buried in rock , stable for all Radii.

The two approaches, integrity and stability, yield different results, therefor the most conservative of the two
must be used for pipeline construction. Note minimum bend radius as prescribed by ASME B31.8 Cl 841.231
dictates that cold field bends must be greater than 30D.

The following recommendations are made to assure the stability of the pipeline in wet areas:

1) Area type O, minimum depth of cover to be 1.0m to the lowest point on the wet area profile.

2) Area type A, minimum depth of cover to be 1.5m to the lowest point on the wet area profile.

3) Area type B, minimum depth of cover to be 1.5m to the lowest point on the wet area profile.
pipeline to continuously concrete coated, with concrete 100mm thick minimum for full extent of area.
Alternately apply concrete set on weights of mass and spacing as prescribed in the table above.

4) Area type C, as per area type B, plus install Gabions 0.4m thick on top of the concrete coating.
Minimum depth of cover to be equal or greater than maximum predicted erosion.

5) Area type D, as per area type B, plus install Gabions minimum 0.4m thick on top of trench.

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SECTION 8
REFERENCES
1 ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING, Appendix VII. Non-Mandatory procedures for the design of restrained
underground piping

2 ASME B31.8 Gas transmission and distribution piping systems

3 Goodling E. Restrained underground piping - Some practical aspects of analysis and design. Third US
conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, ASCE, Los Angeles, August 22-24, 1991

4 Nyman Kenneth J. Soil response against oblique motion of pipes, Journal of Transportation Engineering
Vol. 110, N02, March 1984, ASCE

5 Lignon J.B. & Mayer G.R., Frictikon resistance of buried pipeline coating studied. Pipeline coating studied
Pipeline and Gas Journal, February 1975.

6 Liang - Chuan Peng, Stress analysis methods for underground pipelines, Part 1 (11), Pipeline Industry,
April 1978 (May 1978).

7 Philippe Regnaud & Christian Allain, Converting pipelines to hot product transportation, Technology,
May 26, 1984, Oil and Gas Journal.

8 Spengler M.G., Stresses in pressure pipelines and protective casing pipes, Journal of Structural Division
Proceedings of ASCE, September 1956.

9 Trautmann C.H. - O'Rourke T.D., Lateral force displacement response of buried pipe, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 111, No.9, September 1985.

10 Bin C. Yen & Glenn D.Tofani, Soil stress assessment can prevent corrosion, reduce pipeline coating
damage, Technology, August 26, 1985, Oil and Gas Journal.

11 McAllister, E.W., Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook

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