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MA8452
MA6452 - STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT I

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

PART-A

1. Write the application of F-test and  2 (chi-square test)

F-test
 F-distribution is used to test the equality of the variances.
 2 (Chi-square test)
  2 Is used to test the goodness of fit.
ww  2 Is used to test the independence of attributes.

w.E
2. Write two applications of  2 test
  2 Is used to test the goodness of fit.

asy
 2 Is used to test the independence of attributes.

3. Write the use of‘t’ distribution

En
The t-distribution is used to test the significance of the difference between

gin
 The mean of a small sample and the mean of the population.
 The means of two small samples

zero. ee
 The coefficient of correlation in the small sample and that in the population, assumed

4. Define errors in sampling and critical region. rin

Type I Error
Reject H 0 when it is true. g.n
Type II Error
Accept H 0 when it is false. et
5. Define F- variate.
A random variate F is said to follow Snedecor’s F-distribution or simply
F-distribution if its probability density function is given by
1 1
1
 1
2 2 F 2
f (F )   ,F  0
1  2    1  2 
 
 ,    F  2 
2 2  1  1 
 2 

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6. A sample of size 13 gave an estimated population variance of 3.0, while another sample
of size 15 gave an estimate of 2.5.Could both samples be from populations with the same
variance?
Solution:
Given n1= 13 , n2 = 15 , s12= 3 , s22 = 2.5 , γ1= 12 , , γ2 = 14
H0: S12 = S22 ( i.e the two samples have been drawn from population with
the same Variance)

H1: S12  S22

2
S 3
F = 12 = = 1.2
S2 2 .5
F0.05 (γ1 = 12 , γ2 = 14 ) = 2.53 and F < F0.05

ww Therefore H0 is accepted
( i.e) the two samples could have from two normal population with the
same variance

w.E
7. A machine runs on an average of 125 hours/year. A random sample of 49 machines has
an annual average use of 126.9 hours with standard deviation of 8.4hours.Does this suggest

asy
to believe that machines are used on the average more than 125 hours annually at 0.05 level
of significance?

Solution: En
gin
Given n  49, x  126 .9,   165 ,   8.4
Null Hypothesis: H 0 : x  

Test statistics is
x
ee
Alternative Hypothesis: H 1 : x   (one- tailed test)

rin
z

g.n

n
126.9  125
8.4
49
 1.583 et
Tabulated value z  1.645
z  z
Therefore, H 0 is accepted.
(i.e) the difference between x and  is not significant.

a b
8. For 2 2 contingency table, Write down the corresponding  2
c d
value. (DEC 2012)
Solution:
The value of  2 for the 2 2 contingency table is given by

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N ad  bc
2
2 
a  b(c  d )a  c (b  d )
9. Write down t-test significance single mean formula for given sample and population
mean x and  respectively.
Solution:
x
t
s
n 1
10. Write down the formula of test statistic t to test the significant difference between the
means of large samples.

ww t
x y
1
S 2   
1 

w.E  n1 n 2 

asy PART-B

Test of significance for large samples

En
gin
Z-Test (Sample size is more than or equal to 30)

Working Procedures

1.
2.
ee
From the problem context, identify the parameter of interest
State the null hypothesis , H0 rin
3.
4.
Specify an appropriate alternative hypothesis , H1
Choose a significant level α g.n
5.
6.
7.
Determine an appropriate test statistic
State the rejection region for the statistic
et
Compute any necessary sample quantities, substitute these into the equation for the test
statistic, and compute the value.
8. Conclusion : Decide whether or not , H0 should be rejected and report that in the problem
context
Test for single mean ( )

1. A sample of 900 members has a mean 3.4 cm and standard deviation 2.61 cm. Is the
sample from a large population of mean 3.25 cm? (Test at 5% level of significance. The
value of z at 5% level is | | )

Solution: Given n = 900, µ = 3.25, s = 2.61, ̅ = 3.4, α = 5%

1. H0 : µ = 3.25

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2. H1 : µ ≠ 3.25 ( Two tail test )

3. α = 5%
4. Critical region :
5. The test statistic
x
Z
s
n
3.4  3.25

2.61
900
 1.724

ww6. Conclusion : Cal. Z 1.724 < Tab.Z 1.96

Accept H0
7. 95% confidence limits are

w.E x  1.96
s  2.61 
 3.4  1.96 
n
asy
 3.4  0.1705
 900 

En
 3.57 and 3.2295
2. The mean breaking strength of the cables supplied by a manufacturer is 1800 with a

gin
S.D. of 100. By a new technique in the manufacturing process, it is claimed that the
breaking strength of the cable has increased In order to test this cl sample of 50 cables

level of significance?
ee
is tested and it is found that the mean breaking strength is 1850. Can we claim at 1%

Solution : Given n = 50 , µ = 1800 , s = 100 , ̅ = 1850 , α = 1% rin

1. H0 : µ = 1800 g.n
2
3.
4.
5.
H1 : µ
α = 1%
Critical region :
The test statistic
( Use one-tailed test (right) )
et
x
Z
s
n
1850  1800

100
50
 3.54
6. Conclusion : Cal. Z 3.54 < Tab.Z 2.33
Reject H0
We may support the claim of increase in breaking strength

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3. An insurance agent has claimed that the average age of policy holders who insure
through him is less that the average for all agents which is 30.5 years. A random sample
of 100 policy holders who had insured through him reveal that the mean and s.d are
28.8 years and 6.35 years respectively. Test his claim at 5% level of significance.

Solution : Given n = 100 , µ = 30.5 , s = 6.35 , ̅ = 28.8, α = 5%

1 H0 : µ = 30.5
2 H1 : µ ( Use one-tailed test (left) )
3 α = 5%
4 Critical region :
5 The test statistic

ww Z
x
s

w.E 
n
28.8  30.5
6.35

 2.68
100 asy
6 Conclusion : Cal. | | 2.68 EnTab.Z 1.645
Reject H0
Test for Difference of two means ( gin )

significance for the following:

ee
4. Examine whether the difference in the variability in yields is significant at 5% level of

Set of 40 plots Set of 60 plots rin

Mean yield per plot
S.D per plot
1258
34
1243
28 g.n
Solution: Given
̅
et
̅
1.
2.
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic
̅ ̅

√
√

6. Conclusion: | |

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Reject .
5. A simple sample of heights of 6400 Englishmen has a mean of 170 cm and a standard
deviation of 6.4 cm, while a simple sample of heights of 1600 Australians has a mean of
172 cm and a standard deviation of 6.3 cm. Do the data indicate that Australians are on
the average taller than Englishmen?

Solution: Given
̅
̅
1.
2. ( ( ))
3.
4. Critical region:

ww5. The test statistic

̅ ̅

w.E √
√( ) ( )

6. Conclusion: | | asy
En Reject .

7. A sample of 100 bulbs of brand

gin
gave a mean lifetime of 1200 hours with a standard
deviation of 70 hours, while another sample of 120 bulbs of brand gave a mean
lifetime of 1150 hours with a standard deviation of 85 hours. Can we conclude that
brand bulbs are superior to brand bulbs?

Solution: Given
ee rin
̅
̅
g.n
1.
2.
3.
(

4. Critical region:
( ))
et
5. The test statistic
̅ ̅

√( ) ( )
√

6. Conclusion: | |
Reject .

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Test for single mean ( )

t – test

7. A sample of ten house owners is drawn and the following values of their incomes are
obtained, mean Rs. 6000 and S.D Rs. 650, test the hypothesis that the average
income of house owners of the town is Rs. 5500.

Solution:
̅
1.
2. ( )

ww 3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic

w.E √ √

6. Conclusion: asy
| | | |

En Reject .
8. A certain injection administered to each of 12 patients resulted in the following
increases of blood pressure:
gin
increase in BP?

Solution: Given
ee
Can it be concluded that the injection will be, in general, accompanied by an

rin
g.n
Total

̅
5 2 8
25 4 64 1
3 0 6
9 0 36

( )
4
1 5 0 4
1 25 0 16

( )
et
31
185

1.
2. ( ( ))
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic

√ √

6. Conclusion: | | | |
Reject .

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9. The mean lifetime of a sample of 25 bulbs is found as 1550 hours with a S.D. of 120
hours. The company which manufacturing the bulbs claims that the average life of
their bulbs is 1600 hours. Is the claim acceptable at 5% level of significance?

Solution:
̅
1.
2. ( ( ))
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic

ww | |
√

| |
√

w.E
6. Conclusion:
Reject .

t – test asy
Test for Difference of two means ( )

En
10. Two horses A and B were tested according to the time ( in seconds ) to run a

Horse A 28 30
gin
particular race with the following results :
32 33 33 29 34
Horse B 29 30

ee
30 24 27
Test whether the horse A is running faster than B at 5% level.
29

rin
Solution: Given
g.n
̅ ( ) (
et )

̅ ( ) ( )

1.
2. ( ( ))
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic

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̅ ̅

√ ( ) √ ( )

6. Conclusion: | |
Reject .

11. The following are the average weekly losses of working hours due to accidents in 10
industrial plants before and after an introduction of a safety program was put into
operation
Before 45 73 46 124 33 57 83 34 26 17
After 36 60 44 119 35 51 77 29 24 11

ww
Use to 0.05 LOS to test whether the safety program is effective.

Solution: Given

w.E ̅ ( ) ( )

̅
asy ( ) ( )

En
1.
2. ( gin )
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic
ee rin
̅ ̅

√ ( ) √ ( ) g.n
6. Conclusion: | |
Accept .
et
12. In a certain experiment to compare two types of pig foods , the following
results of increase in weights were observed in pigs
Food 49 53 51 52 47 50 52 53
Food 52 55 52 53 50 54 54 53
Assuming that the two samples of pigs are independent; can we conclude that
food is better than food ?

Solution: Given

̅ ( ) ( )

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̅ ( ) ( )

1.
2. ( ( ))
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic
̅ ̅

√ ( ) √ ( )
ww 6. Conclusion: | |

w.E Reject .

asy
Test for goodness of fit
En
gin
It enables us to find if the deviation of the experiment from theory is just by chance or is
it really due to the inadequacy of the theory to fit the observed data.
It is defined by

where – Observed frequency,

ee ∑
( )

– expected frequency.
rin
Note: In case of fitting,
g.n
(i) Binomial distribution
(ii) Poisson distribution
∑
∑ et
13. Five coins are tossed 256 times. The number of heads observed is given below.
Examine if the coins are unbiased, by employing goodness of fit.
No. of heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 5 35 75 84 45 12

Solution: Given, Number of data .

Number of coins
Total number of frequencies
1.
2.
3.

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4. Table value of
5. The test statistic
( )
∑

x ( )
( ) ( )
0 5 8 1.25
1 35 40 0.625
2 75 80 0.3125
3 84 80 0.2
4 45 40 0.625

ww
5 12 8 2
Total 256 256 4.8875

w.E
asy ∑
( )

6. Conclusion:
En
Accept
gin
Therefore binomial distribution is a good fit to the given data.

ee
14. A company keeps records of accidents. During a recent safety review, a random

rin
sample of 60 accidents was selected and classified by the day of the week on which
they occurred.
Day
No. of accidents 8
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
12 9 14 17
g.n
Solution: Given, Number of data .
Total number of frequencies
et
Test whether there is any evidence that accidents are more likely on some days than
others.

1.
2.
3.
4. Table value of
5. The test statistic
( )
∑

( )

8 12 1.33

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12 12 0
9 12 0.75
14 12 0.33
17 12 2.08
Total 60 60 4.49
( )
∑

6. Conclusion:
Accept
Therefore given data is a good fit.

15. In 120 throws of a single die, the following distribution of faces was observed.

ww Face 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 30 25 18 10 22 15

w.E
Can you say that the die is biased?
Solution: Given, Number of data .
Total number of frequencies
1.
2. asy (
(
)
)
3.
4. Table value of
En
5. The test statistic
gin ∑
( )

ee ( )
rin
30 20 5 g.n
25
18
10
22
20
20
20
20
1.25
0.2
5
0.2
et
15 20 1.25
Total 120 120 12.9

( )
∑

6. Conclusion:
Reject
Therefore given data is not a good fit.
The die is biased.

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16. A sample analysis of examination results of 500 students was made. It was found
that 220 students have failed, 170 have secured a third class, 90 have secured a
second class and the rest, a first class So do these figures support the general belief
that the above categories are in the ratio 4 : 3 : 2 : 1 respectively?
Solution: Given, Number of data .
Total number of frequencies
1.
2.
3.
4. Table value of
5. The test statistic
( )
∑

ww ( )
w.E 220 2

asy 170 2.667

En 90 1

gin
20 18
Total 500
ee ∑
500

( )
23.667

rin
6. Conclusion: g.n
Reject
Therefore given data is not a good fit. et
17. The following is the distribution of the hourly number of trucks arriving at a
company’s warehouse
Trucks arriving per hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency 52 151 130 102 45 12 5 1 2
Find the mean of the distribution and using its man (Rounded to one decimal) as the
parameter fit a Poisson distribution. Test for goodness of fit at the LOS .

Solution: Given, Number of data .

Total number of frequencies
1.
2.
3.

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4. Table value of
5. The test statistic
∑ ( )
∑
∑

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
52 151 130 102 45 12 5 1 2 500
68 135 135 90 45 18 6 2 1 500

In test, expected frequency must be greater than or equal to 5.

ww 52 68
(

3.8
)

w.E 151
130
135
135
1.9
0.2

asy
102 90 1.6
45 45 0
12 18 2

En 8
Total 500
9
500
0.1
9.6

gin ∑
( )

6. Conclusion:
Accept
ee rin
Therefore Poisson fit is a good fit.
g.n
Test for independence of attributes et
( )( )

18. For the contingency table

a b ( )
the of independence is ( )( )( )( )
where
c d
Proof: Let the two attributes be Then the contingency table is given
below :
a b
c d

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( )( )
a
( )( )
b
( )( )
c
( )( )
d

ww Total N N

w.E ∑
( )

(
asy )
[
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

(
En
)( )
]
(
gin
)
[
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
]

(
ee
) [
(
( )(
)
)( )( )

rin
]

( )( )( )( )
g.n
19. Find if there is any association between extravagance in fathers and extravagance in
sons from the following data.

Extravagant sons 327

Extravagant fathers Miserly fathers
741
et
Miserly sons 545 234
Determine the coefficient of association also.

Solution: Given, Total number of frequencies

1.
2.
3. ( )( ) ( )( )
4. Table value of
5. The test statistic
( )
( )( )( )( )

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( )
( )( )( )( )
6. Conclusion:
Reject

20. In an investigation into the health and nutrition of two groups of children of
different social status, the following resuts are got
Social status/ Poor Rich Total
Healths
Below normal 130 20 150

ww Normal
Above normal
102
24
108
96
210
120

w.E
Total 256 224
Discuss the relation between the Health and their social status.
480

Solution: Given,
1.
2.
asy
Total number of frequencies

3.
4. Table value of En
( )( ) ( )( )

5. The test statistic

gin ( )

ee ∑

rin
( )
g.n
130
20
102
80
70
112
31.25
35.71
0.89
et
108 98 1.02
24 64 25
96 56 28.57
Total 480 480 122.44

( )
∑

6. Conclusion:
Reject
F- Test

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Test for difference of variances of two samples.

If and are the variances of two sample of sizes and respectively, the estimates of the
population variance based on these samples are respectively and . The
quantities and are called the degrees of freedom of these estimates We
want to test if these estimates and are significantly different or if the samples may be
regarded as drawn from the same population or from two populations with same variance .

F- test statistic

ww Provided

w.E
21. A group of 10 rats fed on diet and another group of 8 rats fed on diet , recorded
the following increase in weight.
Diet 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet 2 3
asy 6 8 10
Find if the variances are significantly different.
1 2 8

Solution: Given
En
̅
gin ( ) ( )

̅ ee ( )(
(
)
) ( )
rin
g.n
( )( )
et
1.
2.
3. and

Table value F = 3.29

4. The test statistic

5. Conclusion: | |
Accept .
22. In one sample of 8 observations, the sum of the squares of deviations of the sample
values from the sample mean was 84.4 and in the other sample of 10 observations

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was 102.6. Test whether this difference is significant at 5% level, given that the 5
percent point of for and degrees of freedom is 3.29.
Solution: Given

∑( ̅̅̅) , ∑( ̅̅̅)

∑( ̅̅̅̅)

∑( ̅̅̅̅)

1.

ww 2.
3. and

w.E Table value F = 3.29

4. The test statistic

5. Conclusion: asy
| |

En Accept .

gin
23. Two random samples give the following results

I
II
10
12
15
14
ee
Sample Size Sample Mean Sum of squares of deviations from the mean
90
108 rin
Test whether the samples could have from the same normal population.
Solution: A normal population has two parameters namely the mean and the g.n
(i)
(ii)
Test for difference of variances using F-test
Test for difference of means using t-test
et
variance . If we want to test the samples from the same normal population, we have to
test

We have the tests in order

Given

∑( ̅̅̅) , ∑( ̅̅̅)

∑( ̅̅̅̅)

∑( ̅̅̅̅)

(i) F - TEST

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1.
2.
3. and

Table value = 2.9

4. The test statistic

5. Conclusion: | |
Accept .
Note : If F – test fails, no need to proceed fot t-test

ww 1.
2. ( )
(ii) t – TEST

w.E
3.
4. Critical region:
5. The test statistic
,Tab. = 2.086

asy ∑( ̅̅̅̅) ∑( ̅̅̅̅)

En ̅ ̅

√ (
gin ) √ ( )

6. Conclusion: | |
ee
Accept .
The samples are taken from same normal population rin
g.n
et

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UNIT II

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

PART A

1. What do you understand by Design of Experiments?

Solution:
By ‘experiment’ we mean the collection of data (which usually consists of a series of
measurement of some feature of an object) for a scientific investigation according to a
certain specified sampling procedures.

2. Distinguish between experimental variables and extraneous variables.

ww Solution:
Consider the example of agricultural experiment which may be performed to verify the
claim that particular manure has got the effect of increasing the yield of paddy. Here the

w.E
quantity of manure used and amount of yield of paddy are known as experimental variables.
And factors such as rainfall, quality of soil and quality of seeds (will also affect the yield of

asy
paddy, which are not under study) are called extraneous variables.

3. What is the aim of design of experiments?

Solution:
En
In any statistical experiment we will have both experimental variables and extraneous

gin
variables. The aim of the design of experiments is to control extraneous variables and hence
to minimize the error so that the results of experiments could be attributed only to the
experimental variables.
ee
4. State the basic principles of design of experiments.
(Or) rin
What are the basic principles of design of experiments?
Solution: g.n
1. Randomization 2.Replication 3.Local control.

5. What do you mean by experimental group and control group?

Solution:
et
Consider an agricultural experiment. To analyze the effect of a manure in the yield of
paddy, we use the manure in some plots of same size(group of experimental units) is called
experimental group and the some other group of plots in which the manure is used and which
will provide a basis for comparison is called the control group.

6. Explain the techniques used in the local control of extraneous variables.

Solution:
(i).By grouping, we mean combining sets of homogeneous plots into groups, so that
different manures may be used in different groups.
(ii).By blocking, we mean assigning the same number of plots in different blocks

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(iii).By balancing, we mean adjusting the procedures of grouping, blocking and assigning
the manures in such a manner that a balanced configuration is obtained.

7. Explain replication.
Solution:
In order to study the effects of different manures on the yield are studied, each manure is
used in more than one plot. In other words, we resort to replication which means repetition.

8. Name the basic designs of experiments.

Solution:
1. Completely Randomized Design ( ANOVA one way classification)
2. Randomized Block Design ( ANOVA two way classification)

ww 3. Latin Square Design ( ANOVA three way classification)

9. Explain ANOVA.

w.E
Solution:
ANOVA enables us to divide the total variation (represented by variance) in a group into

asy
parts which are accounted to different factors and a residual random variation which could be
accounted for by any of these factors. The variation due to any specific factor is compared
with the residual variation for significance, and hence the effects of the factors are concluded.

10. Explain CRD. En

Solution:
gin
Consider an experiment of agriculture in which “h” treatments (manures) and “n” plots are

ee
available. To control the extraneous variables treatment “1” should be replicated on “n 1”
plots, treatment 2 should be replicated on “n 2” plots and so on. To reduce the error we have

rin
to randomize this process that is which n1 plots be used treatment 1 and so on. For this we
number the plots (from 1 to n) and write the numbers on cards and shuffle well. Now, we

g.n
select n1 cards (as cards are selected at random the numbers will not be in order) on which
treatments 1 will be used and so on. This process and design is called completely randomized
design.

11. Explain RBD.

Solution:
et
Consider an experiment of agriculture in which effects of “k” treatments on the yield of
paddy used. For this we select “n” plots. If the quality of soil of these “n” plots is known,
then these plots are divided into “h” blocks (each with one quality). Each of these “h” blocks
are divided into “k” times (n = hk) and in each one of this “k” plots are applied the “k”
treatments in a perfectly randomized manner such that each treatment occurs only once in
any of the block. This design is called randomized block design.

12. Explain LSD.

Solution:

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Consider an agricultural experiment, in which n2 plots are taken and arranged in the form
of an n X n square, such that plots in each row will be homogeneous as far as possible with
respect to one factor of classification, say, quality of soil and plots in each column will be
homogeneous with respect to another factor of classification, say, seed quality. Then “n”
treatments are given to these plots such that each treatment occurs only once in each tow and
only once in each column. The various possible arrangements obtained in this manner are
known as Latin squares of order “n” and the design is called Latin Square Design.

13. Is a 2 X 2 Latin Square Design possible? Why?

Solution:
In a 2 X 2 LSD, the degree of freedom for the residual variation is (n -1) (n -2) = 0 which
is not possible. Therefore 2 X 2 LSD is not possible.

ww14. Compare LSD and RBD.

w.ESolution:

RBD

asy
1.The number of replications of each
2. Can be performed in square field
1. There is no such
LSD

treatment is equal to the

restriction
number of
only
En
3. Number of treatments must be
treatments.
2. Can be performed in square or

gin
4.It controls two extraneous variables rectangular field.
3. No such restriction

ee 4. Controls only one

variable.

rin
extraneous

15. Write down the ANOVA table for one way classification. (MAY 2012)
g.n
Solution:

Analysis of variance table for One Way Classification

et
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean Sum of Variance Table value
variation Squares freedom Squares Ratio of F
5% 1%
Columns SSC C-1 MSC= FC =

Error SSE N-C MSE=

Total TSS

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PART B

1. The following are the numbers of mistakes made in 5 successive days of 4 technicians
working for a photographic laboratory:

Technician I Technician II Technician III Technician IV

(X1) (X2) (X3) (X4)
6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12
10 12 7 8
8 10 15 10
11 14 11 11

ww
Test at the level of significance α = 0.01, whether the differences among the 4 sample means

w.E
, can be attributed to chance.
Solution: = There is no significant difference between the technicians (columns)
= There is significant difference between the technicians (columns)

We shift the origin to 10

asy
Technicians
En
gin
I II III IV
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X12 X22 X32 X42
-4 4 0 -1 -1 16 16 0 1
4
0
-2
-1
2
0
2
-3
5
ee 2
-2
0
7
-3
3
16
0
4
1
4
0
rin
4
9
25
4
4
0
1
Total = -1
4
9
1
5
1
0
7
13
1
37
16
37 g.n 1
39
1
10

Step 1: N = 20, T = 13, C.F = = = 8.45 et

Step 2: TSS = ∑ +∑ +∑ +∑ −

= 37+37+39+10-8.45

= 114.55

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 3 : SSC = + + + −

N1 = Number of elements in each column

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( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + − 8.45

= 12.95

Step 4 : SSE = TSS – SSC

= 114.55-12.95

= 101.6

Analysis of variance table for One Way Classification

ww
Source of Sum of
variation Squares
Degrees
of
Mean Sum of
Squares
Variance
Ratio
Table value of F

w.E
Columns SSC=12.95
freedom

C-1 .
5%
FC(16,3)
1%

asy
MSC= = FC =
=4-1 6.35 = 8.68 26.89
= 4.317
=3 =
4.317
Error SSE=101.6 N-C
En
= 20-4
MSE= =
. = 1.471

Total TSS=114.55
=16
gin = 6. .35

Conclusion
ee rin
Cal Fc = 1.471 <
g.n
Tab. Fc (16, 3) = 8.68 [There is a no significant difference]

2. An experiment was designed to study the performance of 4 different detergents for

cleaning fuel injectors. The following “cleanliness” readings were obtained with specially
designed equipment for 12 tanks of gas distributed over 3 different models of engines:
et
Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3 Total
Detergent A 45 43 51 139
Detergent B 47 46 52 145
Detergent C 48 50 55 153
Detergent D 42 37 49 128
Total 182 176 207 565
Perform the ANOVA and test at 0.01 level of significance, whether there are differences in
the detergents or in the engines.
Solution: Changing the origin by 50

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Detergents Engines
I II III
X1 X2 X3 Total X12 X22 X32
Y1 -5 -7 1 -11 25 49 1
Y2 -3 -4 2 -5 9 16 4
Y3 -2 0 5 3 4 0 25
Y4 -8 -13 -1 -22 64 169 1
Total -18 -24 7 -35 102 234 31

( )

ww
Step 1 : N = 12 , T = -35 , C.F =

Step 2 :TSS = ∑ +∑ +∑
= = 102.08

w.E = 102+234+31-102.08
−

= 264.92 asy
Step 3 : SSC =
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
En
+
(∑ )
−

gin
N1 = Number of elements in each column

=
( )
+
( )
+ ee
( )
− 102.08
rin
= 135.17
g.n
Step 4 : SSR =
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
+

N1 = Number of elements in each row

(∑ )
+
(∑ )
−
et
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + − 102.08

= 110.91

Step 5 : SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR

= 264.92-135.17-110.91

= 18.84

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Analysis of variance table for Randomized Block Design

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean Sum of Variance Table

variation Squares of Squares Ratio value of
freedom F
1%
Blocks SSC=135.17 c-1 MSC= FC= FC (2,6)
=3-1 . 67.585 =10.92
=2 = =
=67.585 3.14
= 21.52
Treatments SSR=110.91 r-1 MSR= FR= FR (3,6)
=4-1 . 36.97 =9.78
=

ww =3
=36.97
=
3.14
= 11.77

w.E
Error SSE=18.84 (c-1)(r-1) MSE=( )( )
=6 .
=

Total TSS=264.92
asy
11
=3.14

Conclusion En
(i) gin
Cal FC =21.52 > Tab. FC(2,6) =10.92 [ There is a significant difference ]

(ii) ee
Cal FR = 11.77 > Tab. FR(3,9) = 9.78 [ There is a significant difference ]

rin
g.n
3. Four varieties , , , of a fertilizer are tested in randomized block design with 4
replication. The plot yields in pounds are as follows:

1
2
1
A 12
D 18
2
D 20
A 14
3
C 16
B 11
4
B 10
C 14
et
3 B 12 C 15 D 19 A 13
4 C 16 B 11 A 15 D 20
Analyze the experimental yield

Solution: Arrange , , , row – wise

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Detergents Engines
Enne
I II III IV
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X12 X22 X32 X42
A Y1 12 14 15 13 54 144 196 225 169
B Y2 12 11 11 10 44 144 121 121 100
C Y3 16 15 16 14 61 256 225 256 196
D Y4 18 20 19 20 77 324 400 361 400
Total 58 60 61 57 236 868 942 963 865

( )
Step 1 : N = 16 , T =236 , C.F = = = 3481

ww
Step 2 :TSS = ∑ +∑ +∑ +∑ −

w.E = 868+942+963+865-3481

= 157

Step 3 : SSC =
(∑ )
+
(∑
asy
)
+
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
−

N1 = Number of elements in each column En

=
( )
+
( )
+ gin
( )
+
( )
− 3481

=2 ee rin
Step 4 : SSR =
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
−
g.n
N1 = Number of elements in each row

=
( )
+
( )
+
( )
+
( )
− 3481
et
= 144.5

Step 5 : SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR

= 157-2-144.5

= 10.5

Analysis of variance table for Randomized Block Design

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Source of Sum of Degrees Mean Sum of Variance Table

variation Squares of Squares Ratio value of
freedom F
5%
Blocks SSC=2 c-1 MSC= FC= FC (9,3)
=4-1 1.17 =8.81
=3 = =
=0.67 0.67
= 1.75
Treatments SSR=144.5 r-1 MSR= FR= FR (3,9)
=4-1 . 48.17 =3.86
=3 = =
1.17

ww
Error SSE=10.5 (c-1)(r-1) MSE=(
=48.17

)( )
= 41.17

w.E
=9 .
=
=1.17
Total TSS=157
asy
15

Conclusion
En
(i) Cal FC =1.75 <
gin
Tab. FC(9,3) =8.81 [ There is a no significant difference ]

(ii)
ee
Cal FR = 11.77 > Tab. FR(1,9) = 9.78 [ There is a significant difference ]

rin
g.n
4. The following is a Latin square of a design, when 4 varieties of seeds are being tested. Set
up the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You may carry out suitable
change of origin and scale.
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115
et
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115

Solution: Subtract 100 and then divided by 5, we get

A 1 B -1 C 5 D 3
C 3 D 5 A 1 B 1
D 3 C -1 B 1 A 3
B -1 A 7 D -1 C 3

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I II III IV
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X12 X22 X32 X42
Y1 1 -1 5 3 8 1 1 25 9
Y2 3 5 1 1 10 9 25 1 1
Y3 3 -1 1 3 6 9 1 1 9
Y4 -1 7 -1 3 8 1 49 1 9
Total 6 10 6 10 32 20 76 28 28

Step 1 : N = 16 , T = 32 , C.F = = = 64

Step 2 :TSS = ∑ +∑ +∑ +∑ −

ww = 20+76+28+28-64

w.E = 88

Step 3 : SSC =
(∑ )
+
(∑

asy
)
+
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
−

N1 = Number of elements in each column

En
=
( )
+
( )
+
( )
gin
+
( )
− 64

Step 4: SSR =
=4

(∑ )
+
(∑ )
+
(∑
ee )
+
(∑ )
− rin
N2 = Number of elements in each row g.n
=
( )
+
( )
+
( )
+
( )
− 64 et
=2
To find SSK:
Arrange the elements in the order of treatment
A 1 1 3 7 12
B -1 1 1 -1 0
C 5 3 -1 3 10
D 3 5 3 -1 10

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 5: SSK = + + + −

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N2 = Number of elements in each row

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + − 64

= 22

Step 6 : SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR - SSK

= 88 – 4 – 2 - 22

= 60

ww
Analysis of variance table for Latin Square Design

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean Sum of Variance Table

w.E
variation

Columns
Squares

SSC=4
of
freedom
c-1
Squares Ratio

FC=
value of
F 5%
FC(6,3)

asy
MSC=
=4-1 10 = 8.94
=3 = =
1.33

Rows SSR=2 c-1 En =1.33

= 7.52
FR(6,3)

gin
MSR= FR=
=4-1 10 = 8.94
=3 = =
0.67

Treatments SSK=22 c-1

=4-1
ee MSK=
=0.67
= 14.9
FK=
10 rin
FK(6,3)
= 8.94

g.n
=3 = =
=7.33 7.33
= 1.36
Error SSE=60 (c-1)(r-2) MSE=
=6
=
(

=10
)( )
et
Conclusion

(i) Cal FC = 7.52 < Tab. FC (6,3) = 8.94 [ There is a no significant difference ]

(ii) Cal FR = 14.9 > Tab. FR (6,3) = 8.94 [ There is a significant difference ]

(iii) Cal FK = 1.36 < Tab. FK (6,3) = 8.94 [ There is a no significant difference ]

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5. In a Latin square experiment given below are the yields in quintals per acre on the
paddy crop carried out for testing the effect of five fertilizers , , , , . Analyze the data
for variations
B 25 A 18 E 27 D 30 C 27
A 19 D 31 C 29 E 26 B 23
C 28 B 22 D 33 A 18 E 27
E 28 C 26 A 20 B 25 D 33
D 32 E 25 B 23 C 28 A 20

Solution: Subtract 100 and then divided by 5, we get

ww B0
A -6
A 18
D 31
E 27
C 29
D 30
E 26
C 27
B 23

w.E C3
E3
D7
B 22
C 26
E 25
D 33
A 20
B 23
A 18
B 25
C 28
E 27
D 33
A 20

asy
I
X1
II
X2
En
III
X3
IV
X4
V
X5 Total X12 X22 X32 X42 X52
Y1
Y2
Y3
0
-6
3
-7
6
-3
2
4
8 gin 5
1
-7
2
-2
2
2
3
3
0
36
9
49
36
9
4
16
64
25
1
49
4
4
4
Y4
Y5
Total
3
7
7
1
0
-3
-5
-2
7
ee 0
3
2
8
-5
5
7
3
18
9
49
103
1
0
95
rin
25
4
113
0
9
84
64
25
101

Step 1 : N = 25 , T = 18 , C.F = = = 12.96 g.n

Step 2 :TSS = ∑ +∑ +∑ +∑ +∑ − et
= 103 + 95 + 113 + 84 +101 – 12.96

= 483.04

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 3 : SSC = + + + + −

N1 = Number of elements in each column

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + − 12.96

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= 14.24

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 4: SSR = + + + + −

N2 = Number of elements in each row

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + + − 12.96

= 3.04
To find SSK:
Arrange the elements in the order of treatment
TOTAL

ww A
B
-6
0
-7
-3
-5
-2
-7
0
-5
-2
-30
-7

w.E
C
D
E
3
7
3
1
6
0
4
8
2
3
5
1
2
8
2
13
34
8

Step 5: SSK =
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
asy
+
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
−

N2 = Number of elements in each row En

( )
+
( )
+
( gin)
+
( )
+
( )
− 12.96

ee
=

= 454.64
rin
Step 6 : SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR - SSK
g.n
= 483.04 – 14.24 – 3.04 – 454.64

= 11.12
et

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Analysis of variance table for Latin Square Design

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean Sum of Variance Table

variation Squares of Squares Ratio value of
freedom F 5%
Columns SSC=14.24 c-1 MSC= FC= FC(4,12)
=5-1 . 3.56 =3.26
=4 = =
=3.56 0.927
= 3.84
Rows SSR=3.04 c-1 MSR= FR= FR(12,4)
=5-1 . 0.927 =5.91
=4 = =
0.76

ww
Treatments SSK=454.64 c-1 MSK=
=0.76
= 1.22
FK= FK(4,12)

w.E
=5-1 . = 3.26
=4 =
113.66
=113.66 =
0.927

Error SSE=11.12 asy

(c-1)(r-2) MSE=
( )( )
= 122.6

=12
En =
.

gin =0.927

Conclusion

(i) Cal FC = 3.84

ee rin
> Tab. FC (4,12) = 3.26 [ There is a significant difference ]

(ii) Cal FR = 1.22

g.n
< Tab. FR (12,4) = 5.91 [ There is a no significant difference ]

(iii)
et
Cal FK = 122.6 > Tab. FK (4,12) = 3.26 [ There is a significant difference ]

6. Find out the main effects and interactions in the following 22 – factorial experiment and
write down the analysis of variance table:

(1) a b ab
00 10 01 11

Block I 64 25 30 6
II 75 14 50 33
III 76 12 41 17
IV 75 33 25 10

Solution : Taking deviation from y = 37,

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Treatment Blocks
combination
I II III IV
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X12 X22 X32 X42
(Y1) (1) 27 38 39 38 142 729 1444 1521 1444
(Y2) a -12 -23 -25 -4 -64 144 529 625 16
(Y3) b -7 13 4 -12 -2 49 169 16 144

ww
(Y4) ab
Total
-31
-23
-4
24
-20
-2
-27
-5
-82
-6
961
1883
16
2158
400
2562
729
2333

w.E
Step 1: N = 16, T = -6, C.F = = = 2.5

Step 2: TSS = ∑ +∑
asy
+∑ +∑ −

= 1883+2158+2562+2333-2.25
En
= 8933.75
gin
Step 3: SSC =
(∑ )
+
(∑ )
+

N1 = Number of elements in each column

(∑

ee )
+
(∑ )
−

rin
( )
+
( )
+
( )
+
( )
− 2.25 g.n
et
=

= 281.25

(∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ ) (∑ )
Step 4: SSR = + + + −

N1 = Number of elements in each row

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + + + − 2.25

= 7744.75

Step 5: SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR

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 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

= 8933K – 281↓ - 774475

= 907.75

For 22 experiment

[ ( )]
SSA =

[ ]
=

ww = 5112.25

w.E
SSB =
[ ( )]

[
asy ]
=
En
= 1640.25
gin
SSAB =
[ ( ) ] ee rin
=
[ ]
g.n
= 992.25 et

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Analysis of variance table for the 22 experiment

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean Sum of Variance Table value of F

variation Squares of Squares Ratio
freedom
5% 1%
Blocks SSC=281.5 3 MSC=93.83 FC= FC(9,3) 27.35

ww =
100.86
93.83
= 8.81

w.E
Treatments SSR=7744.75 3 MSR=2581.58
= 1.075
FR= FR(3,9)
= 3.86
6.99

asy =
2581.88
100.86

A SSA=5112.25 1 En MSA=5112.25
= 25.6
FA= FA(1,9) 6.99

gin 5112.25
= 5.12

B SSB=1640.25 1
ee MSB=1640.25
=

FB=
100.86
= 50.69
rin
FB(1,9) 6.99

1640.25
=
g.n
= 5.12

AB SSAB=992.25 1
100.86
= 16.26
MSAB=992.25 FAB= FAB(1,9)
et 6.99
992.25 = 5.12
=
100.86
= 9.84
Error SSE =907.75 9 MSE=100.86

Conclusion

(iv) Cal FA = 50.69 > Tab. FA(1,9) = 5.12

(v) Cal FB = 16.26 > Tab. FB(1,9) = 5.12

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(vi) Cal FAB = 9.84 > Tab. FAB(1,9) = 5.12

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

UNIT – III

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

PART - A

1. Give Newton Raphson iterative formula.

Solution:
f ( xn )
xn 1  xn  , n  0,1,2,.......
f ( xn )

ww
2. How will you find a negative root of a polynomial equation by
Iteration method?
Solution:

w.E Let f(x) =0 be the polynomial. The negative root of this polynomial can be obtained
by finding the positive root of f(– x) = 0.

asy
3. State the order (rate) of convergence and convergence condition for Newton Raphson
method.
Solution:

En 
The order of convergence of Newton Raphson method is 2
f ( x) f ( x)  f ( x)
gin
2
(quadratic) and convergence condition is .

ee
4. Show that Newton Raphson formula to find a can be expressed
rin
1 a
in the form
xn 1   xn  
2 xn  g.n
Solution:
Let x = a  x2  a
et
( i.e.) f(x) = x2 - a  f ( xn )  xn  a, f ( xn )  2xn
2

By Newton Raphson method,

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 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

( x  a)
2
f ( xn )
x n 1  xn   xn  n
f ( x n ) 2 xn
x a
2

 n
2 xn
1 a 
  x n  .
2 xn 

5. Derive Newton’s algorithm for finding the pth root of a number N.

Solution:

ww Let x = N1/p
 xp  N  xp  N  0

w.Ei.e. f(x) = x  N  f ( xn )
p

By Newton Raphson method,

 xn  N , f ( xn )  pxn
p p 1

x n 1  xn 
f ( xn ) asy x N
 x n  n p 1
p

f ( x n )
En pxn


gin
( p  1) x n  N
pxn
p 1
p

ee rin
6. Establish an iteration formula to find the reciprocal of a positive number N by Newton
Raphson method.
Solution:
Let x = 1/N g.n
N
1
x
1
  N 0
x
1 1 1
et
(i.e.) f ( x)   N  f ( x n )   N , f ( x n )   2
x xn xn
By Newton Raphson method,
1
N
f ( xn ) xn 2 1 
x n 1  xn   xn   x n  x n   N 
f ( x n ) 1  xn 
 2
xn
 x n 2  Nx n .

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7. Derive Newton’s formula to find the cube root of a positive number k.

Solution:
Let x = 3 k
f(x) = x3 – k  f ( xn )  xn  k , f ( xn )  3xn
3 2

By Newton Raphson method,

x k
3
f ( xn )
x n 1  xn   xn  n 2
f ( x n ) 3x n
2xn  k
3

 2
3x n
ww 1 k
  2 xn  2
3 

.

w.E xn 
8.
asy
State the principle used in Gauss-Jordan method.
Solution:
In the equation AX = B, the matrix A is transformed into an identity matrix.

En
9. Give the sufficient condition of convergence of Gauss Seidel method (or) Gauss Jacobi
method.
Solution: gin
ee
The absolute value of the leading diagonal element is greater than the sum of the absolute
values of the other elements in that row, which is called diagonally dominant.

rin
g.n
10. Write the conditions for convergence in Gauss Seidel iterative technique. (or) When
the method of iteration will be useful?
Solution:

11.
The coefficient matrix should be diagonally dominant.

State Gauss Seidel method.

et
Solution:
As soon as a new value for a variable is found by iteration it is used immediately
in the following equations. This method is called Gauss Seidel method.

12. Why Gauss Seidel method is a better method than Jacobi’s

iterative method.
Solution:
Since the immediately calculated values in Gauss Seidel of the unknowns are used, the
convergence in Gauss Seidel method will be more rapid than in Gauss Jacobi method. The rate
of convergence of Gauss Seidel method is roughly twice that of Gauss Jacobi method.

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13. Write the first iteration values of x,y,z when the equations 7x+6y-z = 85,
6x+15y+2z = 72, x+y+5z = 110 are solved by Gauss Seidel method.
Solution:
Here the coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant. Then
x 
1
85  6 y  z  ….....(1)
27
y=
1
72  6 x  2 z  ……(2)
15
z = 110  x  y  ……..(3)
1
5
First Iteration
Put y = 0, z = 0 in (1), we get x = 3.148

ww Put x = 3.148, z = 0 in (2), we get y = 3.451

Put x = 3.148, y = 3.451 in (3), we get z = 20.662

14.w.EDistinguish between direct and iteration method of solving simultaneous equations.

Solution:
Direct method
asy
i) We get exact solution
Iterative method
i) Approximate solution
ii) Simple, take less time
Enii) Time consuming laborious.

gin
15. Compare Gauss Elimination and Gauss Jordan methods for solving linear systems of
the form AX=B.
Solution:

ee
In Gauss Elimination method, the coefficient matrix reduced to upper triangular matrix

rin
and we get the solution by back substitution whereas in Gauss Jordan method, the coefficient
matrix reduces to an unit or identity matrix and we get the solution without using back
substitution.
g.n
16. Solve 3x+y = 2, x+3y = -2 by Gauss Seidel iteration method.
Solution:
In sixth iteration, we get x = 1, y = -1. et
1 2
17. Find the dominant eigen value of A =   by power method.
3 4
Solution:
Dominant eigen value = 5.3722

18. On what type of equations Newton’s method can be applicable?

Solution:
Newton’s method can be applicable to the solution of both algebraic and
transcendental equation and can be also used when the roots are complex.

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19. By Gauss elimination method solve x  y  2 and 2 x  3 y  5.

Solution:
The augmented matrix is
1 1 2 
[A,B] =  
2 3 5
1 1 2
=   R2  R2  2R1
0 1 1
By back substitution, x  y  2 ----(1)
y 1
(1) becomes, x  1 2
ww x 1
Hence x = 1, y = 1.

w.E
20. Why Gauss Seidel iteration is a method of successive corrections?
Solution:
asy
Because we replace approximations by corresponding new ones as soon the latter
have been computed.
En
gin
21. What are the merits of Newton’s method of iteration?
Solution:

ee
Newton’s method is successfully used to improve the result obtained by other methods. It

rin
is applicable to the solution of equations involving algebraical functions as well as
transcendental functions.

22. Give two direct methods to solve a system of linear equations. g.n
Solution:

Gauss Elimination method and Gauss Jordan method.

et
23. Compare Gauss Elimination with Gauss Seidel method. ( DEC 2012)
Solution:

Gauss Elimination Gauss Seidel

i.Direct method i. Indirect method
ii. Used to find inverse of ii. Used to solve system of the matrix also.
equations only
iii. Diagonally dominant condition iii. Diagonally dominant condition is not insisted.
is insisted.

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1 2
24. Find inverse of A =   by Gauss Jordan method.
3 4
Solution:
1 2 1 0
AI =   
3 4 0 1
1 3  1 0
=   
0 1  2 1
1 0  7  3
=   
0 1    2 1 
 7  3
ww Hence A-1 = 
 2 1 


w.E
25. Mention the order and condition for the convergence of Newton-Raphson method.
(DEC 2012).

asy
26. Find the real positive root of 3x-cosx-1 = 0 by Newton’s method correct to 6 decimal
places. (MAY 2012).

En
27. Solve the equations A+B+C = 6, 3A+3B+4C = 20, 2A+B+3C =13 using Guass
elimination method. (MAY 2012).
gin
28. Perform four iterations of Newton – Raphson method to find the smallest positive root
of the equation of
ee
f ( x)  x 3  5 x  1  0

rin
29. Solve the equations 10x  y  2 z  2 ; x  10 y  z  3; 2 x  3 y  10z  7 using
Gauss elimination method
PART – B
g.n
1. Solve x log 10 x  12 .34 with x0 = 10 using Newton’s method. (MAY 2011)
et
sin x  1  x 3 by using Newton Raphson
2. Find the negative root of the equation
method.

3. Solve the following equation by Gauss Elimination method

10 x  2 y  3z  23
2 x  10 y  5 z  33
3x  4 y  10 z  41

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4. Solve the equation by Gauss Jordan method :

2 x1  x 2  4 x3  4
x1  3x 2  x3  5
3x1  2 x 2  2 x3  1

2 2 3
5. Find the inverse of 2 1 1 using Gauss Jordan method. (MAY 2011)
1 3 5

2 0 1
ww6. Find the inverse of 3 2 5 using Gauss Jordan method.
1  1 0
w.E
7. Solve by Gauss Jacobi method :
x  y  54 z  110
asy
27 x  6 y  z  85 (MAY 2011)
6 x  15 y  2 z  72
En
8. Solve by Gauss Siedel method
x  y  54 z  110 gin
27 x  6 y  z  85
ee
6 x  15 y  2 z  72 (DEC 2012)
rin
9. Solve by Gauss Siedel method
10 x  2 y  z  9
g.n
x  10 y  z  22
 2 x  3 y  10 z  22
(MAY 2009) et
10. Find the dominant (largest) eigen value and the corresponding eigen
1  3 2 
vector of A = 4 4  1 by power method. (DEC 2010)
6 3 5 

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11. Find the dominant eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of
1 6 1 
A = 1 2 0 by power method. Find also the least latent root (smallest
0 0 3
eigen value) and hence the third eigen value.

25 1 2 
12. Find the numerically largest eigen value of A =  1 3 0  by power method and
 2 0  4
the corresponding eigen vector. (MAY 2009)

ww 1 2 3
0  4 2 by

w.E
13. Find the largest eigen value and eigen vector of the matrix  
0 0 7 
power method.
asy
14. Solve by Gauss Jacobi iteration method correct to 2 decimal places.
10 x  y  z  11.19
En
x  10 y  z  28.08
 x  y  10 z  35.61 gin
(MAY 2009)
ee rin
15. Solve the following system using Gauss elimination method.
x1  2 x 2  3 x 3  4 x 4  10 g.n
7 x1  10 x 2  5 x 3  2 x 4  40
13x1  6 x 2  2 x 3  3 x 4  34 (DEC 2010) et
11x1  14 x 2  8 x 3  x 4  64

16. Solve the following system using Gauss Jordan method.

2 x1  2 x 2  x3  x 4  4, 4 x1  3x 2  x3  2 x 4  6, 8x1  5x 2  3x3  4 x 4  12
3x1  3x 2  2 x3  2 x 4  6

Find the negative root of the equation x  4 sin x  0 by Newton’s

2
17. method.

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18. Solve by Gauss Seidel iteration the given system of equations starting with (0,0,0,0)
as solution. Do 5 iterations only
4 x1  x 2  x 3  2,  x1  4 x 2  x 4  2,  x1  4 x 3  x 4  1,  x 2  x 3  4 x 4  1
(DEC 2010)
19. Find the dominant eigen value of
 1 3  1
 3 2 4  by power method. (DEC 2012)
 
 1 4 10 

 1 3  1
ww 20. If A=  3 2 4  , find A 1 by Gauss-Jordan method. (DEC 2012)
 1 4 10 
w.E
21. Solve the following system using Gauss elimination method.
x+y+z=9, 2x-3y+4z=13, 3x+4y+5z=40 (DEC 2012)

asy
22. Solve by Gauss elimination method.
3x+4y+5z=18, 2x-y+8z=13, 5x-2y+7z=20 (MAY 2013)

En
23. Solve by Gauss-Seidal method the following system
28x+4y-z=32, x+3y+10z=24, 2x+17y+4z=35 (MAY 2013)

gin
24. Solve the system of equations by Gauss-Jordan method
x+y+z+w=1, 2x-3y+2z-w=-5, 3x+2y+3z+4w=7, x-2y-3z+2w=5 (MAY 2013)
5 0 1 

ee
25. Using power method, find all the eigen values of A= 0  2 0 (MAY 2013)
1 0 5
rin
26. Given f 2  5 , f 2.2  5.5 find the linear interpolating polynomial using lagrange
interpolation. g.n
et

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UNIT – IV

INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION

PART - A

1. The nth order difference of a polynomial of nth degree is _____ and (n+1)th
order of the same degree is _____
Solution:
Constant and zero.

2. Define the operators E and  and show that E = 1+  .

Solution:

ww Ef(x) = f(x+h) and  f(x) = f(x+h) – f(x)

We have  f(x) = f(x+h) – f(x)
= Ef(x) – f(x)

w.E = (E – 1)f(x)
 = E – 1 (or) E = 1+  .

3.
asy
What is the relation between the shift operator E and the backward difference
operator  ?
Solution:
 = 1 – E-1 En
4.
gin
What will be the first difference of a polynomial of degree
Solution:
4?

5.  +E -1 = ________
Solution:
ee
We get a polynomial of degree 3.

rin
 +E-1 = 1–E-1+E-1 = 1.
g.n
6. Given u0  1, u1  11, u2  21, u3  28, u4
Solution:
x y = ux  ux
 29 .Find4u0 .
2
 ux
3
 ux
et 4
 ux
0 1
1 11 10 0
2 21 10 –3 –3 0
3 28 7 –6 –3
4 29 1
4
Hence  u0 = 0.

7. If u1  1, u3  17 , u4  43, u5  89 . Find the value of u2.

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Solution:
Let the missing term be y1.
2 3 4
x y = ux  ux  ux  ux  ux
1 1
2 y1 y1–1 –2y1+18
3 17 17–y1 y1-43 3y1–61 –4y1+124
4 43 26 20 –y1+63
5 89 46
By assumption, we have – 4y1+124 = 0, y1 = 31.

8. Define interpolation and extrapolation?

Solution:
The process of computing the value of a function inside the given range is called

ww
interpolation. The process of computing the value of a function outside the given range is called
extrapolation.

w.E 9. State Newton’s formula on interpolation. When it is used?

Solution:

asy
Newton’s forward interpolation formula is

y  y0  uy0 
u (u  1) 2
 y0 
u (u  1)(u  2) 3
 y0  ..................

where u 
En
x  x0
2! 3!

h
gin
This formula is used mainly for interpolating the values of y near the beginning of a

y  y n  uy n 
ee
set of tabular values. Newton’s backward interpolation formula is

u (u  1) 2
 yn 
u (u  1)(u  2) 3 rin
 y n  ..................
2! 3!
g.n
where u
x  xn
h et
This formula is used mainly for interpolating the values of y near the end of a set of
tabular values.

10. State Newton’s divided difference formula.

Solution:
y  y0  ( x  x0 )y0  ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )2 y0
 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )3 y0 +………..

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11. State Lagrange’s interpolation formula

Solution:
( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n )
y  f ( x)  y0
( x 0  x1 )( x 0  x 2 )( x 0  x 3 ).......( x 0  x n )
( x  x 0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n )
 y1
( x1  x 0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x 3 ).......( x1  x n )
( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n )
 y2
( x 2  x 0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x 3 ).......( x 2  x n )
+……………………………….+
( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 ).......( x  x n 1 )
ww 
( x n  x 0 )( x n  x1 )( x n  x 2 )( x n  x 3 ).......( x n  x n 1 )
yn

w.E 12. What advantage has Lagrange’s formula over Newton?

Solution:

asy
Newton’s formula can be used only when the values of the Independent
variable x are equally spaced. But Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be used whether the
values of the independent variable x are equally spaced or not. Lagrange’s formula can be used

En
for inverse interpolation also, while Newton’s formula cannot be used.

13.
formula? gin
What is the disadvantage in practice in applying Lagrange’s interpolation

Solution:
ee rin
It requires close attention to sign and there is always a chance of committing some
error due to a number of positive and negative signs in the numerator and denominator.

14 What is the difference between Newton divided difference Formula and

Lagrange’s formula. g.n
Solution:
Lagrange’s formula is merely a variant of Newton divided difference formula. et
15. What is inverse interpolation?
Solution:
It is the process of finding the values of x corresponding to a value of
y, not present in the table.

16. What is the Lagrange’s formula to find y if three sets of values (x0,y0),
(x1,y1), (x2,y2) are given?

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Solution:
( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x 0 )( x  x 2 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x 0 )( x1  x 2 )
( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )
 y2
( x 2  x 0 )( x 2  x1 )

17. Construct a linear interpolating polynomial given the point (x0,y0),(x1,y1).

Solution:
( x  x1 ) ( x  x0 ) ( y  y1 ) x  ( x0 y1  x1 y0 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1  0
( x0  x1 ) ( x1  x0 ) x0  x1
ww 18.
.
Write the Lagrange’s formula for inverse interpolation.

w.E Solution:

x  f ( y) 
( y  y1 )( y  y 2 )( y  y 3 ).......( y  y n )
x0
asy
( y 0  y1 )( y 0  y 2 )( y 0  y 3 ).......( y 0  y n )
( y  y0 )( y  y2 )( y  y3 ).......( y  yn )
+
En
( y1  y0 )( y1  y2 )( y1  y3 ).......( y1  yn )
x1

gin
( y  y0 )( y  y1 )( y  y3 ).......( y  yn )
x2
+

+……………………………….+ ee
( y2  y0 )( y2  y1 )( y2  y3 ).......( y2  yn )

rin

( y  y 0 )( y  y1 )( y  y 2 )( y  y 3 ).......( y  y n 1 )
( y n  y 0 )( y n  y1 )( y n  y 2 )( y n  y 3 ).......( y n  y n 1 )
g.n
xn

19. Find the quadratic polynomial that fits y(x) = x4 at x = 0,1,2.

et
Solution:
The following data is
x : 0 1 2
4
y=x : 0 1 16
By Lagrange’s formula
( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
y  f ( x)  y 0  ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ) y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 y2
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )

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( x  1)( x  2) ( x  0)( x  2)
y  f ( x)  .0  .1
(0  1)( 0  2) (1  0)(1  2)
( x  0)( x  1)
 .16
(2  0)( 2  1)
y   x( x  2)  8x( x  1)
y(x) = 7x2 – 6x.

20. Use Lagrange’s formula to find the quadratic polynomial that takes
these values
x : 0 1 3

ww y : 0 1
Then find y(2).
Solution:
0

w.E By Lagrange’s formula

y  f ( x) 
( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )
y0 
( x  x0 )( x  x2 )
y1
asy
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
En 
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )
y2

y  f ( x)  gin
( x  1)( x  3)
.0 
( x  0)( x  3)
.1 
( x  0)( x  1)
.0

y(x) =
x 2  3x ee
(0  1)( 0  3) (1  0)(1  3)

rin
(3  0)(3  1)

2
Hence y(2) = 1.
g.n
21.

X: 0 2 4 6
et
Obtain the interpolation quadratic polynomial for the given data by
using Newton forward difference formula

Y : -3 5 21 45
Solution:
The difference table is
x y = f(x) y 2 y 3 y
0 -3
8 8
2 5 0
16 8
4 21
24
6 45

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Newton Forward Interpolation formula is

u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  y 0  uy 0   y0   y 0  ............
2! 3!
x  x0 x  0 x
where u   
h 2 2
( x / 2)( x / 2  1)
y  3  ( x / 2)(8)  (8)  0
2!
y  3  4 x  x( x  2)
y = x2 + 2x – 3.

ww
22. Show that the divided differences are symmetrical in their arguments.
Solution:

w.E f ( x 0 , x1 ) 
f ( x1 )  f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )  f ( x1 )
x1  x 0

x 0  x1
 f ( x1 , x 0 ).

asy
23. What is the nature of nth divided differences of a polynomial of nth degree?
Solution:
En
The nth divided differences of a polynomial of nth degree is constant.

gin
24.Find the second divided differences with arguments a,b,c if f(x) = 1/x.

ee
Solution:
The divided difference table is
x y = 1/x y 2 y
rin
g.n
a 1/a
–1/ab 1/abc
b 1/b

c 1/c
–1/bc
et
25.If f(x) = 1/x2, find f(a,b) and f(a,b,c) by using divided differences.
Solution:
The divided difference table is
x y = 1/x2 y 2 y
a 1/a2

b 1/b2 – (a+b)/a2b2 (ab + bc + ca) / a2b2c2

c 1/c2 – (b+c)/b2c2

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26.Using Lagrange’s formula, find the polynomial through (0,0),(1,1),(2,2).

Solution:
Polynomial is  x 2  2x  x 2  x  x (Solve it)

27. By differentiating Newton forward and backward difference formula, find

the first derivative of the function f(x).
Solution:
Newton forward interpolation formula is
u (u  1) 2 u (u  1)(u  2) 3
y  y0  uy0   y0   y0  .................
2! 3!
x  x0
where u 

ww dy dy du
 .
h

w.E dx du dx
1
 y 0 
2u  1 2
 y0 
3u 2  6u  2 3
 y0
h 2
asy
2u 3  9u 2  11u  3 4
6



12
En
 y 0  ......

y  yn  uyn  gin
Newton backward interpolation formula is
u (u  1) 2
 yn 
u (u  1)(u  2) 3
 yn  .................

where u 
x  xn
h
ee
2! 3!

rin
dy dy du
 .
dx du dx g.n
1
 y n 
h
2u  1 2
2
 yn 
3u 2  6u  2 3
6
 yn et
2u 3  9u 2  11u  3 4
  y n  ...... 
12

28. Using Newton’s forward and backward difference formula, write the formula
for the first and second derivative at the starting value x = x0 and at the end value x = xn
upto the fourth order difference term?

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Solution:
 dy  1 1 1 1 
   y0  2 y0  3 y0  4 y0  .............
 dx  x  x0 h  2 3 4 
 d2y  1  11 
 2   2 2 y0  3 y0  4 y0  .......................
 dx  x  x0 h  12 
 dy  1 1 1 1 
   yn   2 yn  3 yn   4 yn  .............
 dx  x  x
n
h 2 3 4 
 d2y  1  2 11 4 
 2   2  yn   yn  12  yn  .......................
3

ww  dx  x  x n h  

w.E29. Find the error in the derivative of f(x) = cos x by computing directly and

using the approximation f ( x) 

f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)

asy
at x = 0.8 choosing h = 0.1
2h
Solution:
f ( x)  cos x  f ( x)   sin x  f (0.8)  0.717
En
f ( x  h)  f ( x  h)
f ( x) 
gin 2h
f (0.8) 
ee
f (0.8  0.1)  f (0.8  0.1)
2(0.1)
rin
f ( 0 .9 )  f ( 0 .7 )

0 .2 g.n

cos(0.9)  cos(0.7)
0 .2 et
 0.716
Error = – 0.001

30. When can numerical differentiation be used?

Solution:
When the function is given in the form of table of values instead of giving analytical
expression we use numerical differentiation.

31. If f(x) = ax ( a  0 ) is given for x = 0, 0.5, 1. Show by numerical differentiation

that f (0)  4 a  a  3.

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Solution:

For x = 0, 0.5, 1, the values of y = f(x) = ax are a0, a0.5 , a1

( i.e.) 1, a ,a
x y = ax y y
2

0 1
a -1
0.5 a a-2 a +1

1 a- a
a

 dy  1 1 2 
   f (0)  y0   y0  ........ 
ww  dx  x  0 h
1 
2 

w.E 



0.5 
a 

a 3
1 
1
2
(a  2 a  1)


asy
 2 2 a   
 2 2

En
 4 a  a  3.

32. gin
Write down the Newton – cotes quadrature formula.
Solution:
xn


n2 ee
1  n3 n 2  2
f ( x)dx  h ny0  y0     y0 rin
x0

1  n4 
2 2 3 2 

 n 3  n 2 3 y o  ........ 
g.n
 
6 4  et
33. What is the geometrical interpretation of Trapezoidal rule?
Solution:
We are finding the area of the curve enclosed by y = f(x), the X-axis, the ordinates x =
a and x = b by using the area of trapezium.


34. Using Trapezoidal rule evaluate  sin xdx

0
by dividing the range into 6 equal

parts.
Solution:
 0 
h 
6 6

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
When h = , the values of y = sinx are
6
 2 3 4 5
x: 0 
6 6 6 6 6
y=sinx: 0 0.5 .8660 1 .8660 0.5 0
Trapezoidal rule is


 sin xdx 
h
( y0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  y3  .........y n1 
0
2

 (0  0)  2(0.5  0.8660  1  0.8660  0.5)
6( 2)
ww  0.9770
6

w.E
35. Write down the Trapezoidal rule to evaluate  f ( x)dx
1
with h = 0.5

Solution:
asy
Trapezoidal rule is

En
6
( y0  yn )  2( y1  y2  y3  .........yn 1 
h
 f ( x)dx =
2
1

 
0.5 gin
( y0  y10 )  2( y1  y2  y3  ........y9 )

36.
2
ee
Why is Trapezoidal rule so called? rin
Solution:
g.n
The Trapezoidal rule is so called, because it approximates the integral by the sum of
n trapezoids.
et
38. How the accuracy can be increased in Trapezoidal rule of evaluating a given
definite integral?
Solution:
If the number of points of the base segment b-a, ( the range of integration) is
increased, a better approximation to the area given by the definite integral will be
obtained.

39. When does Simpson’s rule or Simpson’s one-third rule give exact result?
Solution:
Simpson’s rule will give exact result, if the entire curve y = f(x) is itself a parabola.

40. What are the truncation errors in Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules of
numerical integration?
Solution:

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h3
Error in the Trapezoidal rule is  f ( ) . Error in the Trapezoidal rule is of
12
h5
the order h . Error in the Simpson’s one-third rule is 
2 f IV
( ) . Error in the
90
Simpson’s one-third rule is of the order h4.

41. Can you use Simpson’s rule for the following data:
x : 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52
f(x) : 1.93 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06 Why?
Solution:
We cannot use Simpson’s rule, since the number of ordinates is 6 (even).

ww 42. Why Simpson’s one-third rule is called a closed formula.

w.E Solution:
Since the end point ordinates y0 and yn are included in the Simpson’s one-third
rule, it is called closed formula.

43. Using Simpson’s rule find asy 4

 dx
e x
given e0 = 1, e1 = 2.72, e2 = 7.39,
3 4
e = 20.09, e = 54.6
En 0

Solution:
The following data is
gin
ee
x: 0 1 2 3 4
y: 1 2.72 7.39 20.09 54.6

xn
rin
Simpson’s 1/3 rule isrd

x0
f ( x)dx 
g.n
h
3
4
et
( y0  yn )  4( y1  y3  y5  .........) 2( y2  y4  y6  .......... .......... ) 

 e dx 
x 1
(1  54.6)  4(2.72  20.09)  2(7.39)
0
3
= 53.8733

44. Compare Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 1/3rd rule for evaluating numerical
integration.
Solution:
i) In Newton Cotes Quadrature formula, if we put n = 1 we get Trapezoidal rule
whereas if we put n = 2, we get Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
ii) In Trapezoidal rule, the interpolating polynomial is linear whereas in Simpson’s
1/3rd rule, the interpolating polynomial is of degree 2.

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iii) In Trapezoidal rule, there is no restriction on the number of intervals whereas in

Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, the number of intervals should be even.
45. What is the need of Newton’ s and Lagrange’s interpolation formulae?. (DEC
2012)

46. Use Lagrange’s formula to fit a polynomial to the data and find y at x=1

x : -1 0 2 3
y : -8 3 1 12
(MAY 2012)
47. Show that the divided difference of second order can be expressed as the

ww
quotient of two determinants of third order. (MAY 2012).
48. Find the area under the curve passing through the points (0,0), (1,2), (2,2.5),

w.E
(3,2.3), (4,2), (5, 1.7) and (6, 1.5). (MAY 2012).

asy PART – B

En
1. Using Newton’s Forward Interpolation formula find the polynomial f(x) satisfying
the following data. Hence find f(2).
x: 0
f(x) : 14
5
379
10
1444 gin
15
3584 (MAY 2009)

x: 4
y: 1
6
3
8
8
10
16
ee
2. Construct Newton’s forward interpolation polynomial for the following data.

rin
Use it to find the value of y for x = 5. (MAY 2011)
g.n
3. Given
et
sin 45 0  0.7071 , sin 50 0  0.7660 , sin 55 0  0.8192 , sin 60 0  0.8660
Find sin 520 by Newton’s formula.

4. Given x : 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

ex : 1 1.1052 1.2214 1.3499 1.4918
Find the value of y =ex when x = 0.38.

5. The following data are taken from the steam table

Temp 0 c : 140 150 160 170 180
Pressure kg f/cm2 : 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225
Find the pressure at temperature t = 1750.

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6. From the following data, estimate the number of persons earning weekly wages
between 60 and 70 rupees.
Wage Below 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120
(in Rs.)
No. of person 250 120 100 70 50
(in thousands)

7. Use Newton Backward formula to construct an interpolating polynomial of degree 3

for the data : f(– 0.75) = – 0.07181250, f(– 0.5) = – 0.024750,
 1
f(– 0.25) = 0.33493750, f(0) = 1.10100 Hence find    .(DEC 2010)
f
 3

ww
8. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula calculate the profit in the year 2000 from
the following data

w.E
Year : 1997 1999 2001 2002
Profit in lakhs 
: 43 65 159 248

of Rs.
asy
9. Give the values x : 14

En 17 31
f(x) : 68.7 64.0 44.0 39.1
35

gin
Find the value of f(x) when x = 27. (MAY 2011)

10. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula fit a polynomial to the

following data
x : –1 0 2
y : –8 3 1 12
3 ee rin
and hence find y at x = 1.5(MAY 2009)

log10 654  2.8156 , log 10 658  2.8182 ,

g.n
11. Given
log 10 659  2.8189 , log 10 661  2.8202
Lagrange’s formula.
. Find
et
log 10 656 by using

12. Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange’s formula and hence find f(3) for
x: 0 1 2 5
f(x) : 2 3 12 147

13. Using Lagrange’s formula, Prove that

1 1 
( y1  y 1 )    y 3  y 1    y1  y3  (DEC 2010)
1 1
y0 
2 8 2 2 

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14. Applying Lagrange’s formula to find the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 when f(30)
= –30, f(34) = –13, f(38) = 3, f(42) = 18. (MAY 2011)

15. Using Newton divided difference formula find u(3) given

u(1) = –26, u(2) = 12, u(4) = 256, u(6) = 844.

16. Using Newton divided difference method find f(1.5) using the data
f(1.0) = 0.7651977, f(1.3) = 0.6200860, f(1.6) = 0.4554022,
f(1.9) = 0.2818186, f(2.2) = 0.1103623. (DEC 2010)

17. Given u 0  4, u1  2, u 4  220 , u 5  546 , u 6  1148

u2 u3 .
ww Find and

From the following table, find the value of tan 45 015’ by Newton’s Forward

w.E
18.
Interpolation formula.
x o : 45 46 47 48 49 50
o

19.
tan x : 1
asy
1.03553 1.07237 1.11061 1.15037 1.19175

From the given table, the values of y are consecutive terms of a series of which

x: 3 4 5 6En
23.6 is the sixth term. Find the first and tenth terms of the series.
7 8 9

gin
y : 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2 52.8 73.9

x : 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 ee

20. Find f (3) and f (3) for the following data:
3.8
f(x) : –14 –10.032 –5.296 –0.256 6.672 14
4.0
rin
21. The following data gives the velocity of a particle for 20 seconds at an
g.n
et
interval of 5 seconds. Find the initial acceleration using the entire data
time (sec.) : 0 5 10 15 20
velocity (m/sec.) : 0 3 14 69 228

d
22. Find at t = 3 and t = 8 given
dt
t : 1 3 5 7 9
 : 85.3 74.5 67 60.5 54.3(DEC 2010)

23. Find y(1) from the following data

x: 0 2 3 4 7 9
y: 4 26 58 112 466 922
(DEC 2012)

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24. Find the value of sec 310 from the following data :
 (deg) : 310 320 330 340
tan  : 0.6008 0.6249 0.6494 0.6745 (MAY 2009)

25. Consider the following table of data :

x: 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
f(x) : 0.9798652 0.9177710 0.8080348 0.6386093 0.3843735
Find f (0.25) using Newton Forward interpolation formula
and f (0.95) using Newton Backward interpolation formula.
26. Find the maximum and minimum value of y tabulated below

ww x : –2 –1 0 1
y : 2 –0.25 0 –0.25 2
2 3
15.75
4
56 (MAY 2011)

w.E 1
dx
 1  x2
asy
27. Using Trapezoidal rule, evaluate
1
taking 8 intervals.

En
1

 dx
x 2

28. Evaluate e by dividing the range of integration into four equal

0
parts using Trapezoidal rule. gin
5
ee
29. Find an approximate value of log e5 by calculating to four decimal places by
dx rin
0 4x  5
Simpson’s rule the integral
g.n
dividing the range into 10 equal parts.

30. Evaluate
1
dx
0 1  x 2 take h = 0.125. Hence find  et
using Simpson’s rule.

31. Evaluate  sin xdx

0
by trapezoidal and Simpsons’s (1/3) rules by dividing the
,
range into 10 equal parts.(DEC 2012)


32. Evaluate  sin xdx

0
by trapezoidal and Simpsons’s rules by dividing the range
,
into 10 equal parts Verify your answer with integration. (MAY 2013)

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33. Using Newton divided difference method find the values of f(2), f(8) and f(15) given
the following table

x: 4 5 7 10 11 13
f(x) : 48 100 294 900 1210 2028 (MAY 2013)
34. The population of a certain town is given below. Find the rate of growth of the
population in 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, and 1971.
Year x: 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971
Population in thousands (y): 40.62 60.80 79.95 103.56 132.65 (MAY 2013)
(1) r
35. If f(x)=1/x, show that f ( x0, x1,..... xn )  .
x0 x1...xr where r is any positive integer.

ww (MAY 2013)
36. Find the cubic polynomial y(x) for

w.E x : -1
y : -8
0
3
2 3
1 12 (DEC 2012)

asy
37. Find y(22), given that
En
gin
x : 20 25 30 35 40 45
y : 354 332 291 260 231 204 (DEC 2012)

ee rin
g.n
et

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UNIT V

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART – A

1. What are the merits and demerits of the Taylor series method. ( DEC 2012).
Solution:
Taylor method is very powerful if we can calculate the successive derivative of y in
an easy manner. If there is a simple expression for the higher derivatives in terms of the
previous derivatives of y, Taylor’s method will work very well.But in the differential
dy
ww
equation
dx
 f ( x, y) , the function f(x,y) may have a complicated algebraical
structure. Then the evaluation of higher order derivatives may become tedious. This is

w.E
the demerit of this method.

asy
2. Taylor series method will be very useful to give some _____ for powerful
numerical methods such as Runge kutta method, Milne’s method, etc.
Solution:

En
Initial starting values.

gin
3. The use of Taylor series to solve numerically, differential equations is
restricted by the labour involved in the determination of _________.

4.
Solution:
Higher order derivatives.
ee
Solve the differential equation
dy
rin
 x  y  xy , y(0) = 1 by Taylor series
dx
method to get the value of y at x = h. g.n
Solution:
Given
y  x  y  xy
et
x0  0, y0  1

y  x  y  xy y0  0  1  0  1
y  1  y  xy  y 
y0  1  1  0  1  3
y  y  xy  y  y y0 ' ' '  3  1  0  1  5
y  y  2 y  xy  y y0 ' ' ' '  5  6  0  3  14
Taylor’s series is

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( x  x0 ) 2 ( x  x0 ) 3
y ( x)  y 0  ( x  x0 ) y 0  y 0  y 0
2! 3!
( x  x0 ) 4 iv
 y  .......
4!
(h  0) 2 (h  0) 3
y (h)  1  (h  0)(1)  (3)  (5)
2 6
(h  0) 4
 (14 )  .......
24
ww 3 5 7
y(h)  1  h  h 2  h3  h4  ...................
2 6 12
w.E5.
asy
State the disadvantage of Taylor series method?
Solution:
The disadvantage of Taylor series method is the evaluation of higher order derivative

En
which may become tedious for the function which have a complicated algebraical
structure.

6. gin
Name the method which is Taylor’s method of first order.
Solution:
Euler’s method. ee rin
7. Taylor series and Runge kutta method are single step methods while ________
and ________ are multistep methods.
Solution: g.n
corrector method. et
Milne’s predictor and corrector method and Adam-Bashforth predictor and

8. Which formula is a particular case of Runge kutta formula of the second

order.
Solution:
Euler’s modified formula.
9. Compute y at x=0.25 by modified Euler’s method given
dy
 x 2  y 2 , y(0)  1.
dx (DEC 2012)

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Solution:
Given f(x,y) = x2 + y2 , x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1

y1  y 0 
h
 f ( x0 , y 0 )  f x0  h, y 0  hf ( x0 , y 0  
2
f ( x0 , y 0 )  x0  y 0  0  1  1
2 2

y1  1 
0. 1
1  f 0  0.1,1  0.1(1) 
2
y1  1 
0. 1
1  f 0.1,1.1 
2

ww y1  1 
0. 1
2
1  1.22
w.E y1  1.111

10.
asy
Write down the formula to solve second order differential equation using
Runge kutta method of 4th order.
Solution:
En
The second order differential equation is
d2y
dx2
 g ( x , gin
y ,
dy
dx
)

put
dy
dx
ee
 z.        (1)
rin
dz
then  g ( x, y, z )      (2)
dx g.n
Equation (1) and (2) can be solved using the formula
et

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k1  hf ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
 h k l 
k2  hf  x0  , y0  1 , z0  1 
 2 2 2
 h k l 
k3  hf  x0  , y0  2 , z0  2 
 2 2 2
k4  hf x0  h, y0  k3 , z0  l3 

y 
1
k1  2k2  2k3  k4 
ww 6
y1  y0  y
w.E l1  hg ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
 asy
h k
l2  hg  x0  , y0  1 , z0  1 
l 
 2
En 2 2


h
gin
k
l3  hg  x0  , y0  2 , z0  2 
l 
2
2 2
ee
l4  hg  x0  h, y0  k3 , z0  l3 
rin
z  k1  2k2  2k3  k4 
1
6 g.n
on.
z1  z0  z et
Similarly we can find the next increments by replacing x0,y0,z0 and x1,y1,z1 and so

11. In the derivation of 4th order Runge kutta formula, why it is called fourth
order.
Solution:
The number of parameters = 13. It is called fourth order formula since the
parameters are determined such that yn+1 obtained by Runge kutta method agrees upto
h4 term in Taylor’s method.

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12. What are the values of k1 and l1 to solve

y' ' xy' y  0, y(0)  1, y' (0)  0 by Runge kutta method of 4th order.
Solution:
Given
y ' ' xy ' y  0
dy dz
put z then  xz  y  0
dx dx
dz
   xz  y
dx
Also given x0 = 0, y0 = 1, y 0  z0  0
ww k1 = hf(x0,y0,z0) = hz0 = 0.
l1
w.E = hg(x0,y0,z0) = h (– x0z0 – y0)
=h(0–1)
= – h.

asy
13. What do you mean by total error in error analysis?
Solution:
En
The difference between the computed value yi and the true value y(xi) at any stage is

gin
known as the total error. It is comprised of truncation error and round off error.

14. State the special advantage of Runge kutta method over Taylor series method.

method or Runge kutta method.

Solution:
ee
(or) Compare Taylor series and Runge kutta method. (or) Which is better Taylor

rin
g.n
Runge kutta methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x),
as the Taylor method does. Also the Runge kutta formulas involve the computation of
f(x,y) at various positions, instead of derivatives and this function occurs in the given
equation. Hence Runge kutta method is better method.
et
15. Runge kutta formulas involve the computation of f(x,y) at various points
instead of ____________
Solution:
Calculation of higher order derivatives of f(x,y).

16. Compare Taylor series and Runge kutta method.

Solution:
1. The use of Runge kutta method gives quick convergence to the solutions of
the differential equation than Taylor’s
series method.
2. In Runge kutta method, the derivatives of higher order are not required for
calculation as in Taylor’s series method.

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17. Write the formula to find k2, k4 in R-k method of fourth order.
Solution:
 h k 
k2  hf  x0  , y0  1 
 2 2
k4  hf x0  h, y0  k3 

18. If f(x,y) = f(x) i.e. only a function of x alone, then the fourth order Runge kutta
method reduces to ________
Solution:
The area by Simpson’s one-third rule.

ww
19. Compare Runge kutta method and predictor - corrector method.
Solution:
Runge kutta methods are self starting whereas predictor and corrector method are

w.E
not self starting. In Runge kutta method, it is not possible to get any information about
truncation error. In predictor and corrector method it is possible to get easily a good
estimate of the truncation error.

asy
20. What will you do, if there is a considerable difference between predicted value

En
and corrected value, in predictor and corrector methods?
Solution:

gin
If there is a considerable difference between predicted value and corrected value,
we take the corrected value as the predicted value and find out the new corrected value.

corrected values.
ee
This process is repeated till there is no great difference between two consecutive

21. Write down the error in Milne’s method. rin

Solution:
14 h5 5 g.n
y ( ) The truncation
The truncation error in Milne’s predictor formula is

error in Milne’s corrector formula is

 h5 5
y ( )
45
et
90
22. What is a predictor – corrector method ?
Solution:
Predictor – corrector methods are methods which require the values of y at
xn , xn 1 , xn  2 ,......... . for computing the values of y at x n 1 . We first use a formula
to find the value of y at x n 1 and this is known as a predictor formula. The value of y so
got is improved or corrected by another formula is known as corrector formula.

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23. What do you mean by saying that a method is self starting? Not self starting ?
Solution:
For computing the values of y at x n 1 , we do not require the values of y at
xn , xn 1 , xn  2 ,......... . This is called self starting. If we require the values of y at
xn , xn 1 , xn  2 ,......... . to find y at x n 1 then it is called not self starting.

24. Write down Milne’s predictor and corrector formula.

Solution:

4h    
y n 1, p  y n 3  2 y n  2  y n 1  2 y n 
3  
ww y n 1,c  y n 1
  
  y n 1  4 y n  y n 1 
h
3  
w.E
25. What is the condition to apply Milne’s method.
Solution:

asy
It requires four starting values of y.

En
26. Mention the multistep methods available for solving ordinary
differential
Solution:
equation
gin
i) Milne’s predictor - corrector method

ee
ii) Adam’s Bashforth predictor – corrector method.

27. Explain the terms initial and boundary value problems.

rin
Solution:
g.n
If the conditions are prescribed at only one point then the differential equation

prescribed at two or more points, then the problem is termed as boundary value
problems. et
together with the conditions form an initial value problem and if the conditions are

28. State the Taylor series formula to find y(x1) for solving
dy
 x 2 y  1, y(x0)=y0
dx
Solution:

( x  x0 ) 2 ( x  x0 ) 3
y ( x1 )  y 0  ( x  x0 ) y ( x0 )  y ( x0 )  y ( x0 )  .......... .
2! 3!

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29. Obtain the finite difference scheme for the differential

d2y
equation 2 2  y  5.
dx
Solution:
d2y
Given 2  y  5.
dx 2
 y  y i 1  2 yi 
2 i 1   yi  5
 h2 
2 y i 1  (h 2  4) y i  2 y i 1  5h 2

ww 30. Explain one-step methods and multi step methods.

w.E
Solution:
In one-step methods, we use the data of just one preceding step. In multi step
methods, where in each step, we use data from more than one of the preceding steps.

asy
31. Find y(1.1) using Euler’s method from
dy
 x 2  y 2 , y(1) 1.
Solution: En dx

gin
y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0) = 1 + (0.1)[1+1] = 1+0.2 = 1.2

ee
32. Compute y at x=0.25 by Modified Euler’s method given

(MAY 2012)
dy
dx
 2 xy , y (0) 1.

rin
33. Using Taylor series method, find y at x= 0.1,0.2 given
dy
dx g.n
 x 2  y , y(0) 1.

(MAY 2012) et
PART – B

dy
1. Using Taylor’s series find y at x = 0.1 if  x 2 y  1, y(0) = 1.
dx

2. By means of Taylor series expansion, find y at x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 correct to three
dy
decimal places, given  2 y  3e x , y(0)  0. (MAY 2011)
dx

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1
dy
3. Use Taylor series solution to solve numerically  xy 3 , y(1) = 1. Tabulate y for
dx
x = 1.1, 1.2 (MAY 2011)

d2y 2 dy
4.Find the value of y(1.1) and y(1.2) from 2
 y  x 3 , y (1)  1, y(1)  1
dx dx
by using Taylor’s series method.
(MAY 2009)
dy y  x
5. Use Euler’s method to approximate y when x = 0.1 given that 
dx y  x with y

ww = 1 for x = 0.

w.E
6. Solve
dy
dx
 1 y with the initial condition x = 0, y = 0. Using Euler’s algorithm,

asy
tabulate the solutions at x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4. Get the solutions by Euler’s modified
method also.

dy En
 log 10 ( x  y )
7. Given that
dx
gin with the initial condition that y = 1 when x = 0, use
Euler’s modified method to find y for x = 0.2 and x = 0.5 in more accurate form.

ee 1 rin
y  3 x 
8. Using R-K method of fourth order, solve
2
y
g.n
with y(0) = 1 at x = 0.2

taking h = 0.1

9. Use 4th order R-K method to solve y   xy for x = 1.2, 1.4, 1.6
et
Initially x = 1, y = 2 ( take h = 0.2 )
(DEC 2010)
10. Given y  xy  y  0, y(0)  1, y(0)  0 , find the value of y(0.1) by
using R-K method of fourth order.

11. Consider the 2nd order initial value problem y   2 y   2 y  e 2t sin t with
y(0)  0.4, y (0)  0.6
i) Using Taylor series approximation, find y(0.1)
ii) Using 4th order R-K method, find y(0.2) (MAY 2009)

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12. Solve y   x  y ,0  x  1 , y(0) = 0, y(0.2) = 0.02, y(0.4) = 0.0795,

2

y(0.6) = 0.1762 by Milne’s method to find y(0.8) and y(1).

dy
13. Given  x 3  y, y (0)  2
dx
i) Compute y(0.2), y(0.4) and y(0.6) by R-K method of 4th order.
ii) Hence find y(0.8) by Milne’s predictor corrector method taking h = 0.2

14. Given that y  xy  y  0, y(0)  1, y(0)  0 . Obtain for

x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 by Taylor’s series method and find the solution
for y(0.4) by Milne’s method. (DEC 2010)

ww
15. Given y   x ( x  y ) e , y (0)  1 find y at x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 by Taylor’s
2 2 x

w.E
series method and compute y(0.4) by Milne’s method. (DEC 2010)

step of h = 0.1 Given y(0) = 3, asy

16. Using fourth order Runge kutta method, solve the following equation taking each
dy 4 t
  t y Calculate y for x = 0.1 and 0.2 (MAY

2011) En dt y

17. Given y   x y  y  0,
2
gin y (0)  1, find the value of y(0.2) by using Runge-
kutta method of 4th order.
ee rin
18. Apply Runge-kutta method to find approximate value of y for x = 0.2 in steps of 0.1

if
dy
dx
 x  y2 given that y = 1 when x = 0. (DEC 2010) g.n
19. Using Taylor series method find correct to four decimal places, the value

of y(0.1) given
dy
 x 2  y 2 , y (0) 1. (MAY 2009)
et
dx
20. Find by Taylor series method, the values of y at x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 to four
dy
decimal places from  x 2 y  1, y(0) 1.
dx

21. Using Euler’s method, solve numerically the equation y   x  y , y(0)  1,

for x = 0.0 (0.2) (1.0). Check your answer with the exact solution.

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22.Using the finite difference method, find y(0.25), y(0.5) and y(0.75) satisfying
2
d y
the differential equation  y  x subject to the boundary conditions
dx 2
y(0) = 0, y(1) = 2.

23. Solve xy   y  0 , y(1) = 1, y(2) = 2 with h = 0.25 by finite difference

method.
24. Solve y   xy  0 given y(0) = –1,y(1) = 2 by finite difference method taking n = 2.

25. Using finite difference method, solve for y given the differential equation
d2y
 y  1  0 , x  (0,1) and the boundary conditions y(0) = y(1) = 0, taking
ww dx 2
i) h = ½ ii) h = ¼ (MAY 2011)

w.E22. Using finite difference method solve

d2y
dx 2
 y in (0,2) given y(0) = 0,

asy
y(2) = 3.63 subdividing the range of x into 4 equal parts.

En
27. Using finite difference method, solve for y given the differential
y   64 y  10  0 , x  (0,1)
equation
the interval into
gin
i) 4 equal parts
given y(0) = y(1) = 0, subdividing
ii) 2 equal parts.

ee
28. Solve y   y  x , x  (0,1) given y(0) = y(1) = 0 using finite differences
dividing the interval into 4 equal parts.
rin
y x  2 7 y x 1  8 y x  x( x  1)2 x . (MAY 2012)
29. Solve

y2  x2 g.n
th
30. Using 4 order R-K method to solve
(MAY 2012)
y  2
y  x2 et
given y(0)=1 at x=0.2,0.4

32. Given y  xy  y  0, y(0)  1, y(0)  0 . Find the value of y(0.1) by
using

Runge kutta method of fourth order. (MAY 2012)

y2  x2
y  2
33. If
y  x2 ,y(0)=1 , find y(0.2), y(0.4) and y(0.6) by at x=0.2,0.4 by R-K

method of fourth order and hence find y(0.8) by Milne’s method.

(DEC 2012)

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dy
34. By Taylor’s series method find y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(0.3) if  x  y 2 , y (0) 1.
dx
(DEC 2012)

dy
34. By Modified Euler’s method find y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(0.3) if  x  y, y(0) 1.
dx
(DEC 2012)

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
ee rin
g.n
et

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