Electronic Devices & Circuits (22382)

CHAPTER NO. 5
IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
AND
SMPS
MARKS: 10

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Q- State use of heat sink.

ANS:
Heat sink is a heat exchanger used to transfer heat generated by a mechanical or an electronic device to the
surroundings.

Heat sinks are either made up of aluminium or copper or any other material which is good conductor of heat.
Because conductor helps in conduction of heat from heated surface to the outside air.

Heat sinks are commonly used in laptops, computers etc.

A heat sink is usually made out of copper and/or aluminum.

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Q- List the uses of heat sink (four points)

ANS:

Uses of heat sink:

i. It is used to avoid thermal runaway in electronic circuits.

ii. Use to transfer heat generated by a mechanical or an electronic device to the surroundings.
iii. Use to optimize the heat exchange between component and surrounding by maximizing the contact surface
between heat sink and air.
iv. Used to dissipate the amount of heat generated.

Q- State fixed voltage regulator IC’s.

ANS:

Fixed voltage regulator IC’s can provide fixed amount of voltage either in positive or in negative. 78XX can
generate positive values of voltages.
E.g.

79XX can generate negative values of voltages.

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Q- State the necessity of regulated power supply. Define load and line regulation.

ANS:

Necessity of regulated power supply:

(i) The d.c. output voltage changes directly with change in input a.c. voltage. For instance, a 5% increase in
input a.c. voltage results in approximately 5% increase in d.c. output voltage.

(ii) The d.c. output voltage decreases as the load current increases. This is due to voltage drop in (a) transformer
windings (b) rectifier and (c) filter circuit.

These variations in d.c. output voltage may cause inaccurate or erratic operation or even malfunctioning of
many electronic circuits.

In many electronic applications, it is desired that the output voltage should remain constant regardless of the
variations in the input voltage or load. In order to get ensure this; a voltage stabilizing device called voltage
regulator is used.

Load Regulation:

Load regulation is the measure of the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage
despite changes in output current or load.

Where VNL is the load voltage at no load IL = 0

VFL is lad voltage at full load when IL= IL max

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Line Regulation:

Line Regulation is the change in output voltage due to variation of the input voltage with all other factors held
constant.

The line regulation gives the ability of a power supply to maintain the specified output voltage despite the
changes or variations in the input line voltage.

The value is calculated from the ratio of the change in the output voltage to the change in the input voltage, It is
mathematically expressed as,

Line Regulation = ΔVO / ΔVI

Where,
Δ VO = The change in output voltage
ΔVI = The change in input voltage

Q- Sketch the circuit diagram for dual voltage regulator using IC 78XX and 79XX to obtain ±12V output.
ANS:

Q- Build the circuit diagram of dual voltage regulator to get+12Vdc and -12Vdc using IC 7812and IC
7912 along with rectifier.
ANS:
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Q- Compare the fixed voltage regulators using 78XX and 79XX.(any four points)

ANS:

Sr. No. 78xx 79xx

It produces positive fixed It produces negative
1
DC voltage values, fixed DC voltage values
IC 78xx (7805, 7806, 7808, 7812, 7815, IC 79xx (7905, 7906,7908,7912, 7915) -
2
7818,7824) - Positive Voltage Regulator. Negative Voltage Regulator.
3 Output current is 1A Output current is 1.5A
4

Q- What is SMPS?
6

ANS:
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Electronic Devices & Circuits (22382)
SMPS stands for switched mode power supply. It is known by a wide range of names like power supply,
supply unit, regulator, or switcher in an electronic power supply. It incorporates a switching regulator to
convert electrical power efficiently. It is mainly used for obtaining a controlled dc power supply as output.

It is used to convert power (voltage) using switching devices that are turned on and off alternatively at high
frequencies.

SMPS possesses high efficiency and is widely used in various electronic equipment such as computers, battery
chargers, and other sensitive equipment requiring a stable and efficient power supply.

Q- Explain the working of SMPS with neat block diagram.

ANS:

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A block diagram of Switch Mode Power Supply is shown in figure.

Rectifier and filter: The first block is rectifier and filter that converts the A.C. supply voltage to pulsating D.C.
which is then filtered out to reduce the amount of ripple content.

This section uses the power diodes in bridge configuration to obtain the pulsating d.c. and the capacitor is used
as a filter element.

High-frequency switching: The second block is the high frequency switching section and it uses either
MOSFETs or BJTs to convert the D.C. voltage to a high frequency ac\.c. square wave.

This high frequency a.c. square waves ranges from 20 KHz to 100 KHz. Since the power transistors are not
operated in their active region, their operation results in low power dissipation.

Thus it is a two stage conversion i.e. the input a.c. supply voltage is first rectified to d.c. and then the high
frequency switching section changes it back to A.C.

High frequency power transformer: The next block of SMPS is high frequency power transformer that
isolates the circuit and step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage level.

The output of the transformer is the input of the second rectifier section, called the output rectifier section.

Output rectifier: This rectifier section is different from the first block of the rectifier in that the frequency of
the voltage is very high.

Therefore, the bridge configuration of this rectifier uses high frequency diodes such as schottky diode and the
output ripple is naturally filtered because of the number of the overlaps between each individual output pulse.

Since the ripple is very small in output voltage of the rectifier, a small capacitance is required in the filter
section.

Control and feedback: The last section of the SMPS is the control and feedback block, which contains
circuitry that provides Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output signal.

The PWM controller provides duty cycle that varies pulse by pulse to provide an accurate d.c. output voltage.

IC 723
Pin diagram:
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OR (any one from below)

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Q- Describe block diagram of IC 723 regulator. State the working principle of IC723.
ANS:

The functioning of the above blocks can be explained with the help of a simplified functional block diagram of
IC 723 Voltage Regulator as shown below.

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Block diagram of IC 723 regulator

LM317
Pin diagram:

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Q- Design a voltage regulator using IC LM317, draw the circuit diagram and state the output voltage
equation.
ANS:

IC LM317 is adjustable three terminal positive voltage regulator, available with output voltage of 1.2v to 37v
and output current from 0.1A to 18.12 A.

Three terminals of adjustable voltage regulators are Vin, Vout, and adjustment, above fig shows connection
diagram of LM 317 regulator. It requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage.

LM 317 develops a nominal 1.25v referred to as the reference voltage. Vref between output and adjustment
terminals.

This voltage is impressed across R2, since the voltage is constant; the current I2 is also constant for given value
of R2. In addition to I2, current IAdj from the adjustment terminal also flows through the output resistor R1.

LM317 is designed such as IADJ-100𝜇𝐴-

The output voltage Vo is V0 = R2*I2 + R1(IADJ + I2)--------------------(1)

I2 = Vref / R2

Substitute I2 in equation (1)

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However the current IADJ is very small and constant. Therefore the voltage drop across R2 due to IADJ is also
very small and can be neglected.

Therefore,

The output is a function of R1 for a given value of R2 and can be varied by adjusting the value of R1. The resistor
R2 usually is 240 ohm.

Normally no capacitor is needed unless the LM317 is situated far from the power supply filter capacitor.

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