REVIEWER FOR GEN 001 Lesson Title: Writing a Story

Lesson Title: Establishing Communication

Narratives – its purpose is usually personal
COMMUNICATION - derived from the latin word
communication, and also sometimes creative or for
“communicare” which means to share. It is sharing
entertainment.
information between individuals.

Narrative Elements
The Communication Process
● Plot – sequence of events or actions of the
Sender – the first element of the communication characters that tells the story.
process. The sender The sender chooses their purpose, ○ Orientation - How the story starts, sets up the
crafts the message, and decides how to deliver it. story, and introduces the main character, setting

Message - It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, and conflicts.

etc. that is generated by the sender and needs to be ○ Rising Tension - A few events that build up the

imparted to someone. It can be oral, written, or verbal. conflict.

It is always associated with the channel. ○ Climax - Turning point in the story; event with

Encode – the creation of how the message will be most tension.

transferred to the recipient. The production of the ○ Falling Tension - A few events towards resolving

message. the conflict.

Channel – It is the means by which the message is sent. ○ Resolution - Usually a twist or an unexpected

Decode – means receiving, understanding, and ending. The way the problem is solved.

interpreting the meaning of the message. ● Conflict – the problem or the struggle between

Recipient – receives the message, interprets it for two opposing sides that needs to be solved.

understanding, and reacts to it. Problems characters must face.

○ Characters vs. Character
Response/feedback – Once the receiver confirms to the
○ Character vs. Self
sender that he has received the message and
○ Character vs. Society
understood it. The result of monitoring by the speaker
○ Character vs. Nature
of the recipient’s response.
● Characters – the individuals in the story.
Barrier – it is also known as noise. It refers to any
○ Characterization
distraction that is caused by the sender, message or
■ Speech
receiver during the process of communication. It
■ Action
distorts the message.
■ Appearance
★ A good communication process happens when the
■ Others
encoding and decoding process perfectly match
● Setting – time and place the story happens;
because the receiver perfectly understood what the
atmosphere and mood.
sender meant.
 ● Irony - it is used in a way where the intended
● Point of view – how the story is told – specifically meaning is different from the actual meaning of the
who tells the story. words.
○ First person POV – the story is told from a Example: A pilot has fear of heights.
character’s point of view using first person (I, Lesson Title: Communicating for a Purpose
Me).
○ Third person Limited POV – the story is told by Purposive communication – a flow of information or

one character’s point of view using third person. exchange of messages guided by an awareness of intent

(he, she, and it). and context.

○ Third person omniscient POV - the story is told by

Reasons why we communicate:
everyone’s point of view in third person.
● Inform – informative communication is sharing
● Theme – the big idea or general observations
knowledge in an objective and unbiased manner.
about human nature and life presented in the
● Persuade – persuasive communication is
story. Purpose of the story.
attempting to change the belief of others.
Literary Devices - A word or phrase used in a non-literal
● Narrate – narrative communication is sharing a
sense for rhetorical or vivid effect.
sequence of events, usually to tell how a
● Imagery - use of vivid descriptions to create clear
problematic situation is resolved.
images in our heads.
● Express emotion – affective communication is
Example: The wine sparkled in his eyes and the
sharing positive or negative feelings and options
bells tingled.
about things, events, ideas, and others.
● Symbolism - Use of an object to represent an idea
● Entertain and create – imaginative communication
greater than itself.
is making up ideas and stories.
Example: The dove is an example of peace.
● Tone - the attitude or the energy of the story Context:
Example: Angry, hopeful, tired, etc.
● Simile - it is used to make direct comparison with o Personal
the use of “as” and “like”. o Academic
Example: She walks very slow like a snail. o Business
● Metaphor - It used to make an implied comparison
Example: The curtain of night fell upon us. Skills:

● Hyperbole - It uses an extreme exaggeration to ● Verbal skills – listening comprehension, reading

make a point or show emphasis. comprehension, oral expression, written

Example: The bag weighed a ton. expression.

● Oxymoron - Two opposite ideas are joined ● Non-verbal skills – volume, tone, posture, facial

together to create an affect. expression, gestures, appearance, space and

Example: deafening silence, cruel kindness multimedia.

Lesson Title: Writing a Cohesive Paragraph

Paragraph – is a sequence of sentences all related to a Lesson Title: Subject-Verb Agreement

single topic. It consists of 5-6 sentences. 1 topic, 1 claim, Important English language conventions:

3 supporting evidence, and one conclusion ● Making subjects and verbs agree
● Using pronouns clearly
Steps in writing a paragraph ● Writing in Active Voice
● Proofreading for punctuations
1. Brainstorm and identify your topic
1. Making subjects and verbs agree
2. Decide on your claim - your opinion; main idea
● Subject and verb must agree in numbers
3. List the evidences that support your claim
➔ When the subject is composed of two or more
pronouns or nouns connected by and, use a
Lesson Title: Story Review
plural verb.
● Topic
Example: The manager and her assistant were…
○ Title of the Story
➔ When two or more singular nouns or pronouns
○ Author
are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb.
○ Brief Summary
Example: The manager or her assistant was...
● Claim
➔ When a compound subject contains both
○ How well did you like the story?
singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by
● Evidences
or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of
Specific Examples such as:
the subject that is nearer to the verb.
○ Elements of the story
Example: The manager or her members were…
- Characters
➔ Doesn’t is to singular (excepts I and You); don’t
- Plot
is to plural noun or pronoun
- Setting
➔ Disregard the phrase that comes between the
○ Theme
subject and verb.
○ Artistic Elements
Example: The manager, as well as his members,
was at the…
➔ Each, each one, either, neither, everyone,
everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody,
somebody, someone, and no one are singular
and require a singular verb.
Example: Everybody loves her.
➔ Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars,
measles, and news require singular verbs.
 Example: The news is troublesome. ● Comma to period - 2 separate clauses
➔ Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and ● Comma to semicolon
shears are two parts. Thus, it requires a plural 2. Fused Sentences
verb. ● Run-on sentence can be identified by putting a
Example: The scissors are on his desk. period
➔ “There” is not the subject. The verb should 3. Sentence Fragments
agree with the noun that follows. ● Dependent clause is treated as complete

Example: There are many questions. sentence

There is a question.
➔ Collective nouns imply more than one person
but it uses singular verbs.
Example: The family has...
➔ Expressions such as with, together with,
including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as
well do not change the number of the subject.
Example: The president, including the other
members, is...
2. Making pronouns and antecedents agree
● Use the correct pronoun so the reader clearly
understands which noun your pronoun is
referring to.
● Subject and verb must agree in numbers
➔ Singular noun = singular pronoun
● Subject and verb must agree in person
➔ Do not switch from first person to second
person
● Refer clearly to a specific noun
➔ Do not be vague or ambiguous with your noun
3. Active and passive voice
● Active voice - subject acts the verb
➔ Sherlock is eating the food.
● Passive voice - subject receives the verb
➔ The food was eaten by Sherlock.
Writer’s review tools
1. Comma Splices
● Use of comma between two independent clauses.