Learner’s Activity Sheet

Assessment Checklist

MATHEMATICS
Quarter 1 – Week 6

Division of Polynomials,
Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem
and Rational Root Theorem

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Learner

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Section

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Teacher

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Parent or Guardian

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School

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Date of Retrieval
10
 TEACHER’S REFERENCE GUIDE (TRG)
Grade Level 10 Quarter 1st
Subject Mathematics Week 6
Teacher Duration 5 days

I. OBJECTIVES
Perform long division and synthetic division in polynomials, prove the
Remainder theorem, the Factor theorem and the Rational Root theorem and
apply the concepts in solving problems related to real – life situations.
A. Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of
sequences, polynomials and polynomial equations.
B. Performance Standard
The learner is able to formulate and solve problems involving polynomials
in different disciplines through appropriate and accurate representations.
C. MELC
Performs division of polynomials using long division and synthetic
division. (M10AL-Ig-1)
Proves the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem and the Rational Root
Theorem. (M10AL-Ig-2 )
II. SUBJECT MATTER Division of Polynomials,
Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem
and Rational Root Theorem
a. References Mathematics Grade 10 Learner’s Material(LM)
pages 49 - 79
Mathematics 10 SLM Module 8
Bendigosa, Edelina D. pp. 1 – 23
Mathematics 10 SLM Module 9
Garcia, Janine Rose F. pp. 1 – 24
Math for Engaged learning IV
Dr. Leonor A. Ruivivar, pp. 128 – 155
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-
division-long.html
https://www.allmathtricks.com/remainder-
factor-theorem/
b. Materials Modules, TRG, Activity sheet, assessment sheet,
Intermediate paper or bond paper for the solutions
c. Integration Moral Integrity, Equality
III. PROCEDURES
A. ACTIVITY Activity 1: Know me Well
(DO) Students will utilize their understanding about
polynomials. They will determine if the given
expression is a polynomial or not polynomial.
B. ANALYSIS Activity 2: Lets Divide
(THINK) Students will determine the quotient by dividing
the given expressions and answer the questions
based on the given problem.
 C. ABSTRACTION An overview on the concepts of dividing polynomial
(LEARN)  divide polynomials using long division and
synthetic division
Activity 3: Find the quotient
 prove and apply remainder theorem, factor
theorem and rational root theorem

D. APPLICATION Let us put students’ understanding to the test by

(APPLY) answering the given activities.

Activity 4: Apply Me

IV. Instruct the learners to the tasks in the

EVALUATION/SELF- Evaluation/Activity 5 and answer the Self-
ASSESSMENT Assessment.
Activity 5:
A. Multiple Choice
B. Complete and Prove Me
 LEARNERS ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS)
Dear Learner,
Good Day!
Welcome to our Mathematics subject. Below are your learning activities for the whole week.
Please carefully understand and follow the instructions provided. If you encounter any
difficulty in answering the tasks in this activity sheet, do not hesitate to ask for support from
your parents or anyone you think can help you do the activities. You can ask via SMS or
call _________________________, messenger________________ or email at
________________________. Always bear in mind that YOU ARE NOT ALONE. Most
importantly, be free and creative in doing the activities. I hope you will experience
meaningful learning and gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies amidst
the COVID-19 pandemic. You can do it! Stay safe! Keep learning! Have fun! God Bless.

Sincerely,
Your Teacher

Division of Polynomials, Remainder Theorem,

Factor Theorem and Rational Root Theorem

Know Me Well
This activity will apply your knowledge of the previous lesson on polynomials.
Direction: Identify if the given expression is polynomial or not polynomial.

_________________1. 2x + 1 _________________ 4. – 4x + √2

2 2𝑥
__________________2. +1 ___________________5. +1
𝑥 3

__________________3. – 4 + √2𝑥

How did you find the activity? Did the activity help you recall what makes an
expression a polynomial?

From your previous lessons, you learned about polynomials. A

polynomial is an expression of the form anxn +an-1 xn-1+an-2 xn-2+…+ a1x+ a0, a
≠ 0 where the nonnegative integer n is called the degree of the polynomial and
coefficients a0, a1, …, an are real numbers. We usually write polynomials in
decreasing powers.

In the next activities, you will be applying the concept of operations on

integers and laws of exponents in dividing polynomials.

Let’s Divide
Directions: Divide the following expressions. Use the space provided for your
solution. You may use a separate sheet.
 24 16𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 3
1. = 3. =
3 −4 𝑥 2

36𝑥 4
2. = 4. x2 + 5x + 6 =
−4 𝑥 2
x+2

a. How did you find the activity? Were you able to get the quotient of the
expressions?
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b. What concepts, laws or processes did you use to be able to divide the
expressions?
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c. Is there a particular item you find difficult to divide? Why?

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What is it
Division of Polynomials
Let’s divide polynomials using long division and synthetic division. But before
that, let us recall first how to divide the expressions. This is necessary as we
perform long division and synthetic division.
12𝑥 3
Example 1
−3 𝑥 2
12 3−2
Solution: = 𝑥 (Divide the coefficients and subtract the exponents of x)
−3
=–4x

Example 2 10𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3
−2 𝑥 2
10𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 3
Solution: = + (Use distributive property)
−2 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥 2
= – 5𝑥 3 + 4x

Example 3
𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 + 3x – 1 Dividend
x+1 Divisor
In this example we will use long division.
Steps in dividing polynomials using Long Division
Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

– 3x 2
Step 4:

Step 5:
 −𝟕
Therefore, the quotient of 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 + 3x – 1 is x 2 – 3x + 6 r.
𝒙+𝟏
X+1

Example 4 Divide: 30x2 + 42x – 36

6x + 12

5x – 3
Divide 1st term of dividend by the divisor 30x2 = 30 x2 – 1 = 5x
6x + 12 30x2 + 42x – 36 Place the quotient 5x on top. 6x 6
Multiply quotient to the divisor: 5x ( 6x + 12 ) = 30x2 + 60x
2
–( 30x + 60x ) Subtract: ( 30x2 + 42x ) – (30x2 + 60x ) = – 18x
– 18x – 36 Bring down the next term – 36 .
Repeat 1st step. Divide: – 18x = 18 x1–1 = – 3
– ( – 18x – 36 ) Write – 3 on top. 6x 6
0 Multiply: – 3 ( 6x + 12 ) = – 18x – 36
Subtract the terms. – 18x – 36 = – 18x – 36
– ( – 18x – 36 ) + 18x + 36
= 0 0

Therefore, the quotient of 30x2 + 42x – 36 is 5x – 3.

6x + 12

There is another way to get the quotient of the polynomials. We will divide the
polynomials using synthetic division.

Synthetic division is a shorter procedure when dividing polynomials by a

binomial of the form (x – r). In this method, we write only the coefficients.

Let us illustrate the steps using the previous example.

Example 1 Divide 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 +3x –1 using synthetic division.

x+1

Steps in solving Synthetic Division

Step 1: 1 –2 3 –1
Write the coefficients of the
polynomial.

Step 2: – 1 1 – 2 3 –1
Place the value of r on the upper left
side x – r = x – (– 1 ), so r = – 1.
Bring down first coefficient. 1
Step 3: –1 1 –2 3 –1
Multiply coefficient 1 to – 1 and place –1
the product –1 below the next
coefficient –2. Add –2 and –1. 1 –3
Place –3 on the third row.

Step 4: –1 1 –2 3 –1
Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you –1 3 –6
reach the last number.
1 –3 6 –7

Since the last number is –7, the quotient has remainder –7.
𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 −𝟕
=
𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝐱+𝟏
−𝟕
Write the quotient with literal coefficients. x2 – 3x + 6 r.
𝐱+𝟏
−𝟕
Therefore, the quotient of 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 + 3x – 1 is x 2 – 3x + 6 r.
𝒙+𝟏
x+1

Example 2 Divide 𝑥 5 – 6𝑥 2 – 3x –2 using synthetic division.

x–2
Solution:
Step 1:
Write the coefficients of the polynomial. 1 0 0 –6 –3 –2
Since terms x4 and x3 are missing,
we will place 0 coefficients for them.
Step 2:
Place value of r in upper left side. 2 1 0 0 –6 –3 –2
x – r = x – ( + 2 ), so r = 2
Bring down first coefficient
1
Step 3:
Multiply the coefficient 1 to 2. 2 1 0 0 –6 –3 –2
Place the product 2 below the 2
next coefficient 0. Add 0 and 2.
Write the sum 2 on the 3rd row. 1 2
Step 4 :
Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you 2 1 0 0 –6 –3 –2
reach the last number. 2 4 8 4 2
1 2 4 2 1 0
Write the quotient with literal coefficients.
= x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 2x + 1
Since the last number is zero, the quotient has no remainder.
Therefore, the quotient of 𝑥 5 – 6𝑥 2 – 3x –2 is x 4 + 2x3 + 4x 2 + 2x + 1.
x–2
 Find the quotient

Directions: Divide the polynomials using long division and synthetic division.
(You may use a separate sheet to write your solution)

1. x3 + 5x2 + 9x + 9 3. 2x6 +8x5 –3x3 – 8x2 +11x + 10

x+3 x+4

2. 8x2 – 10x – 12 4. x3 – 6 x2 + 8x + 5
2x – 4 x–2

Were you able to get the quotient of the polynomials? Are there remainders
when you divided the polynomials? Consider the examples we had in dividing
polynomials using long division and synthetic division. We will make a table
to illustrate the dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder.
Dividend Divisor
Quotient Remainder
p(x) x–a
𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 +3x – 1 x+1 x2 – 3x + 6 –7
2
30x + 42x – 36 6x + 12 5x – 3 0
𝑥 5 – 6𝑥 2 – 3x –2 x–2 x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 2x + 1 0

What have you observed? Can you tell something about the table?
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We will apply certain theorems to determine the remainder in dividing

polynomials without using any of the dividing methods, identify if the given
x - a is a factor of the polynomial. Likewise, we will determine the possible
rational roots of a polynomial equation.

What’s New
Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem
and Rational Root Theorem
Remainder Theorem
Let p ( x ) be a polynomial. If P ( x ) is divided by the linear polynomial
x – r, then the remainder R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
Proof:
Let P(x( be a polynomial divided by x – r.
Let Q(x) be the quotient and R be the remainder.
By division algorithm,
Dividend = ( Divisor x quotient) + remainder
P(x) = Q(x) ( x – r) + R
Substitute x = r,
P(r) = Q(r) (r – r) + R
P (r) = Q(r) (0) + R
Hence, P(r) = remainder R

Factor Theorem
If P( x ) is a polynomial and P ( r ) = 0, then x – r is a factor of P( x ).
Proof:
P(x) is divided by (x – r ), we get
P(x) = Q(x) ( x – r) + remainder R ( by Division algorithm)

From the Remainder Theorem we get

P(r) = Q(r) (x – r) + P ( r )

If P(r) = 0 then the remainder is 0 and

P(x) = (x – r) Q(x)

We can then say that ( x – r ) is a factor of P ( x ).

Rational Root Theorem

If is a rational root of a polynomial equation P( x ) = 0, then the
numerator p is a factor of the constant term of the polynomial while q is a
factor of the leading coefficient of p ( x ).

Proof:
𝑝
Let is a rational root of a polynomial and P( x ) = 0
𝑞
P(x) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + . . . + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0,
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + . . . + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 = 0

Since is a root, x =
𝑝 n 𝑝 n–1 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑎𝑛
𝑞
+ 𝑎𝑛−1
𝑞
+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑞 n - 2+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑞 2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 + 𝑎0 = 0

Add both sides by – 𝑎0 by Addition property of Equality

𝑝 n 𝑝 n–1 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑎𝑛 𝑞
+ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑞
+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑞 n - 2+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑞 2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 = – 𝑎0

Multiplying both sides by 𝑞 𝑛 by Multiplication property of equality, we have,

𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑝𝑛−1 q+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑝𝑛−2 𝑞 2 +. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑝2 𝑞 𝑛−2 + 𝑎1 𝑝1 𝑞𝑛−1 = – 𝑎0 𝑞 𝑛
Factor out p on the left side of the equation.

𝑝 𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑝𝑛−2 q + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑝𝑛−3 𝑞 2 +. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑝𝑞 𝑛−2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 𝑛−1 = – 𝑎0

Since p is a factor of the left side then it must also be a factor of the right
side by Equality property, p and q do not share any common factor other
than ±1, hence, and are relatively prime.

P must be a factor of a0. This proves the first part of the theorem. P is not a
factor of
Similarly,
Similarly,
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 n
𝑎𝑛−1 𝑞 n – 1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑞 n - 2+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑞 2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 + 𝑎0 = – 𝑎𝑛
𝑞

Multiplying both sides by 𝑞 𝑛 by Multiplication property of equality, we have,

𝑎𝑛−1 𝑝𝑛−1 q+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑝𝑛−2 𝑞 2+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑝2 𝑞 𝑛−2+ 𝑎1 𝑝1 𝑞𝑛−1 + 𝑎0 𝑞 𝑛 = – 𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑛
Factor out q on the left side of the equation.
q ( 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑝 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑝 𝑛−2 𝑞+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑝 2 𝑞 𝑛−3 + 𝑎1 𝑝1 𝑞𝑛−2 + 𝑎0 𝑞 𝑛−1 = – 𝑎𝑛 𝑝 𝑛

Since q is a factor of the left side then it must also be a factor of the right side by
Equality property.

q and p do not share any common factor other than ±1.

q must be a factor of 𝑎𝑛 . This proves the 2nd part pf the rational root theorem.
q is not a factor of 𝑝 𝑛 .

Let us now use the theorems the solve the following examples.

Here are illustrative examples.

Example 1 Given: 𝑥3 – 2𝑥 2 +3x – 3

x+2
a. Find the remainder. c. Identify possible rational roots of
b. Determine if x + 1 is a factor of p ( x ) polynomial .
Solution:
a. Find the remainder using remainder theorem.
Let p ( x ) = 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 +3x – 1 and x + 2 = x – ( – 2 ) = x – r , r = – 2
Substitute a = – 1 to the polynomial p ( a ),
P ( – 2) = ( –2)3 – 2( –2)2) + 3 (– 2) – 3
= – 8 – 2 (4 ) + ( – 6 ) – 3
= – 8 –8 – 6 – 3
= – 25 The remainder is – 25.

b. Determine if x + 2 is a factor of p ( x ) = 𝒙𝟑 – 2𝒙𝟐 +3x – 3.

For x + 2 to be a factor of the polynomial p ( x ) = 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 +3x – 3,
p ( a ) must be equal to 0.
Since p ( – 2 ) = – 28 as shown in the solution 1.a.
Therefore, x + 2 is not a factor of the polynomial 𝑥 3 – 2𝑥 2 +3x – 3,

C. Identify possible rational roots of the polynomial.

𝒙𝟑 – 2𝒙𝟐 +3x – 3.
q= ±1 p = ± 3, ± 1
(factors of leading term (factors of the constant term
𝑝 ± 3 ,± 1
=
𝑞 ±1
The possible roots are ± 3 , ± 1.

Example 2

Example 3
 Example 4

Apply me
Let us put your understanding to the test by answering the given activities.

Directions: Apply the remainder theorem, factor theorem and rational root
theorem to complete the table. (Write your solution on a separate paper.)
Is x – r factor Possible
Polynomial Divisor
Remainder of p (x)? rational
p (x) x–r
Yes or No roots
1. x3 – x2 – 9x + 9 x–3
2. x4 – 4x3 +5x2 –2x x–1
3. x3 – 7x – 6 x+4
4. x3 – 4x x+2

What’s More
After all the activities you have done so far, it’s now time to check how much
you have learned from the lesson.

A. Multiple choice: Read and analyze the following questions. Write the letter
that corresponds to your answer on the space provided before each item
number. (Write your solution on a separate paper.)
_______1. What is the remainder when 𝑥4−3𝑥2+𝑥−2 is divided by x + 1?
A. – 6 B. – 5 C. – 4 D. – 3
_______2. Identify the constant term in x4 – 4x3 +5x2 –2x + 3
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
_______3. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial 3𝑥3+6𝑥2+9𝑥−6=0?
A. 6 B. 9 C. 5 D. 3
_______4. Which of the following is the remainder when the polynomial
𝑥2−3𝑥+1 is divided by a binomial (x – 5 )??
A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 14
_______5. Aside from (x – 2) and (x + 1), what is the other factor of the
polynomial 𝑥3+2𝑥2−5𝑥−6?
A. x – 1 B. x – 2 C. x– 3 D. x + 3
_______6. How many possible rational roots do the polynomial
(𝑥)=2𝑥3−8𝑥2+2𝑥−1 have??
A.3
A. B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
_______7. Which of the following factors will make the polynomial
2𝑥2 + 4𝑥−6 equal to zero?
A. x + 2 B. x – 2 C. x + 3 D. x – 3

B. Complete and Prove Me: Complete the table or statements below to show
the proof of the theorems.

8. Remainder Theorem
Statement Reason

1. P(x) = ( x – r) Q(x) + R Division algorithm

2. P(r) = (r – r) Q(r) + R
3 P (r) = (0) Q(r) + R
4. P(r) = Remainder
9. Factor Theorem
Statement Reason
1. P(x) = ( x – r) Q(x) + R
2. P(r) = (x – r) Q(r) + P ( r ) Remainder Theorem
3. P(r) = (x – r) Q(x)
4. ( x – r ) is a factor of P ( x ).
10. Rational Roots Theorem
Statement Reason
1. Definition of
𝑝 n 𝑝 n–1 𝑝 n-2 𝑝 2 𝑝 root of
𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑞 +. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑞 + 𝑎1 𝑞 + 𝑎0 =
𝑞 𝑞 polynomial
0 function

2.
𝑝 n 𝑝 n–1 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑎𝑛
𝑞
+ 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑞
+𝑎𝑛−2 𝑞 n - 2+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑞 2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 = –𝑎0
 Multiplication
3. = – 𝑎0 𝑞 𝑛 property of
equality
4. Factor out left
𝑝 (𝑎𝑛 𝑝 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑝 𝑛−2 q+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑝 𝑛−3 𝑞 2 +..+ 𝑎2 𝑝𝑞 𝑛−2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 𝑛−1 =– 𝑎0 side of equation

5. 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑝𝑛−1 q+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑝 𝑛−2 𝑞 2 +…+ 𝑎2 𝑝 2 𝑞 𝑛−2+ 𝑎1 𝑝1 𝑞𝑛−1 + 𝑎0 𝑞 𝑛 = –

𝑎𝑛 𝑝 𝑛

6. P must be a factor of a0. This proves the first part of

the theorem.
7. Similarly,
𝑝 n–1 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑎𝑛−1
𝑞
+ 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑞 n - 2+. . .+ 𝑎2 𝑞 2 + 𝑎1 𝑞 + 𝑎0 = – 𝑎𝑛 𝑞
n

Multiplication
8. = – 𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑛 property of
equality
Factor out left
9. side of equation
Equality
10.
property
11. q must be a factor of 𝑎𝑛 . This proves the 2nd part of the
rational root theorem.
Self-Assessment
1. Which among the activities is easy for you to understand and perform? Why?
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2. What did you learn when performing the different activities?

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3. Was I able to perform the different activities?

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Rate yourself using the scale below. Encircle the number of our choice.

(Needs Improvement (1) Satisfactory (3) Excellent (5)

I can’t do it myself because I I can do it myself but I can do it without

don’t understand yet. sometimes I need mistakes
help.
 ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST (AC)
(To be accomplished by a parent or guardian)

Division of Polynomials, Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem

and Rational Root Theorem

Check the appropriate observation that corresponds to the

accomplishment of your child while doing the activities.

OBSERVATION

Accomplished

Accomplished

Accomplished
Partially

Fully
Bases for Evaluation Parent’s/Guardian’s

Not
Remarks

Activity 1: The learner was able to

recall the lessons on polynomials.

Activity 2: The learner was able to

divide the polynomials and answered
the questions to conceptualize the new
lesson.
Activity 3: The learner was able to
learn the concept of dividing
polynomials using long division and
synthetic division.
Activity 4: The learner was able to
perform and apply his/ her learning
about remainder theorem, factor
theorem and rational root theorem.
Activity 5: The learner was able to
understand how to divide polynomials
and prove the three theorems and
relate the concept to real-life situation.

The learner was able to answer the

Self-Assessment.

______________________________________________
Name and Signature of Parent or Guardian