61 IN DUCTION 7 A network consists ofa large number of computers and various oth intermediate devices. All these devices and computer need to be connected :; so as to transfer data from one computer to other in the network. In order to provide one to one communication between the computers, possible way is to make point-to-point connection between the each pair of devices i.2. every computer in the network is having a link with every other computer. However, this method requires a lot of wiring and will increase the cost. one xX TH WwW & Fig. 6.1 Switched Network Scanned with CamScan¢ Another technique that can determine how connections are made between devices and how data movement is handled is switchin: he %_ switched network consists of series of interlinked nodes) called itches Switches are hardware and/or software devices that_are capable of Creatin, temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch: : J ¢ Ina switched network, some of these nodes are connected to the end Syste or communication devices like computer or telephone. Scanned with CamScan6. 2 TYPES OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES — There are three switching techniques (see fig. 6.2: 1. Circuit switching 2. Packet switching 3. Message switching Switching Circuit Packet Message” Switching Switching ‘Switching Virtual Circiut Datagram approach approach Fig. 6.2 Types of switching 6.2.1. Circuit Switching e(i is the simplest metho physical connection o} devie 5 e f data communication in which a-dedicated is established between the sending and receiving Scanned with CamScant_ switened networks, a sel of switches Witches are connected by physical onnection betwe en ty i {Wo stations is a dedicated path d ath made of one or cigure 6.3 Shows a circuit swite mpuier . ; reuit switched network in which coi A puier A, B and C are connected to computer D, E, F and G yj f 0 ers are Bc ia four swi eames are to be connected with 4 point-to-poii switches. If these cated lines are requi i -to-point i dedicated lines are required which will incur high lin La 4 connections, 12 1c cost. rhe four switches connecti rs V inks . ing these compute: : . 's thus provid i i ao ee provide dedicated |i by —— ne = cost. Here I, Il, III and IV are the circuit ita or des. Nodes are conne nodes. Nodes I, III, IV ai nected to computers while II is only routi only routing Fig. 6.3 Circuit Switched network . @ circuit switching the(fouting decision)is made when path is set up across @ network. After the link has been set between the sender and receiver, the information is forwarded continuously over the lini. ‘ @ dedicated path established between the sender Maintained for entire duration of conversation. * Chhis link or path is released only when data tran: | | isceiver is ) | : \ Citeuit switching takes place at the{ Physical layey,_ ocanned with Vamocan and the receiver is | smission between sender and | | |NS the stations must make a resery, * ai ¢ communication, These resources 1o>ms+D transmitted C to B, Message MI follows the route sea avon the availability and M2 follows the route C > IV — II -> B depending upo offre path at that particular moment. icati ste! The first electromechanical cane o paper tape o Switching for telegrams, The message was Pt ‘Sconea with Uamocer m used message — ff-line ata the sending office and then read in and transmitted over @ communication line to the next office along the way, where it was punches ut ON paper tape, An operator there tore the tape off ‘and read it in on tape readers, Advantages of message switching The various advantages of message switching are: a . 1. It provides efficient traffic management by assigning priorities to the messages to be switched. 2. No physical connection is required between the source & destination ag jt is seen is itis in circuit switching. % se of store & forward communication channe| w . Tt reduces. the-traffic_congestion on network facility. Each node can store the message until becomes available. 4. Channels are used effectively and network devices share the data channels, 5. It support the message length of unlimited size, Disadvantages of message switching The various disadvantages of message switching are: 1. As message length is unlimited, each switching node must have sufficient storage to buffer message. = 2. Storing & forwarding facility introduces delay thus making message switching unsuitable for real time applications like voice and video. j Comparison of message, circuit and packet swtiching j Ss. ireui No. Parameter | Message switching switching Packet switching 1. | Multiplexing | Character or Circuit Packet scheme- message multiplexing multiplexing multiplexing shared media access networks. 2. | Addressing | Geographical Hierarchical Hierarchical scheme addresses numbering plan _| address space 3. | Transmission | Digital data over system different transmission media, Analog & digital | Digital data over data over | different different transmission transmission media. media. ocanned with UCalmocanfe - Information Morse, Baudot, | Analog voice or Binary | | type ASCIL PCM digital | information. voice. 7] = ‘ : —— 5, | End terminal | Telegraph, teletype | Telephone, Computer | modem | Routing Manual Route selected | Each packet is || scheme during set up routed | independently. | 7. | Application | Telegraph network | Telephone Internet for | for transmission of | network for bi- | datagram and telegrams. directional, real | reliable stream time transfer of | service between | voice signal. computers. 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