MODERN PHYSICS 1

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Photons The number of photons emitted per seconds is
1. Photon of frequency v has a momentum associated with it.
If c is the velocity of light, the momentum is Total power 50
   1.5  1020
Energy of each photon 33 1020
v
(a) (b) hvc 4. What will be the relation between wavelength of photon
c
and electron of same energy?
hv hv (a)  ph   e (b)  ph   e
(c) (d)
c2 c
Ans. (d) (c)  ph   e (d) none of these.

Sol. Energy of a photon E = hv ......(i) Ans. (a)

Also E = pc ........ (ii) Sol. For the same energy, the momentum of the electron is more
where p is the momentum of a photon than that of the photon, i.e.,  p e  p ph
From (i) and (ii), we get h
The wavelength of the electron is   e 
hv pe
hv  pc or p 
c
h
2. If filament is heated, then it emits : The wavelength of the photon is   ph 
p ph
(a) proton (b) photon
(c) electron (d)   particle As p e  p ph therefore,  ph   e
Ans. (b) 5. The relationship between energy of a photon and its
Sol. When  an electric current flows in a bulb the filament of the wavelength
bulb is heated and emits photons. (a) Energy is directly proprotional to wavelength
The photon teleased by the filament lies in the visible range (b) Energy is inversely proprotional to wavelength
of the electromagnettc spectrum. (c) Energy is independent of wavelength
We say this emitting of the photon as light. Hence Option (d) None of the above.
(b) is correct.
Ans. (b)
The partlcles like - electrons, protons, and alpha are never
released by the filament. hc
Sol. The energy of a photon, E 
3. A 200 W sodium street lamp emitsyellow light of wavelength 
0.6 µm. Assuming it to be 25% efficient in converting
1
electrical energy to light, the number of photons of yellow E

light it emits per second is
19 20 Therefore, energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.
(a) 3 × 10 (b) 1.5 × 10
18 20 Matter Waves
(c) 6 × 10 (d) 62 × 10
Ans. (b) 6. The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule of thermal energy
kBT (kB = Boltzmann constant and T = absolute temperature),
Sol. Given - Power (P) = 200 W and wavelength ()  0.6µm
is
The amount of energy converted into the light is 25%
The energy of a photon in a yellow light is given by h h
(a)   (b) 2mk B T
2mk B T
hc 6.626 1034  3 108
E  6
 33 1020 J
 0.6 10 h
The energy radiated in the form of light (c) h 2mk B T (d)
4m 2 k 2B T 2
25
 200   50 watt
100
MODERN PHYSICS 2

Ans. (b) h h
Now,   
mv P
Sol. Kinetic Energy = K B T
Since, P1  P2   1   2  
h
de-Broglie wavelength,   9. For which of the following particles will it be most difficult
m
to experimentally verify the de-Broglie relationship?
h (a) an electron (b) a proton

2  m  (K.E)
(c) an -particle (d) a dust particle
h Ans. (d)

2m K BT Sol. For a dust particle if we consider its mass

7. The de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m moving m ~ 1g  106 103 kg

with a kinetic energy E is
 109 kg
h h
(a) (b) If we consider it to be moving at 1 cm/s ~ 0.01 m/s.
2mE 2mE
Then its de-Broglie wavelength is given as
h h
(c) (d) h h 6.63  10 34
2mE 2mE    9  6.63  1023 m
p mv 10  10 2
Ans. (b)
In such cases where mass of a moving particle is significant
Sol. Kinetic Energy = E
than its de-Broglie wavelength is so low that experimentally
h it cannot be determined.
de-Broglie Wavelength,  
m 10. If elements with principal quantum number n > 4 were not
allowed in nature, the number of possible elements would
h be :
 
2  m  K.E (a) 60 (b) 32
(c) 4 (d) 64
h
 Ans. (a)
2 mE
Sol. No. of electron that can accommodate in nth shell = 2n2
8. After Absorbing a slowly moving neutron of mass m N
Total number of elements
(momentum ~ 0) a nucleus of mass M beaks into two nuclei
= 2(1)2 + 2(2)2 + 2(3)2 + 2(4)2= 60
of masses m1 and 5m1 (6m1 = M + mN), respectively. If the
Bohr’s Atomic Model and Atomic Collisions
de–Broglie wavelength of the nucleus with mass m1 is , then
11. The wavelengths involved in the spectrum of deuterium
de–Broglie wavelength of the other nucleus will be
(a) 25  (b) 5   D  are slightly different from that of hydrogen spectrum,
2
1

because
(c) /5 (d) 
(a) sizes of the two nuclei are different
Ans. (d)
(b) nuclear forces are different in the two cases
Sol. Since initial momentum of the system is Pi = 0 (c) masses of the two nuclei are different
Hence, final momentum will also be Pf = 0 (d) attraction between the electron and the nucleus is
From coservation of momentum. different in the two cases.
Now, let momentum of two nuclei produced be P1 and P2. Ans. (c)
Then, both momentum will be opposite to each other and P1 Sol. Masses of H1 and 1D 2 are different. Hence the
1
= P2 in magnitude.
corresponding wavelengths are different.
MODERN PHYSICS 3

12. Formation of covalent bonds in compounds exibits  Energy required = 30.6eV

(a) wave nature of electron 16. Suppose an electron is attracted towards the origin by a
(b) particle nature of electron force k/r, where k is a constant and r is the distance of the
electron from the origin. By applying Bohr model to this
(c) both wave and particle nature of electron th
system, the radius of the n orbital of the electron is found
(d) none of the above to be rn and the kinetic energy of the electron to be Tn. Then
Ans. (a) which of the following is true.
Sol. Covalent bonds are the type of bonding nature of atoms 1
which involves the sharing of elecrons with different (a) Tn  , rn  n 2
n2
compounds to from its octet or duplet.
Bond formation is always due to ourlapping or orbital, orbital (b) Tn is independent of n, rn  n
represent distribution of electrons which is wave concept
proposed by de-Broglie. 1
(c) Tn  , rn  n
13. The surface a metal is illuminated with the light of 400 nm. n
The kientic energy of the ejected photoelectrons was found
1
to be 1.68 eV. The work function of the metal is (hc = 1240 (d) Tn  , rn  n 2
n
eV–nm)
Ans. (b)
(a) 3.09 eV (b) 1.42 eV
Sol. We know that the force on the electron is centripetal in
(c) 1.51 eV (d) 1.68 eV nature.
Ans. (b)
K mv 2
Sol. The wavelength of light illuminating the photoelectric f  
r r
surface = 400 nm.
k
1240 eV nm v
i.e., hv  400 nm
 3.1eV m
Now, from Bohr’s model its angular momentum is given by.
Max. kinetic energy of the electrons = 1.68 eV
nh
nv  W  kinetic energy L  mvr 
2

 W , the work function = nv - kinetic energy nh

r as v is constant
2 mv
= 3.1 – 1.68 eV = 1.42 eV
14. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionize the hydrogen atom, rn
then the energy required to remove an electron from n = 2 is
For T
(a) 10.2 eV (b) zero 1 2
(c) 3.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV T mv
2
Ans. (c)
But v is independent of n
13.6 13.6
Sol. E n  2  E 2   3.4eV  T is independent of n
n (2)2
2+
15. If the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is 17. Energy required for the electron excitation in Li from the
13.6 eV, the energy required to remove the electron from the first to the third Bohr orbit is
2+
first excited state of Li is
(a) 36.3 eV (b) 108.8 eV
(a) 30.6 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(c) 3.4 eV (d) 122.4 eV (c) 122.4 eV (d) 12.1 eV
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
 Z2 E 0  (3)2  13.6
E
Sol. Energy 2     30.6 eV
n2 (2) 2
MODERN PHYSICS 4

13.6 Z2 20. If an electron has, orbital angular momentum quantum

Sol. Using, E n   eV
n2 number l = 7, then it will have an orbital angular momentum
Here, Z = 3 (For Li )
++ equal to

 h   h 
13.6 (3) 2 (a) 7   (b) 42  
 E1   eV  2   2 
(1)2
 h   h 
(c) 7  (d) 56  
E1   122.4 eV  2   2 
Ans. (d)
13.6  (3) 2 Sol. If angular momentum quantum Number = 7
and E 3    13.6 eV
(3)2  n  7 (7  1)  56

E  E3  E1   13.6  122.4  108.8eV nh h

So, L   56
2 2
18. An electron makes transition inside a hydrogen atom. The
21. The ratio of the energies of the hydrogen atom in the first to
orbital angular momentum of the electron may change by
the second excited state
h (a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
(a) h (b)
6 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
Ans. (d)
h h
(c) (d) Sol. Energy of electron in H 2 atom
2 4
Ans. (c) 13.6
E eV
Sol. According to Bohr’s theory, n2
st
nh In 1 excited state, n = 2
Angular Momentum of electron L  nd
2 excited state, n = 3
2
So, during transition, L will change by a value which is E2 9
 
h E3 4
integral Multiple of .
2 22. In Bohr’s Model of hydrogen atom. The ratio between the
19. An electron in the ground state of hydrogen has an angular period of revolution of an electron in orbit of n = 1 to the
momentum L1, and an electron in the first excited state of period of revolution of the electron in the orbit n = 2
lithium has an angular momentum L2. (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(a) L1 = L2 (b) L1 = 4L2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 8
(c) L2 = 2L1 (d) L1 = 2L2 Ans. (d)
Ans. (c) 2 r
Sol. Since the period, T  and r  n 2
Sol. In the ground state, 

h 1
n  1 so, L1  v
2 n

st 2h  T  n3
In l excited state, L 2 
2
So required Ratio = 1 : 8
so, L 2  2L1
MODERN PHYSICS 5
23. The ratio of areas between the electron orbits for the first hC
excited state to the ground state for the hydrogen atom is  EB  EA ........ (2)
2
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 4 : 1
(c) 8 : 1 (d) 16 : 1 hC
&  EC  EA ........(3)
Ans. (d) 3

Sol. Area of orbits =  r 2 So equation

r  n2 (1) + (2) = Eq. 3

1  1
 Area  n 4   
1  2  3
In first excited state, n = 2
and ground state, n = 1 1  2
3 
so required Ratio = 16 : 1 1   2
24. The kinetic energy of an electron in the first orbit of H atom
26. The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of Lyman series
is 13.6 eV. The total energy of an electron in the second orbit to the first line of Balmer series is
+
of He is
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 5 : 27
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 3.4 eV
(c) 27 : 20 (d) 20 : 27
(c) –13.6 eV (d) –3.4 eV
Ans. (b)
Ans. (c)
Sol. Required Ratio is
2
13.6 Z (n  2)
Sol. Total energy  1 1 
n2 z2 13.6  2  2  3
B 1 2   4

E   13.6 eV L 1 1 5
13.6  2  2 
25. Energy levels A, B, C of a certain atom correspond to 2 3  36
increasing values of energy i.e., EA < EB < EC. If 1,2,3, are
the wavelengths of radiations corresponding to the 3 36
transitions C to B, B to A and C to A respectively, which of Required Ratio  
4 5
the following statements is correct ?
C 3 9
 
B
1 5

 B 27
A   L : B = 5:27
L 5
1 2
(a) 3 = 1 + 2 (b) 3 =   
1 2
27. The wavelength of the first line of Lyman series of hydrogen
2 2 2
(c) 1 + 2 + 3= 0 (d) 3 = 1 + 2 is 1216 Å. The wavelength of the second line of the same
series will be
Ans. (b) (a) 912 Å (b) 1026 Å
(c) 3648 Å (d) 6566 Å
Sol. According to given diagram,
Ans. (b)
hC
 EC  E B .....(1) hc 1 1  3
1 Sol.   13.6  2  2   13.6  4
l 1 2 
MODERN PHYSICS 6

hc 4ze2 Ze 2  1 
1 1  8 or r0    
 13.6  2  2   13.6  40 mv 2 0 v 2  m 
2 1 3  9

0
1
or r0 is proportional to  
2 3 9 1026 A m
    2  0
1 4 8 (1  1216 A) Photoelectric Effect
30. Light of two different frequencies whose photons have
28. Electrons accelerated by potential V are diffracted from a
crystal. If d = 1 Å and i = 30°, V should be about energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV successively illuminate a metal of
–34 –31 –19 work function 0.5 eV. The ratio of the maximum speeds of the
(h = 6.6 × 10 J.s, me = 9.1 × 10 kg, e = 1.6 × 10 C)
emitted electrons will be
(a) 2000 V (b) 50 V
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 500 V (d) 1000 V
Ans. (b) (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
o Ans. (c)
Sol. For electron diffration, d = 1A, i  30º

i.e., grazing angle   60º , h  6.6  1034 Js 1

Sol. h  W0  m 2
2
me  9.1  1031 kg, e  1.6  1019 C
Bragg’s equation of X-rays, which is also used in electron (h  w 0 )  2
diffraction gives  
m
n  2d sin 
o (1  0.5)  1.6  10 19  2
2  1 (A)  sin 60º So, 1 
  (assuming first order) m
1
o
  3A (2.5  0.5)  1.6  1019  2
2 
m
(12.27  1010 )
V
3  1010
1 0.5 1
  
h 2 2 2

2meV
31. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength
V = 50.18 Volt = 50 V
 of the light falling on the cathode is gradually changed. The
1 plate current I of photocell varies as follows
29. An alpha nucleus of energy mv2 bombards a heavy
2
nuclear target of change Ze. Then the distance of closest
approach for the alpha nucleus will be proportional to
2
(a) (b)
(a) v (b) 1/m

1 1
(c) (d)
v4 Ze
Ans. (b)
(c) (d)
Sol. For Closest approach, kinetic energy is converted into
potential energy
Ans. (d)
1 1 q1q 2 1 (Ze) (2e)
 mv2  
2 40 r0 4 0 r0
MODERN PHYSICS 7
Sol. 34. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3 eV and 4.5 eV
hv respectively. Then the ratio of the wavelengths is nearest to
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 4 : 1
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
Ans. (c)

hc
For photoelectric effect at cathode we use Sol. Work function 

hc
hv     KE max
 hc

work function
hc
As     and KE max 

 Na 4.5 2
At lesser KE of ejected electrons the circuit current reduces.  
 Cu 2.3 1
32. The work function of a metal in 4 eV. For the emission of
photoelectrons of zero velocity from the metal surface, the 35. Two identical, photocathodes receive light of frequencies f1
wavelength of the incident radiation should be and f2. If the velocities of the photoelectrons (of mass m)
(a) 1700 Å (b) 2700 Å coming out are respectively v1 and v2, then
(c) 3100 Å (d) 5900 Å 1/ 2
2h  2h 
Ans. (c)
2
(a) v  v 
1
2
2 f1  f 2  (b) v1  v 2   m  f1  f 2  
m  
1 1/ 2
Sol. h  W0  m 2 2h  2h 
2 2 2
(c) v1  v2   f1  f 2  (d) v1  v2   m  f1  f 2 
m  
If   0 Ans. (a)
Sol. For photoelectric effect, according to Einstein’s equation.
hc
 W0  h 
 Kinetic energy of emitted electron = hf - (work function  )

6.63  10 34  3  108 1

  mv12  hf1  
4  1.6  10 19 2

1
 3.1  107 m mv22  hf2  
2
33. Photons of frequency v fall on a metal surface for which the
1
threshold frequency is v0. Then,  m (v12  v 22 )  h (f1  f 2 )
2
(a) All ejected electrons have the same kinetic energy h(v – v0)
(b) the ejected electrons have a distribution of kinetic energy 2h
 v12  v22  (f1  f 2 )
from zero to h(v – v0) m
(c) the most energetic electrons have kinetic energy hv 36. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. The longest
(d) the average kinetic energy of ejected electrons is hv0. wavelength of light that can cause photoelectron emission
Ans. (b) from this substance is approximately
(a) 540 nm (b) 400 nm
Sol. K.E. of emitted electrons  h  h0
(c) 310 nm (d) 220 nm
Since, electrons emitted from inner orbits will have higher
work function, so they will be emitted with gradually less
K.E.
MODERN PHYSICS 8

Ans. (c)

Current (i)
Current (i)
Let  m  Longest wavelength of light

(c) (d)
hc
   (work function)
m Intensity (I) Intensity (I)

Ans. (c)
34 8
hc (6.63  10 )  (3  10 ) Sol. Since Intensity of light is directly proportional to photo
 m  
 4.0  1.6  1019 electric current.
39. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The
or  m  310 nm wavelength  of the light falling on the cathode is gradually
37. The threshold frequency for a metallic surface corresponds changed. The plate current I of the photocell varies as follows
to an energy of 6.2 eV and the stopping potential for a
radiation incident on this surface is 5 V. The incident radiation
lies in
(a) (b)
(a) ultra-violet region (b) infra-red region
(c) visible region (d) X-rays region
Ans. (a)
Sol. For photo-electron emission,
(c) (d)
(Incident energy E) = (K.E.)max + (Work function  )

or E   KE max   Ans. (b)

or E = 5 + 6.2 = 11.2 eV Sol. Let Current be I and intensity be Iint
Each photon gives rise to one photoelectron. Also, intensity
 11.2  (1.6  1019 ) J
is proportional to incident photons and energy of each
hc photon.
  11.2  1.6  10 19

Hence I  I int

(6.63  10 34 )  (3  108 ) Iint  E

or   m
11.2  1.6  10 19
Energy of a photon, E = hc/
o  I 1/ 
or   1110  10 10 m  1110 A
X-Rays
The incident radiation lies in ultra violet region. 40. The production of characteristic X–rays is due to–
38. Which one of the following graphs represents correctly the (a) transfer of momentum in collision of electrons with the
variation of photoelectric current (i) with intensity (I) of target atom
incident radiations (b) transfer of energy in collision of electrons with the target
atom
(c) the transition of electrons in heavy target atoms from
Current (i)
Current (i)

high to low energy level

(d) none of these
(a) (b) Ans. (c)
Intensity (I) Intensity (I) Sol. Characteristic X–rays corresponds to the transition of
electrons from one shell to another.
MODERN PHYSICS 9
44. On operating an X–ray tube at 1 kV. X–rays of minimum
41. The KX–ray emission line of tungsten occurs at  = 0.021 wavelength 6.22 Å are produced. If the tube is operated at
nm. The energy difference between K and L levels in this 10 kV, then the minimum wavelength of X–rays produced
atoms is about : will be
(a) 0.51 MeV (b) 1.2 MeV (a) 0.622 Å (b) 6.22 Å
(c) 59 keV (d) 13.6 eV (c) 3.11 Å (d) 62.2 Å
Ans. (c) Ans. (a)
hc 1242eV  nm 1  1
Sol. E =  = 59 keV 
 0.021nm Sol. min  so min = 0.622 Å
V 6.2 2 1 0
42. The wavelength of K line for an element of atomic number
45. In a hydrogen like atom electron makes transition from an
43 is . Then the wavelength of K line for an element of
atomic number 29 is :– energy level with quantum number n to another with quantum
number (n – 1). If n >> 1, the frequency of radiation emitted
(a) (43/29)  (b) (42/28) 
is proportional to :
(c) (9/4)  (d) (4/9) 
Ans. (c) 1 1
(a) (b)
n n2
1 2 1 1 
Sol.   R(Z  1)  n2  n2 
 1 2  1 1
(c) 4 (d)
For K line, n1 =1, n2 = 2 n n3

1 Ans. (d)
1 1  2 3
 R(43  1)2  2  2   R  42    ...(i) and Sol. In a hydrogen like atom, when an electron makes an transition
 1 2  4
from an energy level with n to n –1, the frequency of emitted
1 1 1  2 3 radiation is
 R(29  1)2  2  2   R  28    ...(ii)
 1 2  4
 1 1 
 9 9 f  RcZ 2  2
 2
Dividing eq. (i) by (ii), we get       (n  1) n 
 4 4
43. The wavelengths of K X–rays of two metals 'A' and 'B' are  n2  (n  1)2  RcZ2 (2n 1)
4 1  RcZ2  2 2
 2
and respectively, where 'R' is Rydbergg  (n ) (n  1)  n (n  1)2
1 8 75 R 67 5 R
constant. The number of elements lying between 'A' and 'B' As n > > 1
according to their atomic numbers is :
(a) 3 (b) 6 RcZ 2 2n 2RcZ 4 1
f   or f  3
(c) 5 (d) 4 n4 n3 n

Ans. (d) 46. Hydrogen (1H1), Deuterium (1H2), singly ionised Helium
(2He4)+ and doubly ionised lithium (3Li6)+ + all have one
1 1 1  electron around the nucleus. Consider an electron
Sol. = R(Z–1)2  n 2  n 2 
  1 2  transition from n = 2 to n = 1. If the wave lengths of emitted
For wavelength of K, n1 = 1 to n2 = 2 radiation are 1 ,   , 3 and  4 respecti vely then
1 87 5 R  1 approximately which one of the following is correct ?
= R (ZA–1)2 1   ...(i)
4  4

67 5 R  1 (a) 1  22  23  4 (b) 1   2  4 3  9 4

and = R[ZB–1]2 1   ...(ii)
1  4
(c) 1  22  33  44 (d) 41  22  23  4
By solving eq. (i) & (ii) we get
Ans. (b)
ZA = 26 and ZB = 31
[Four elements lie between these two]
MODERN PHYSICS 10

Sol. For a given transition n 2  n1 , the wavelength emitted 1 1 1

Sol. R 2  2
can be given as :  2 n 

1 1 1  1
 RZ2  2  2  1
 R 2 n  
 n1 n 2   MIN 2 
As n2 = 2 and n1 = 1 for all
1 1 1
R  22  32   n  3
1  MAX  
 
Z2
1 2
For 1H and 1H we take Z = 1 5
 MIN
 1   2   36
 MAX 1
4 +
and for (2He ) Z = 2 4

1 5
 3  
4 9
6 +2
and for (3Li ) Z = 3
50. The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen like
1 atom results in ultraviolet radiation. Infrared radiation will
 4  be obtained in the transition
9
(a) 2  1 (b) 3  2
 1   2  43  9 4
(c) 4  2 (d) 5  4
47. The absorption transition between the first and the fourth
energy states of hydrogen atom are 3. The emission Ans. (d)
transitions between these states will be Sol. h1  E 4  E 3
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6  13.6   13.6 
 
 16   9 
Ans. (d)

n (n  1)  7 
Sol. Emission transitions  6 h1  13.6 
2 144 
48. Which of the following transitions in the hydrogen atom So for infrared radiatons energy released should be less as
emit the photon of highest frequency ? they have less frequency than U.V radiation so (d) is correct.
(a) n = 2 to n = 6 (b) n = 6 to n = 2 51. Which of the following atoms has the lowest ionization
(c) n = 1 to n = 2 (d) n = 2 to n = 1 potential ?

Ans. (d) (a) 147 N (b) 133

55 Cs

 1 1  (c) 40
Ar (d) 16
O
Sol.    n 2  n 2  18 8

 1 2 
Ans. (b)
For Emitting of photon, transition should be from higher to Sol. 133
55Cs has the lowest ionization potential. Of the four atoms
lower orbit.
given, Cs has the largest size. Electrons in the outer most
49. The ratio of minimum to maximum wavelength in Balmer orbit are at large distance from nucleus in a large-size atom.
series is Hence the ionization potential is the least.
(a) 5 : 9 (b) 5 : 36
(a) 1 : 4 (d) 3 : 4
Ans. (a)
MODERN PHYSICS 11
52. A hydrogen atom emits a photon corresponding to an
electron transition from n = 5 to n = 1. The recoil speed of 1
v3   v1  v2
hydrogen atom is almost 22
–4 –1 –2 –1
(a) 10 ms (b) 2 × 10 ms Atomic Nuclei and its properties
–1 2 –1
(c) 4 ms (d) 8 × 10 ms 54. In 88Ra226 nucleus, there are
Ans. (c) (a) 138 protons and 88 neutrons
Sol. During transition from n = 5 to n = 1 (b) 138 neutrons and 88 protons
Energy of photon released (c) 226 protons and 88 electrons
(d) 226 neutrons and 138 electrons
 13.6   13.6 
 2   2  Ans. (b)
 5   1 
Sol. No. of protons = 88
24 No. of Neutron’s = 226-88 = 138
  13.6  eV
25 55. 1 a.m.u. equals
–27 –27
so, by principle of conservation of linear momentum. (a) 1.67 × 10 g (b) 1.67 × 10 kg
–29 27
  (c) 1.67 × 10 g (d) 1.67 × 10 g
 E
 Pphoton    P photon  P Hyd.atom Ans. (b)
C
Sol. By definition
24 56. Density D of nuclear matter varies with nucleon number A as
13.6   1.6  1019
 E 25 (a) D  A
3
(b) D  A
2
 Photon    m
C 3  108 (c) D  A (d) D  A
0

Ans. (d)
v  4m/s
1
53. Let v1 be the frequency of the series limit of the Lyman Sol. Since Radius of nucleus, R  A 3
series, v2 be the frequency of the first line of the Lyman
series, and v3 be the frequency of the series limit of the So, Volume  A
Balmer series.
 and Mass  A
(a) v1 – v2 = v3 (b) v2 – v1 = v3
1 and So, Density  A0
(c) v3 = (v + v ) (d) v1 + v2 = v3
2 1 2
Ans. (a) 57. The net force between two nucleons 1 fm apart is F1 if both
are protons, F2 if both are neutrons, and F3 if one is a neutron
Sol. Series Limit frequency is the frequency needed to transit and the other is a proton.
electron out from atom
(a) F1 < F2 < F3 (b) F2 < F1 < F3
So, n 2   (c) F1 < F2 = F3 (d) F1 = F2 < F3
Ans. (c)
 1 1
So,    2  2  Sol. Since force between proton is Repulsive (electro static) as
 n1 n 2 
well as attractive (Nuclear)
While that between 2 neutrons and between 1 neutron and
1
so, 1  1 proton is only nuclear
12
so, F1  F2  F3
1 1
v2  
12 22
MODERN PHYSICS 12

58. If radius of the 27

13 Al nucleus is estimated to be 3.6 fermi, Ans. (a)
125 Sol. Mass defect = [3 × 1.007277 + 4 × 1.008665 – 7.016005]
then the radius of 52 Te nucleus be nearly
= 3.021831 + 4.03466 – 7.016005
(a) 6 fermi (b) 8 fermi = 0.040486 amu.
(c) 4 fermi (d) 5 fermi 17
62. If M0 is the mass of an oxygen isotope 8O , Mp and and Mn
Ans. (a) are the masses of a proton and a neutron, respectively, the
1 nuclear binding energy of the isotope is
Sol. R is proportional to A 3 where A is mass number,, 2 2
(a) (Mo – 8Mp)c (b) (Mo – 8Mp – 9Mn)c
1 2 2
27 (c) Mo c (d) (Mo – 17 Mn)c
3.6  R 0 (27) 3  3R 0 , for 13 Al
Ans. (b)
1
3 125
Again R = R 0 (125) , for Te
52
Sol. Binding energy = [ZM P  (A  Z) M N  M] c 2
(3.6)
 R  5  6 fermi
3  [8MP  (17  8) M N  M O ]c 2

59. The binding energy per nucleon of deuteron  H

2
1 and
 (8M P  9M N  M O ) c2
helium nucleus  4
2 
He is 1.1 MeV and 7 MeV respectively..
[But the option given is negative of this].
If two deuteron nuclei react to form a single helium, nucleus
63. The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is
then the energy released is
(a) 13.9 MeV (b) 26.9 MeV (a) absorb the dangerous gamma radiation
(c) 23.6 MeV (d) 19.2 MeV (b) react with the nuclear fuel to release energy
Ans. (c) (c) provide neutrons to the fission process
Sol. Total binding energy for (each deuteron) (d) slow down fast neutrons so as to have greater probability
 2  1.1  2.2 MeV for nuclear fission to occur
Ans. (d)
Total binding energy for helium = 4  7  28 MeV
Sol. Slow down fast neutrons so as to have greater probability
 Energy released = 28 – (2 × 2.2) for nuclear fission to occur.
= 28 – 4.4 = 23.6 MeV
64. The below is a plot of binding energy per nucleon Eb, against
60. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent nucleus is E1 the nuclear mass M; A, B, C, D, E, F correspond to different
and that for the daughter nuclei is E2. Then nuclei. Consider four reactions :
(a) E2 = 2E1 (b) E1 > E2 (i) A + B  C +  (ii) C  A + B + 
(c) E2 > E1 (d) E1 = 2E2 (iii) D + E  F +  and (iv) F  D + E + 
Ans. (c)
Sol. After decay, the daughter nuclei will be more stable, hence
binding energy per nucleon of daughter nuclei is more than
that of their parent nucleus.

Hence, E 2  E1
61. Li nucleus has three protons and four neutrons. Mass of Li where  is the energy released ? In which reactions is 
nucleus is 7.016005 amu. Mass of proton is 1.007277 amu. positive ?
and mass of neutron is 1.008665 amu. Mass defect of lithium
nucleus is amu is (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)
(a) 0.04048 amu (b) 0.4050 amu (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
(c) 0.04052 amu (d) 0.04055 amu Ans. (a)
MODERN PHYSICS 13

Sol. When two nucleons combine to form a third one, and energy Sol. 1 amu  931 MeV
is released, one has fusion reaction. If a single nucleus splits
into two, one has fission. The possibility of fusion is more 42 He4  8 O16 So for this conversation,
for light elements and fission takes place for heavy elements. Mass defect = 4 × 4.0026 – 15.9994 = 0.011 amu
Out of the choices given for fusion, only A and B are light So, E = 931 × 0.011 = 10.241 MeV
elements and D and E are heavy elements. Therefore A + B 68. The binding energy of deutron is 2.2 MeV and that of 2He4 is
 C +  correct. In the possibility of fission is only for F 28 MeV. If two deutrons are fused to form one 2He4, then the
and not C. Therefore F  D  E   is correct choice energy released is
(a) 19.2 MeV (b) 23.6 MeV
65. Mp denotes the mass of a proton and Mn denotes the mass
of a neutron. A given nucleus of B.E. B contains Z protons (c) 25.8 MeV (d) 30.2 MeV
and N neutrons. The mass M (N, Z) of the nucleus is given Ans. (b)
by (c is velocity of light)
Sol. 1H 2  1H 2  2 He4
(a) M (N, Z) = N Mn + ZMp – B/c2
(b) M (N, Z) = N Mn + ZMp + B/c2 Energy Released = 28 – 2 × 2.2
(c) M (N, Z) = N Mn + ZMp – Bc2 = 23.6 MeV
(d) M (N, Z) = N Mn + ZMp + Bc2 69. An atom bomb weighing 1 kg explodes releasing 9 × 1013
joule of energy. What percentage of mass is converted into
Ans. (a) energy ?
Sol. BE = mc2 (a) 1% (b) 2%
2
 BE   NM n  ZM p – M  A, Z   c (c) 0.1% (d) 10%
Ans. (c)
BE
  A – Z  M n  ZM p – M  A, Z  Sol. For conservation of mass into energy,
c2
E 9  1013
N  A– Z m   10 3 kg
C 2 (3  108 )
BE
 M  A, Z   ZM p – M  A – Z  M n – So fraction of mass converted into energy
c2
10 3
B   100  0.1%
M  A, Z  – ZM p  NM n – 1
c2
70. Consider the following reaction
N=A–Z
1 H 2  1 H 2 
 2 He4  Q
66. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent nucleus is E1
2 4
and that for the daughter nuclei is E2. Then If m (1H ) = 2.0141 u ; m (2He ) = 4.0024 u. The energy Q
(a) E1 > E2 (b) E2 > E1 released (in MeV) in this fusion reaction is
(c) E1 > 2 E2 (b) E2 = 2 E1 (a) 12 (b) 6
Ans. (b) (c) 24 (d) 48
Sol. Since daughter Nuclei is More Stable Ans. (c)
So, E 2  E1 Sol. Q  m  931 MeV
67. If a star can convert all the He nuclei completely into oxygen = (2.0141 × 2 – 4.0024) × 931
nuclei, the energy released per oxygen nucleus is [Mass of
He nucleus is 4.0026 amu and mass of Oxygen nucleus is = 0.0258 × 931
15.9994 amu] = 24 MeV
(a) 7.6 MeV (b) 56.12 MeV
(c) 10.24 MeV (d) 23.9 MeV
Ans. (c)
MODERN PHYSICS 14
236
71. Consider the fission reaction 92  X117  Y117  n  n
U  75. When 37 Li nuclei are bombarded by proton, and the resultant
i.e. two nuclei of same mass number 117 are found plus two
nuclei are 84 Be , the emitted particle will be
neutrons. The binding energy per nucleon of X and Y is 8.5
236
MeV whereas of U is 7.6 MeV. The total energy liberated (a) alpha particles (b) beta particles
is
(c) gamma photons (d) neutrons
(a) 2000 MeV (b) 200 MeV
Ans. (c)
(c) 20 MeV (d) 2 MeV
Ans. (b) Sol. 3 Li 7  1H1  4 Be8  Z X A

Sol. Total Energy Released = (8.5 × 117 + 8.5 × 117 – 236 × 7.6) Z for the unknown X nucleus = (3 + 1) – 4 = 0
= 195.4 MeV  200 MeV A for the unknown X nuclues = (7 + 1) – 8 = 0
Radioactivity Hence particle emitted has zero Z and zero A
m
72. A nucleus nX emits one alpha and two beta particles. The It is a gamma photon.
resulting nucleus is 76. Consider  particles,  particles and -rays, each having an
(a) n – 1Xm – 4 (b) n – 2Xm – 4 energy of 0.5 MeV. In increasing order of penetrating powers,
(c) n – 4Xm – 4 (d) n Xm – 4 the radiations are
Ans. (d) (a) , ,  (b) , , 

m 4
(c) , ,  (d) , , 
Sol. m
nX  n2X  2 He4  n X m  4  21 e0
Ans. (a)
73. 6
C12 absorbs an energetic neutron and emits a  particle. Sol.  -particles are essentially helium ions, and these are
The resulting nucleus is Massive and are Poorly penetrating.  -radiation are fast-
(a) 7N14 (b) 7N13 moving electrons, and these are slightly more penetrating
(c) 7B13 (d) 6C13 with respect to a-particles  -radiation are faster moving
particles, on the photonic scale. And these have the most
Ans. (b)
77. The graph between the instantaneous concentration (N) of
1 12 13 0
Sol. 0 n  6C  7 N  1 e a radioactive element and time (t) is

74. A nuclear transformation is denoted by X  n,    37 Li .

Which of the following is the nucleus of element X ? N N
12 10 (a) (b)
(a) 6 C (b) 5 B
t t
11
(c) 95 B (d) 4 Be
Ans. (b)
Sol. The nuclear transformation is given by N N
(c) (d)
A
Z X  10 n  24 He  37 Li
t t
According to conservation of mass number A + 1 = 4 + 7 Ans. (d)
or A = 10
Sol. N  N 0 et
According to conservation of charge number Z + 0  2 + 3
It shows that N decreases exponentially with time.
or Z = 5
78. The activity of a radioactive sample is measured as 9750
10 –1 –1
So the nucleus of the element be 5 B. counts (minute) at t = 0 and 975 counts (minute) at t = 5
minute. The decay constant is nearly
–1 –1
(a) 0.922 min (b) 0.691 min
–1 –1
(c) 0.461 min (d) 0.230 min
MODERN PHYSICS 15
Ans. (c) Fraction decayed  Time
81. A radioactive isotope has a half life T years. How long will it
dN take the activity to reduce to 1% of its original value ?
Sol. Activity   N
dt
(a) 3.2 T years (b) 4.6 T years
 ATQ  9750  N 0 and 975 = N (c) 6.6 T years (d) 9.2 T years

N0 - No. of nucleus at t = 0 Ans. (c)

Sol. Activity = N
N - No. of nucleus at t = 5

1 N 1
   e   5  ATQ, N   N 0
10 N 0 100

N 1
 1    e t  102
 log e     5 N 0 100
 10 
 t  2  2.303
2.303
    0.461 min 1
5 2T .  2.303
t
79. The half life of radon is 3.8 days. After how many days will 0.693

1 = 6.6 T
th of the radon sample remain behind
10 82. Half-lives of two radioactive substances A and B are
respectively 20 minutes and 40 minutes. Initially the samples
(a) 1.262 days (b) 12.62 days
of A and B have equal number of nuclei. After 80 minutes,
(c) 126.2 days (d) 1262 days the ratio of remaining numbers of A and B nuclei is
Ans. (b) (a) 1 : 16 (b) 4 : 1
Sol. N  N 0 et (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
Ans. (c)
N 1
  et  Sol. TA  20 Min In 80 min, it has 4 half lives
N0 10
TB  40 Min In 80 min, it has 2 help lives
1
 t  – log e  log e 10 4
10  1 NA 1
So, N A  N 0    
2 NB 4
2.303 log10 10
t  T1
0.693 2 2
 1
N B  N0  
= 12.62 days  2
80. A fraction f1 of a radioactive sample decays in one half life,
83. The half-life period of a radioactive substance is 5 min. The
and a fraction f2 decays in one mean life
amount of substance decayed in 20 min. will be
(a) f1 > f2
(a) 93.75% (b) 75%
(b) f1 < f2
(c) 25% (d) 6.25%
(c) f1 = f2 Ans. (a)
(d) Data insufficient to arrive at a conclusion
Sol. In 20 Min, No. of half-lives = 4
Ans. (b)
4
Sol. One mean life = 1.44 × one half  1 N0
So, N  N 0    
 2 16
So, mean life > Half life
MODERN PHYSICS 16

N0 11400
N0  Sol. No of half lives =  2.
16  100 5700
So, amount of substance decayed =
N0
2
N  1 1
[a] = 93.75 %      0.25
N0  2  4
84. Rn decays into Po by emitting an –particle with half life of 215
4 days. A sample contains 6.4 × 1010 atoms of Rn. After 12 87. The half life of At is 100 s. The time taken for the
days, the number of atoms of Rn left in the sample will be 215 1
10 10
radioactivity of a sample of At to decay to th of its
(a) 3.2 × 10 (b) 0.53 × 10 16
10
(c) 2.1 × 10 (d) 0.8 × 1010 initial value is
Ans. (d) (a) 400 s (b) 6.3 s
4
(c) 40 s (d) 300 s
Rn   Po (T1  4 days)
Sol. 2He
Ans. (a)
2

Sol. Activity  N
In 12 days No. of half lives = 3
n
3 N 1  1
 1    
So, N  N 0    N 0 16  2 
 2
So, no. of half lives = 4
1
 6.4  1010   0.8  1010
8 So Time = 4  100  400 s
88. In N0 is the original mass of the substance of half-life period
85. The half life of radium is about 1600 years. Of 100 g of radium t1/2 = 5yr, then the amount of substance left after 15 yr, is
existing now, 25 g will remain unchanged after
N0 N0
(a) 2400 yrs (b) 3200 yrs (a) (b)
8 16
(c) 4800 yrs (d) 6400 yrs
N0 N0
Ans. (b) (c) (d)
2 4
n Ans. (a)
 1
Sol. N  N 0    t 15
2 N  1 T  1  5  1  1
3

Sol.       
n n
N0  2  2
  2
  8
 1  1 1
 25  100       
 2  2 4 N0
 N
8
 No. of half lives = n = 2
66
89. Starting with a sample of pure Cu, 7/8 of it decays into Zn
So, t = 2 × 1600 = 3200 yrs
in 15 min. The corresponding half-life is
86. C14 has half life 5700 years. At the end of 11400 years, the
(a) 10 min (b) 15 min
actual amount left is
(a) 0.5 of original amount 1
(c) 5 min (d) 7 min
2
(b) 0.25 of original amount
Ans. (c)
(c) 0.125 of original amount
t
(d) none of the above
N  1 T
Ans. (b) Sol.  
N0  2 
MODERN PHYSICS 17
(b) Y will decay faster than X
15 15
3 (c) Y and X have same decay rate initially
1 1 1 1
T T
       (d) X and Y decay at same rate always.
8 2 2 2
Ans. (a)
15
  3  T  5 min .
T Sol. T1 , half life of X  Y , mean life of Y
2
90. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 20 min. The
approximate time interval (t2 – t1) between the time t2 when 2/
ln 2 1
3 of it has decayed and time t1 when 1/3 of it had decayed is    X   Y ln 2
X Y

(a) 14 min (b) 20 min X  Y

(c) 28 min (d) 7 min
 y
 A X  A 0 e  x ; A Y  A 0 e
Ans. (b)
X will decay faster than Y.
Sol. Number of undecayed atoms after time t 2 .
93. Radioactive element decays to form a stable nuclide, then
N0  dN 
 N 0 et2 ..........(i) the rate of decay of reactant   will vary with time (t)
3  dt 
as shown in figure
Number of undecayed atoms after time t1 ,
dN dN
dt dt
2
N 0  N 0 et1 ........(ii) (a) (b)
3
t t
Divinding (ii) by (i), we get
dN dN
2  e (t 2  t1 ) or ln 2   (t 2  t1 ) dt dt

(c) (d)
ln 2
or (t 2  t1 )  t t

Ans. (c)
As per question, t 1  half life time = 20 min Sol. Radioactive element decays to form a stable nuclide, then
2 the rate of decay of reactant is given by

N  N 0et
 ln 2 
 t 2  t1  20 min  t 1   N0 = Initial no. of nuclide.
 2  
This equation is equivalent to
91. Which of the following cannot be emitted by radioactive
y  aekx
substances during their decay ?
(a) Protons (b) Neutrinos Hence, the rate of decay of reactant is given by the graph
(c) Helium nuclei (d) Electrons of opion(c) which shows exponential decay.
Ans. (a)
Sol. Protons are not emitted during radioactive decay.
92. The half-life period of a radioactive element X is same as the
mean life time of another radioactive element Y. Initially they
have the same number of atoms. Then
(a) X will decay faster than Y
MODERN PHYSICS 18

94. If Nt = Noe – t then number of disintegrated atoms between

t1 to t2 ( t2 > t1) will be :–
 t2
(a) No [e  e t1 ] (b) No [–e t2  e – t1 ]
t1
(c) No [e  e – t 2 ] (d) None of these
Ans. (c)
Sol. N = N1 – N2  N 0 [e t1  e  t2 ]
95. The half life of a radioactive element is 30 days, in 90 days
the percentage of disintegrated part is :–
(a) 13.5 % (b) 46.5 %
(c) 87.5% (d) 90.15%
Ans. (c)
1
Sol. 90 days  3 half lives, left i.e. 12.5%
8
Disintegrated  100 – 12.5 = 87.5%