Building services 2

AR. Bhavin Vasani

Q.1) 1.Electricity is generated by natural gas, nuclear energy, and coal.
Electricity is also produced from renewable sources such as wind,
hydropower, solar power, biomass, wind, and geothermal.

Q.1) 2.
Ac current:
In alternating current, the electric charge flow changes its direction
periodically. AC is the most commonly used and most preferred electric
power for household equipment, office, buildings, etc. Alternating
current can be identified in a waveform called a sine wave. In other
words, it can be referred to as a curved line. These curved lines
represent electric cycles and are measured per second. The
measurement is read as Hertz or Hz. AC is used in powerhouses and
buildings because generating and transporting AC across long distances
is relatively easy. AC is capable of powering electric motors which are
used on refrigerators, washing machines, etc
Dc current:
Unlike alternating current, the flow of direct current does not change
periodically. The current electricity flows in a single direction in a steady
voltage. The major use of DC is to supply power to electrical devices
and also to charge batteries. Example: mobile phone batteries,
flashlights, flat-screen television and electric vehicles. DC has the
combination of a plus and a minus sign. Everything that runs on a
battery and uses an AC adapter while plugging into a wall or uses a USB
cable for power relies on DC. Examples would be cellphones, electric
vehicles, flashlights, flat-screen TVs
Q.1) 3.
**-A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to
provide overcurret protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. It is
a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and
must be replaced or rewired, depending on its type.
-MCB stands for Miniature Circuit Breaker. It automatically switches OFF
electrical circuit during any abnormal condition in the electrical
network such as overload & short circuit conditions. However, fuse may
sense these conditions but it has to be replaced though MCB can be
reset. The MCB is an electromechanical device which guards the
electric wires &electrical load from overcurrent so as to avoid any kind
of fire or electrical hazards. Handling MCB is quite safer and it quickly
restores the supply. When it comes to house applications, MCB is the
most preferred choice for overload and short circuit protection. MCB
can be reset very fast & don’t have any maintenance cost. MCB works
on bi-metal respective principle which provides protection against
overload current & solenoid short circuit current.
-RCCB stands for Residual Current Circuit Breaker. This residual current
device is basically an electrical wiring device that disconnects the circuit
whenever there is leakage of current flow through the Human body or
the current is not balanced between the phase conductor. It is the
safest device to detect and trip against electrical leakage currents, thus
ensure protection against electric shock caused by direct contacts.
RCCB is generally used in series with an MCB which protects them from
over current and short circuit current. Both phase and neutral wires are
connected through a RCCB device. These are an extremely effective
form of shock protection & widely used for protection from a leakage
current of 30,100 & 300mA. It is essential lifesaving equipment used to
protect the human body from electrical and is mandatory in many
states for domestic installation
- ELCB stands for Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker. They have the same
function as RCCB but are voltage sensor devise. However, this is an old
technology & is not in common use. RCCB being a current sensitive
device have a better advantage over ELCB
- An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side
by side or bundled, which is used to carry electric current. Electrical
cables are used to connect two or more devices, enabling the transfer
of electrical signals or power from one device to the other. Physically,
an electrical cable is an assembly consisting of one or more conductors
with their own insulations and individual covering
Q.1) 4.
There are three types of earthing, they are:-
Pipe earthing
Plate earthing
Strip earthing_
-Pipe earthing is the best and most efficient way of earthing and is also
easily affordable. Pipe earthing uses 38mm diametre and 2 metres
length pipe vertically embedded in the ground to work as earth
electrodes._
-In plate earthing, an earthing plate made of copper or G.I. is buried
into the ground at a depth more than 3 metres from the ground level.
This earthing plate is embedded in an alternative layer of coke and
salts._
-Strip earthing is used in transmission processes. Strip electrodes of
cross section not less than 25mm X 1.6mm of copper or 25 mm X 4mm
of G.I. or steel are buried in horizontal trenches of a minimum depth of
0.5m.

Advantages of Earthing:-Earthing is the safe and the best method of

offering safety. We know that the earth’s potential is zero and is treated
as Neutral. Since low equipment is connected to earth using low
resistance wire, balancing is achieved.
-Metal can be used in electrical installations without looking for its
conductivity, proper earthing ensures that metal does not transfer
current.
-A sudden surge in voltage or overload does not harm the device and
person if proper earthing measures are done.
-It prevents the risk of fire hazards that could otherwise be caused by
the current leakage.
Q. 2) 1.The wires in an electrical circuit are made of a material called
conductor that helps these transmit electricity. These wires have low
resistance to electric current. Copper and aluminum are usually used as
the wire material in fluorescent bulbs.
Types of wires:
1.live wire (Red colour)
2. neutral wire(Black colour)
3.earth wire (Green colour)
The three types of wires used in household circuits are Earth wire, Live
wire, and Neutral wire. Out of these Earth wire is used as a safety
measure especially for those appliances that have a metallic body. The
colour of insulation used for this wire is Green. This wire ensures the
safety of the user as the metallic body linked to the earth wire
maintains its potential at that of the earth's zero potential. Live wire is a
positive wire generally red in colour. The neutral wire is a negative wire
generally black in colour. The electric power that we receive in our
houses is by the main supply, commonly called mains. The meter board
distributes these cables to various electric appliances throughout the
house.
Q. 2) 2.
Batten Wiring:
The material used --CTS or TRS cable, Stright teak wooden batten
Conduit wiring:
The material used --VIR or PVC insulated cables
-Cost:The cost of batten wiring is low as compared to conduit wiring,
conduit wiring is very costly.
-Life: As compared to batten wiring, conduit wiring life is very long.
-Alternation: In batten wiring, the alternation is very easy while conduit
wiring alternation is very difficult.
-Reliability: The reliability of conduit wiring is very good as compared to
batten wiring.
Field of applications:
-Application of batten wiring: Office, commercial and residential
building, etc.
-Application of conduit wiring: Workshop, mainly for down, Public
building, etc.
Procedure:
--The procedure of conduit wiring: This type of wiring is not easy to
install. On the surface of the wall or ceiling conduit pipes are attached
with the help of 2 holes strap and base clip at a rectangular certain
distance. Next, GI wire is must be used to lay down the wires through
the conduit pipe.
--The procedure of batten wiring: The group of single or double or
three core cables is must be used to lay on the straight teak wooden
batten. The cables are held with the help of a tinned brass link clip or
uses of buckle clip. Brass pins are used to fix the buckle clips on the
wooden batten. Buckle clip is basically fixed brass pin on the wooden
batten at an interval 10 cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm for vertical
runs.
Q. 2) 3.**
Safety:
The wires should be specially designed with a focus on protecting the
people living on the property where it is being installed. Unless conduit
wiring is installed, the risk of causing physical damage to your property
through fire hazards and electrocution remains.
Load:
The load a wire can carry is generally dependent on its design and
specifications. The load a wiring can carry is directly related to the
diameter of the wire.
Durability:
Even when electric currents are made to pass through the wiring at
maximum level, it should not overheat. Electricians enhance the
durability of the product by choosing the right cable material,
sheathing, and wire material. It should not also be exposed to
chemicals, moisture, harsh weather or fumes for a longer period of
time.
Appearance:
Ensure that the wiring system looks good after installation and
enhances the visual appeal of your property. They never install a
capping or cleat wiring in a modern residence and it destroys the outer
appearance of the entire building. For such properties, conduit and PVC
wirings work the best.
Cost:
Though having a safe and durable wiring system in your property is
important, you need to consider its cost as well. Just make sure not to
install the cheapest product as it can create havoc for you and your
property.

2021 paper
Q. 1)
a refrigeration cycle's mission is heat absorption and heat rejection. you
can't make cold, you can just remove heat. The refrigeration cycle,
sometimes called a heat pump cycle, is a means of routing heat away
from the area you want to cool. This is accomplished by manipulating
the pressure of the working refrigerant (air, water, synthetic
refrigerants, etc.) through a cycle of compression and expansion.
The Compression:
Compression is the first step in the refrigeration cycle, and a
compressor is the piece of equipment that increases the pressure of
the working gas. Refrigerant enters the compressor as low-pressure,
low-temperature gas, and leaves the compressor as a high-pressure,
high-temperature gas.
The condenser:
Condenser, is one of two types of heat exchangers used in a basic
refrigeration loop. This component is supplied with high-temperature
high-pressure, vaporized refrigerant coming off the compressor. The
condenser removes heat from the hot refrigerant vapor gas vapor until
it condenses into a saturated liquid state, a.k.a. condensation.
The expansion device:
The job of a system’s expansion device is to create a drop in pressure
after the refrigerant leaves the condenser. This pressure drop will cause
some of that refrigerant to quickly boil, creating a two-phase mixture.
This rapid phase change is called flashing, and it helps tee up the next
piece of equipment in the circuit, the evaporator, to perform its
intended function.
The evaporator:
The evaporator is the second heat exchanger in a standard refrigeration
circuit, and like the condenser, it’s named for its basic function. It serves
as the “business end” of a refrigeration cycle, given that it does what
we expect air conditioning to do – absorb heat.
This happens when refrigerant enters the evaporator as a low
temperature liquid at low pressure, and a fan forces air across the
evaporator’s fins, cooling the air by absorbing the heat from the space
in question into the refrigerant.
(OR)
-Central air conditioner incorporate two different coils to cool your
home. The cooling compressor is set outside the home, separate from
the fan unit used to blow the cool air throughout the home on the
central air unit. The central air unit can cool the entire home evenly by
using the existing heating and cooling ducts throughout the home.
-The coil outside of your home is called the condensing coil. It consists
of a compressor, condensing coil condenser fan, and a grill to protect
persons from coming into contact with the fan blade, a case built
around all of the components, controls, and two refrigerant lines that
run into the home to the evaporator coil.
-The refrigerant inside the compressor is pumped through the
evaporator coil inside, which cools the air as the furnace fan blows air
through the coil. The coil absorbs the heat from the air. Then the
refrigerant flows back outside to the condenser coil, and this is where
the heat that was absorbed is released. The refrigerant returns to a
liquid form as it is cooled, and the cycle continues until the home
reaches the desired temperature.
Q.2)
They are an important part of both residential and commercial
buildings. The load-carrying unit, including the supporting platform,
and the guided frame, is termed a guided car. Elevators or lifts are
commonly used in buildings having more than four stories.
Based on mechanism –
1. Traction Elevators:
Traction elevators are lifted using ropes that pass over a wheel
connected to an electric motor. When the electric motor starts, the
wheel is set in motion. This pulls the rope and lifts the elevator car to
the required floor levels.
The wheel for this arrangement is usually placed in the machine room
for the building on the highest floor. A counterweight is added to make
the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and the
occupants. This way, the speed of the wheel and the rope coordination
is achieved. Traction elevators are used for floor levels up to 2000 feet.
2. Hydraulic Elevators:
Hydraulic elevators employ a piston at the bottom of the elevator to
push it to different levels. An electric motor forces oil or any hydraulic
fluid to move the piston. This type of lift has a slower mechanism
compared to traction elevators. Hydraulic elevators are used for low-
rise applications (2-8 stories). It can travel at a maximum speed of 200
feet per minute.
3. Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators:
MRL elevators can be traction or hydraulic elevators that do not require
a dedicated machine room above the elevated shaft. Here, the machine
sits in the override space. For any maintenance and repairs, the unit is
accessed from the top of the elevator cab.
4.Vacuum (Air-Driven) Home Elevators:
Vacuum elevators do not use any cables or pulley systems to operate.
Instead, this elevator is a tube in a sealed vacuum arrangement
operated by controlling air pressure. These are mostly used for
residential applications for single to three passenger models
(wheelchair accessible models).
Based on function –
-Passenger elevators: These are lifts kept in flats, residences, hotels,
etc., for the movement of passengers.
-Service elevators: These are lifts utilized to move goods along with
people.
-Goods elevators: These elevators are mainly utilized to move goods,
along with lift attendants, and persons for helping with the loading and
unloading of the objects.
Q.3)
List of types of AC:
-Central Air Conditioner.
-Ductless Mini
-Split.
-Window Air Conditioner.
-Portable Air Conditioner.
-Floor Mounted AC.
-Hybrid / Dual Fuel Air Conditioner.
-Smart Air Conditioner.
-Geothermal Air Conditioner.
 (OR)

Q.5)
-Pool
The size and shape of the pool may be determined by the fountain
effects, or the fountain effect may be designed to fit the pool.
-Pool Filter
Pool filters will maintain water quality.
Circulate filtered water to corners of pools or other areas where water
does not move.
-Fountain Effects
Spray jets should be selected to give the pattern and effect desired.
-Lighting
The wattage is determined on the size and height of the water effect
and whether color lenses are used.
-Pumps
Pumps are selected based on water and pressure requirements for the
selected fountain effects.
-Junction Boxes
The type of junction box will be determined by the number of lights
and electrical circuits
-Control Panel
Electrical panels incorporate the controls for the pumps, lights and
water level equipment
Panels also house operating timers, as well as timers and relays for
sequencing valves.
-Water Level Controlers
Electronic water level sensors monitoring water make up valves and low
water shut down will replenish the water lost due to evaporation.
-Overflow Drains
Overflow drains remove excess water brought on by rainfall or
accidental overfilling of the fountain.

And

Pool plumbing are the pipes that are buried underground, connecting
the pool with the filter equipment. The suction lines, skimmer and main
drain, are two pipes that connect into the pool pump, via a 3-way valve.
The return line is the pipe that carries water from the pool filter, back
to the wall return inlets. Other plumbing lines may be connected to
step jets, a pool cleaner line, or fountains and water features. Pool
plumbing is done after the pool walls are erected, about halfway
through the process.
The conduit or pipe that carries the power to the underwater pool light
is also a part of pool plumbing, so we’ll touch on that as well. And the
plumbing that you do on the equipment pad, connecting pump, filter,
heater, chlorinator is another important part of pool plumbing that
we’ll cover below.
Q.4) B)
A building automation system (BAS) is a network designed to connect
and automate certain functions inside a building. All of the building
control systems, from lighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation & Air
Conditioning) to fire and security systems—all wired through one set of
controls.
Building automation systems (BAS) are often part of green buildings,
too. BAS helps maintain indoor air quality and energy efficiency by
tracking the status of related systems. It doesn’t have to be just one
building, either. If you manage a commercial property with multiple
buildings, all of them can be managed through a single interface. This
helps your facilities management team work smarter, not harder.

Importance:
Building automation systems ensure that HVAC systems are managed
properly through automatic control of equipment to make certain that
building climates remain within acceptable ranges; predictive analytics
are utilized in these systems to enable the system to adapt to changing
conditions. Building automation can also allow for proactive
maintenance of failing devices. Last, these systems can improve
occupant comfort levels, leading to healthier and more productive
employees.

Q.4) A)
The communication system is a system model that describes a
communication exchange between two stations, transmitter, and
receiver. Signals or information passes from source to destination
through a channel. It represents a way in which the signal uses it to
move from a source toward its destination.
Based on physical infrastructure:
-Line communication systems: Uses the existing infrastructure of power
lines to transfer data from one point to another point.
-Radio Communication systems: uses the infrastructure of radio waves
to transfer the information from one point to another point.
Further, communication systems are divided into:
-Analog communication systems: The Analog system conveys the
information from the audio, video and pictures between two points
using the analogue signals. A sinusoidal signal is an example of an
analogue communication system.
-Digital communication systems: Digital communication has become
very important in the age of the internet. It is a physical exchange of
information between two points discreetly. The information exchange
happens through digital signals.
-Baseband communication system: Baseband communication is the
transfer of signals that are not amplified to higher frequencies. They
help in transferring signals with near-zero frequency.
-Carrier communication system: Carrier communication systems
transfer the information especially voice messages and calls by
improving the frequency much higher than the actual rate.

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