KEMENTERIAN

PENDIDIKAN
MALAYSIA
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Pendidikan Teknik, Negeri Sembilan

JABATAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

Nama Pelajar PREMITHAMALAR A/P GENGAGARAN

Angka Giliran 2018162340128

No Kad Pengenalan 990905075214

Kumpulan/Unit 8PISMP SAINS

Kod & Nama Kursus SCES3163 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Nama Pensyarah EN. MOHD NIZAM BIN HAJI IJOM

Tarikh Hantar 29 MAC 2022

Pengakuan pelajar menerima maklum balas daripada pensyarah

Saya mengesahkan bahawa maklum balas yang diberikan oleh pensyarah telah
saya rujuki dan fahami.
Catatan (jika ada)

Tanda tangan Pelajar: Tarikh:

Markah:
Title : Heat of reaction and Hess law.

Aim : To determine the heat of conversion reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate

to sodium carbonate using Hess's Law.
Introduction:
Based on Atkins & De Paula (2012), the standard heat of reaction or enthalpy changes, ∆H o
refer to heat energy changes under standard conditions of temperature and pressure. The
standard conditions for enthalpy changes are a temperature of 298K and a pressure of
100kPa. It is a thermodynamic unit of measurement useful for calculating the amount of
energy per mole either released or produced in a reaction. The enthalpy of a reaction, ∆H R
can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of all the reactants and products. This
involves drawing a cycle using enthalpies of formation, and then using Hess’s law to
calculate the enthalpy of reaction.

Diagram 1.0: Hess’ law

Hess’s law is a restatement of the first law of thermodynamics that states the total
enthalpy change in a reaction is independent of the route. Suppose that reactant A can be
changed into product B by two different methods. In the first, A is converted directly into
product B. In the second, A is converted into product C, which is then converted into product
B. Then the total energy change for the two routes must be the same. Referring to McMurry
& Fay (2012), Hess’s law states that if a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, the heat
of reaction, ∆H for the overall reaction equals the sum of the enthalpy changes for the
individual steps. Hess’s law is very useful as it can be used to calculate enthalpy changes
that cannot be determined experimentally.

Sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposes to sodium carbonate when react with acid.
The enthalpy of the reaction, ∆HR for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate,
NaHCO3 can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of all the reactants and products
by drawing a cycle and using Hess law.

Materials : EC1, 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl

EC2, molten sodium carbonate solid
EC3, sodium hydrogen carbonate solid

Apparatus : 50 cm3 burette

Retort stand and clamp
0oC – 100oC (±0.2oC) thermometer
Electric balance
Plastic cup

Procedure :

Diagram 2.0

1. 30 cm3 EC1 is measured using the burette and poured into a plastic cup.
2. The temperature of hydrochloric acid is measured using the thermometer and
recorded.
3. 2.40 g of EC2 is measured using electric balance.
4. EC2 is added completely to the plastic cup with EC1 without any splashes.
5. The mixture is stirred using the thermometer. The highest temperature of the mixture is
measured and recorded.
6. Step 1 to 5 is repeated using 3.00 g of EC3 to replace EC2.
Result:

EC2 EC3
Mass of solid (g) 2.4 3.0
Initial temperature of acid
30 30
(oC)
Final temperature of mixture
32 25
(oC)
Temperature change, θ (oC) 2 -5

Heat of conversion reaction

A. Reaction between 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl and molten sodium carbonate
solid, Na2CO3

Molar mass of Na2CO3

2(23)+12+3(16) = 106g mol-1

Number of moles of Na2CO3

Mass
¿
Molar mass

2.4 g
¿
106 g mol−1

¿ 0.0226 mol

Q=mcθ

¿ 30 g× 4.2 J g−1o C−1 ×2o C

¿−0. 252kJ

Q
∆ H=
n

0.252 kJ
¿
0.0226 mol

¿−11.2 kJ mol−1

B. Reaction between 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl and molten sodium hydrogen
carbonate solid, NaHCO₃

Molar mass of NaHCO₃

23+1+12+3(16) = 84g mol-1

Number of moles of Na2CO3

Mass
¿
Molar mass
3g
¿ −1
84 g mol
¿ 0.0357 mol

Q=mcθ
−1o −1 o
¿ 30 g× 4.2 J g C ×(−5) C

¿ 0. 630 kJ

Q
∆ H=
n

0.630 kJ
¿
0.0357 mol
−1
¿ 17.6 kJ mol

C. Calculation of heat of conversion reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate to sodium

carbonate using Hess's Law.

(2x) NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 ∆H = +17.6 kJ mol−1

(Reverse) Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ∆H = −11.2 kJ mol−1

2NaHCO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + 2H2O + 2CO2 ∆H = +35.2 kJ mol−1

+ 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 → Na2CO3 + 2HCl ∆H = +11.2 kJ mol−1
_____________________________________
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
_____________________________________

Enthalpy change for the reaction of decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO₃
∆H3 = ∆H1 + ∆H2
∆H ¿ 35.2 kJ mol−1 +11.2 kJ mol−1
−1
¿+ 46.4 kJ mol
Discussion:

The heat of conversion reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate to sodium carbonate

obtained using Hess's Law is +46.4 kJ mol−1. However, according to Atkinson & Hibbert
(2000), the standard heat of reaction for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate
calculated using enthalpies of formation and Hess’s law is +85 kJ mol−1. The steps are as
below:

The enthalpy of formation of Na2CO3(s), NaHCO3(s), CO2 and H2O are −1131 J mol−1,

−948 J mol−1, −394 J mol−1 and −286 J mol−1.

Diagram 3.0: Using enthalpies of formation and Hess’s law

to calculate the heat of reaction.

∆HR + 2∆H1 = ∆H2 + ∆H3 + ∆H3

∆HR = ∆H2 + ∆H3 + ∆H3 - 2∆H1
∆HR ¿−1131 J mol−1+ (−394 J mol−1) + (−286 J mol−1 ) −2(−948 J mol−1)

¿+85 kJ mol−1

The value obtained from the experiment is not the same as the theoretical value
because the experiment is not conducted under standard conditions, it was conducted at
room temperature in the laboratory. Based on Brown, Lemay & Bursten (2014), standard
enthalpies of formation (ΔH) should be determined under standard conditions, where a
pressure of 1 atm for gases and a concentration of 1 M for species in solution, with all pure
substances present in their standard states. Therefore, the value obtained is not the same
as the theoretical value. Moreover, some errors might be occurred due to unwanted heat
loss to the surrounding, thermometer and plastic cup. Furthermore, the observer’s eye is not
perpendicular to the scale mark of the thermometer during measuring the temperature.
 Diagram 4.0: Energy level diagram.

Referring to Saylor Academy (2012), the assumptions made in the calculation of the
heat of reaction are the heat of reaction for the reaction depends on only two things. The
masses of the reacting substances and the physical states of the reactants and products. It
does not depend on the path by which reactants are converted to products. The overall
change in enthalpy for a chemical reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for
each step, where ∆H3 = ∆H1 + ∆H2.
Conclusion:
The standard heat of conversion reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate to sodium
carbonate using Hess's law is +85 kJ mol−1.
Questions:

1. Why thermometer is used to stir hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate
mixture, and hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate?
In Experiment 1, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate is
endothermic since the reaction absorbs heat. In Experiment 2, the reaction between
hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate is exothermic since the reaction releases heat. This
causes certain parts of the mixtures to be high in temperature and some are low or high in
temperature. Therefore, referring to Coker (2001), the thermometer is used to stir the
mixtures well to ensure the heat is distributed evenly and uniformly to all parts of the
mixtures during the reactions take place. Through this, the increase and decrease of the
whole masses of mixtures are even and uniform during Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. This
process increases the accuracy of the highest temperature during Experiment 1 and the
lowest temperature recorded during Experiment 2.

2. Suggest ways to improve the accuracy of ΔH1, ΔH2 and ΔH3 values.
Firstly, the experiment should be carried out in standard conditions, where a pressure of 1
atm for gases and a concentration of 1 M for species in solution, with all pure substances
present in their standard states. Referring to The Physics Classroom (2022), the experiment
can be repeated several times to obtain the average value for the heat of reaction.
Furthermore, the sides of the calorimeter should be insulated and a lid should be added to
cover the mixtures during the reactions take place. This can reduce the unwanted heat loss
to the surroundings. In addition, the observer’s eye must be perpendicular to the scale mark
of the thermometer when measuring the temperatures. These steps will increase the
accuracy of the temperature values obtained in both experiments. Hence, the accuracy of
ΔH1, ΔH2 and ΔH3 values can be improved.

3. Change of enthalpy for combustion of benzene, carbon and hydrogen are -3271, -394
and -286 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy of formation of benzene.

6 C+ 3 H 2 →C 6 H 6 ∆ H f =? ​

−1
C 6 H 6 +15 O2 → 3 H 2 O+6 CO 2 ​∆ H 1=−3271 kJ mol
 −1
C+ O2 → C O2 ∆ H 2 =−394 kJ mol

1 −1
H 2 + O2 → H 2 O ∆ H 3=−286 kJ mol
2

∆ H f =( 6 ∆ H 2 +3 ∆ H 3 )−∆ H 1
∆ H f =( 6(−394 kJ mol−1)+3(−286 kJ mol−1 )) −(−3271 kJ mol−1)
= + 49kJ mol-1
References

Atkinson, J. & Hibbert , H. (2000). AS Chemistry for AQA Advanced Level Chemistry for
AQA Series Advanced level. Oxford, UK: Heinemann.

Atkins, P. & De Paula, J. (2012). Elements of Physical Chemistry. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.

Brown, T. L., Lemay, H.E. & Bursten, B. E. (2014). Chemistry: The central science (13th ed).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Coker, A. K. (2001). Modeling of Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design. Houston: Elsevier.

McMurry, J. & Fay, R. C. (2012). Chemistry (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Saylor Academy. (2012). Enthalpy. Saylordotorg.

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-
applications-v1.0/s09-02-enthalpy.html#:~:text=Answer%3A%20273%20kJ-,Hess's
%20Law,of%20the%20reactants%20and%20products.

The Physics Classroom. (2022). Calorimeters and Calorimetry. The Physics Classroom.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-2/Calorimeters-and-
Calorimetry#:~:text=Coffee%20Cup%20Calorimetry&text=The%20role%20of%20the
%20Styrofoam,water%20and%20the%20surrounding%20air.