PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Alvear Street Lingayen, Pangasinan

S.A.C.A.D.: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device

for Tricycles

NICOLE O. ABATA
FRANCHESKA ZYRILL CUATON
HANNAH ELYNMAE CUISON
JOHN LEE DG. VALDEZ
Proponents

LYNDON GINEZ PADAMA

Professor, PHINMA-University of Pangasinan
Consultant

GERALD SORIANO
 PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Alvear Street Lingayen, Pangasinan

Research Adviser
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), an average of 34 Filipinos die

every day due to vehicular collision. There are vehicular accidents being reported every day.
Unfortunately, there is no comprehensive database on statistics of road mishaps in the country.
Gathered in this article are statistics from government agencies, such as Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), Department of
Transportation (DOTr), and Land Transportation Office (LTO). These institutions have the
spine-chilling figures, such as a breakdown of the vehicle types involved, percentage of people
killed in road crashes, and accident-prone roads in Manila. According to Mark de Leon, assistant
secretary for Department of Transportation (DOTr), there is a daily average of 262 road crashes
in Metro Manila alone in which the number of motorcycles and tricycles got the highest
percentage of accident which is 53%. Since motorcycles account for a big chunk of road crashes,
motorcycle riders topped the fatalities in the 2015 Road Safety Report of World Health
Organization (WHO) as well. Additionally, motorcyclists tend to be the most vulnerable,
comprising 23% of all the road traffic deaths. The country’s most congested highway—EDSA—
logs and average of 407 driver casualties, 324 passenger incidents, and 256 pedestrians killed or
injured(Ramos,2017). Furthermore, majority of the road crashes in EDSA are due to driver errors
and jaywalkers. Just like over speeding, other human errors such as counter flowing, drunk
driving, losing control of the vehicle, and illegal turning remain the top causes of road crashes.
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Statement of the Problem

1.Can the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device able to detect the
vehicle attempts to overtake?

2.Is there a significant difference between the researcher’s product to the commercial product in
terms of:

A. Speed on Detecting the Overtaking Vehicle

B. Speed on Alerting the Driver

C. Cost-Efficiency

D. Workability

Hypothesis

1.The S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device can detect the vehicle
attempts to overtake.

2.There is no significant difference between the researcher’s product to the commercial product
in terms of:

A. Speed on Detecting the Overtaking Vehicle

B. Speed on Alerting the Driver

C. Cost-Efficiency

D. Workability
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Significance of the Study

This study intends to create a high quality device that can alarm the driver whenever
some will pass or overtake to the designated lane. This study is designed to help the following
beneficiaries especially:

Tricycle Drivers

By using this device, the driver will function well because of the alarming system that
this device provides. The driver can have avoided accident due to collisions.

Community

Since the driver will function well, it can avoid accidents due to collision. With this
incident such as traffics will be avoided. Casualties such as loss of lives, vehicle expenses and
etc. As the driver functions well it will help the community’s highways and railroads accident
free.

Future Researchers

This study may help future studies about sensors and alarming device. This can help as a
related study that contribute to improve their study.

Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this study is to develop a high quality device that can alarm the driver.
The making of the product requires different materials such as 0.8mm Diameter Soldering Lead
(1 roll), AC/DC Adapter/Converter with 9-12 Volts DC and 2-3 Amperes and Resistors (1/4
watt) of different values, Arduino Uno R3 with Cable, four (4) pcs Red Light-Emitting Diode
(LED), 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with 12C interface, DuPont Jumper Wires Cables
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(Female to Female, Male to Male & Female to Male), Solderless Breadboard, four (4) pcs
Waterproof Ultrasonic Ranging Module-JSN-SR04T and Waterproof Integrated Distance
Measuring Transducer Sensor for Arduino This study is limited in producing a high quality and
durable product. This study can only be used on tricycles and other industries who develop
different types of model of tricycles. The researchers also need to improve their product by using
different testing such as detection of vehicles, speed (alerting), speed (detecting) and workability.

CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

Subject of the Study

This study used two three-wheeled vehicles for the testing on how accurate the detection
of the sensor. Twenty humans were asked to compare the commercial product to the
researcher’s product.

Procurement of the Materials

0.8mm Diameter Soldering Lead (1 roll), AC/DC Adapter/Converter with 9-12 Volts DC
and 2-3 Amperes and Resistors (1/4 watt) of different values were obtained from electronic
outlet. Arduino Uno R3 with Cable were obtained from online electronic lounge. Four (4) pcs
Red Light-Emitting Diode (LED) that will use for the signal sign of the sensor were obtained
from electronic stores. 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with 12C interface were obtained
from online shop. Desktop were used for coding and programming electronic platforms needed.
DuPont Jumper Wires Cables (Female to Female, Male to Male & Female to Male) were used
for connecting platforms and modules and the Solderless Breadboard for Electronic Prototyping
were obtained from electronic outlet. Four (4) pcs Waterproof Ultrasonic Ranging Module-JSN-
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SR04T and Waterproof Integrated Distance Measuring Transducer Sensor for Arduino was used
for the detection of the moving vehicle were obtained from online shop.

Schematic Diagram

Figure 1. Block Diagram of the software

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Parts of the Arduino Uno R3 Sketch (the program)

A. Pre- setup. It includes and load all necessary libraries; as follows, for all hardware

modules connected to Arduino Development Board.

A1. Software Serial – for software –Arduino;

A2. Liquid Crystal Display with I2C – for 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) connected with

Inter – Inter Circuit (I2C) module.

A3. Ultrasonic Sensor- for the waterproof ultrasonic distance sensor.

This part of the program also contains definition of constants and global variables used

all throughout the program, such as pin connections, buffer and memory address assignments for

the modules.

Libraries contains lines of codes on how the modules interact with the internal circuitry

of the board, thus they help shorten the code in the main loop. They also define commands which

are acceptable during program execution.

B. Setup. This part of the program contains commands that will be executed necessary

before hardware module can actually start interacting with the Arduino Development Board. For

the sketch development for the project, the following are included in this part:

B1. Initialization of Serial Communication between the Arduino Board and hardware modules;

B2. Definition of digital pin modules, either assigned as INPUT or OUTPUT, and their initial
 PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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values, either LOW or HIGH;

B3. Initialization of the LCD module, and displaying of initial message to the LCD.

C. Main Loop. The main loop contains line of co0des that will run every cycle, that is

to say loop. It is where the real-time state of the sensors and their values are taken. The main

loop also includes local variables and their data types. These local variables include, but not

limited to, strings, characters, integers, and float numbers. Sequentially, the main loop executes

the following instructions in this project:

C1. Definition of local variables, and parameters of the ultrasonic sensor, namely trigger and
echo.

C2. Call of the functions which determine the real-time values of distances;

C3. Calculation of the real-time distance;

C4. Display of the distance values in the LCD, and the trigger of light emitting diodes.
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Figure 2: Schematic
figure of

researcher’s product.

The Arduino Uno R3 is the development board used in this device, serves as the heart

and brain of the system. Its digital pins, configured to accept inputs, are used to connect to the

four (4) waterproof ultrasonic sensors.

The researchers took advantage of the Arduino Uno’s serial data lines, namely Serial

Data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL) for the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Originally, the LCD

has 16 pins for its parallel communication. With the aid of inter-inter circuit (I2C) module, these

16 lines were converted only to four (4) lines, inclusive the serial clock (SCL), serial data (SDA),

supply (Vcc), and ground (GND) pins. The I2C module offers reliable and ease of

troubleshooting because of 16-to-4-line conversion of the communication lines from the LCD to

the Arduino Uno R3 development board.

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General Procedure

1. Connection of Waterproof Ultrasonic Sensor to Arduino Development Board

A. Front Sensor

Trigger Pin  Digital Pin 2 (2)

Echo Pin  Digital Pin 3 (3)

B. Right Sensor

Trigger Pin  Digital Pin 10 (10)

Echo Pin  Digital Pin 11 (11)

C. Back Sensor

Trigger Pin  Digital Pin 4 (4)

Echo Pin  Digital Pin 5 (5)

D. Left Sensor

Trigger Pin  Digital Pin 12 (12)

Echo Pin  Digital Pin 13 (13)

2. Connection of 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display with I2C to Arduino Development Board

Supply Pin (Vcc)  +5V Pin

Ground Pin(GND)  Ground Pin (GND)

Receive Pin (RXD) Transmit Pin (TX)

3. Connection of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to Arduino Development Board

A. Front LED
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Anode Pin  Analog Pin 5 (A5)

Cathode Pin  Ground Pin (GND)

B. Back LED

Anode Pin  Analog Pin 4 (A4)

Cathode Pin  Ground Pin (GND)

C. Right LED

Anode Pin  Analog Pin 3 (A3)

Cathode Pin  Ground Pin (GND)

D. Left LED

Anode Pin  Analog Pin 2 (A2)

Cathode Pin  Ground Pin (GND)

After connecting all the parts, the researcher’s plugged the USB port to a computer. Then the
researchers encoded the codes for the displaying of data compiled by Arduino Uno R3 from five
sensors, sending the data through programming:
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Data Gathering Technique

The researchers conducted a test if the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision
Alarming Device is effective in terms of the speed on detecting the overtaking vehicle and on
alerting the driver. For the comparison of the commercial product in researcher’s product, the
researchers surveyed 20 humans.

Data Processing Method

The product was tested and compared from the commercial products in terms of speed on
detecting the overtaking vehicle and on alerting the driver. T-test was used to compare the data
gathered between the researchers’ product and the commercial product. The test was used to find
out the significant difference of gathered data in terms of the speed on detecting the overtaking
vehicle and on alerting the driver between the two products. It is also stated that T-test is capable
of comparing both products by solving the following data recorded from the researchers’ product
and the commercial product. T-test for two Uncorrelated Groups is the statistical tool used in
analyzing and interpreting data.
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CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table I.1. Comparative data on the amount of time in seconds that it takes the detection of
the commercial system to the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device.

Speed (Seconds)

Trials Commercial System S.A.C.A.D: Sensor

Arduino-based Collision
Alarming Device

1 5 7

2 3 5

3 6 9

4 4 8

5 7 6

Table 1 represents the comparative data on the amount of time in seconds that it takes the

detection of the commercial system to S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming

Device. Based on the data gathered, the alerting system of the commercial vehicle detects the

overtaking attempts of vehicle around it faster than the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based

Collision Alarming Device. The researcher used T-Test for Two Independent Samples to
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determine if the hypothesis is rejected or accepted. Based on the calculations, the calculated t

exceeds the critical value. So that means there is no significant difference.

Table I.2 Comparative data on the amount of time in seconds that it takes to alert the
driver of the commercial system to S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming
Device.

Speed (Seconds)

Trials Commercial System S.A.C.A.D: Sensor

Arduino-based Collision
Alarming Device

1 8 6

2 6 8

3 9 5

4 7 9

5 5 5

Table I represents the comparative data on the amount of time in seconds that it takes the
detection of the commercial system to the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming
Device. Based on the data gathered, the alerting system of the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based
Collision Alarming Device alerts the driver faster than the commercial vehicle system. The
researcher used T-Test for Two Independent Samples to determine if the hypothesis is rejected or
 PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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accepted. Based on the calculations, the calculated t exceeds the critical value. So that means
there is no significant difference.

Table II. Comparative data on total amount of expenses of materials being used on the
formulation of the test subjects in peso form.

Materials Cost Total Cost

Arduino Uno R3 with cable Php 325

Four (4) pcs Waterproof

Ultrasonic Ranging Module-
JSN-SR04T and Waterproof
Integrated Distance Measuring Php 1, 300

Transducer Sensor for Arduino

Solderless Breadboard for Php 100

Electronic Prototyping

DuPont Jumper Wires Cables Php 225 Php 2, 970

(Female to Female)

DuPont Jumper Wires Cables Php 180

(Male to Male)

DuPont Jumper Wires Cables Php 225

(Female to Male)

AC/DC Adapter/Converter Php 350

with 9-12 Volts DC and 2-3
Amperes

Four (4) pcs Red Light- Php 40

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Emitting Diode (LED)

16x2 Liquid Crystal Display Php 135

(LCD) with 12C interface

Resistors (1/4 watt) of Php 15

different values

0.8mm Diameter Soldering Php 75

Lead (1 roll)

Table II presents the comparative data on the total amount of expenses (peso) of materials
being used to make each samples. Based on the results, the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based
Collision Alarming Device is cheaper and more convenient to use than the Commercial System.
The researcher used T-Test for Two Independent Samples to determine if the hypothesis is
rejected or accepted. Based on the calculations, the calculated t exceeds the critical value, so that
means there is no significant difference.
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Table III. Rating of the panelist on each the commercial system and S.A.C.A.D: Sensor
Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device in terms of workability.

Workability

Panelist Commercial System S.A.C.A.D: Sensor

Arduino-based Collision
Alarming Device

1 5 4

2 4 5

3 4 5

4 5 4

5 5 3

6 4 5

7 4 4

8 3 3

10 5 5

Table III represents the ratings of a group tricycle drivers which serves as the panelists on
the performance of each treatments in terms of assembly and workability wherein is 5 is the
highest. Based on the results, the Commercial System is easier to assemble than the S.A.C.A.D:
Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device. The researcher used Friedman’s Test as its
statistical tool to determine whether the hypotheses are rejected or accepted. Based on the
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calculations, the value of S is less than the value of S-tabular Therefore, there is a significant
difference between the commercial vehicle system than the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based
Collision Alarming Device in terms of workability.
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CHAPTER IV

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

Many Filipino tricycle drivers suffered from vehicular accidents due to collision, this
gives the researchers to conduct a study. The study conducted from a new project, the
S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device. The product was done by
connecting wires, sensors, screen display and programming codes in the Arduino and sensors.

Conclusion

The researchers conducted the experimentation and has proven that the S.A.C.A.D:
Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device can alert the driver faster than the alerting
system of commercial vehicle. The researchers come out with the conclusion that there is no
significant difference between the commercial system and the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based
Collision Alarming Device specifically in terms of: speed on detecting the overtaking vehicle,
speed on alerting the driver, cost-efficiency and workability. The data shows that the S.A.C.A.D:
Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device is more affordable and convenient than the
commercial system. Based on the gathered data of the workability test, tricycle drivers rated the
S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based Collision Alarming Device higher than the commercial
system. Therefore, the conducted study is proven and the S.A.C.A.D: Sensor Arduino-based
Collision Alarming Device can be an effective alerting device.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend to improve the study by adding more features in the product.
The researcher also recommends to apply the study in all types of vehicles to reduce accidents
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here in the Philippines. Furthermore, experimentation should be more standard to have more
accurate results.