PHILIPPINE

POLITICS
MODULE 2 LESSON 1
 MODULE 2
Philippine Democratic
Politics
Overview: What this module is all about

My dear learner, welcome to the second module! I hope you are feeling much
better today than before! You are at peace, ever alive, smiling, and enthusiastic and
of course still kicking!

By the way, do you know something about autocratic form of government? How
about the concept of democracy? Did you see prisoners? Of course, I'm sure, you
saw them. However, most of the people you see now are as free as you are! I'm pretty
sure, in your lifetime you come to ask something about policies of your community
why those people have been imprisoned and gradually you would realize and come
to conclude, they may have violated something on the laws of the community or a
nation. And possibly, you have known already the people behind the creation of laws
of the state, and the ones who have been governing themselves.

This second module plays a vital role in providing the basic concepts and
information on Philippine democratic and political aspects. This will guide you on how
to relate the evolution of Philippine politics and governance. And surely, this will lead
you to describe the different stages of evolution of Philippine politics and governance.

This module helps you analyze the evolution of politics and governance in
Philippine setting; in addition, this allows you to assess the effects of the colonial
experiences. Finally, this module will let you appreciate the influences of prior stages
of Philippine political development on areas as of the Executive, Legislative and the
Judiciary.

The information you will gain from this will enhance your ideas upon relating to
the ancient forms of government, precolonial Philippine politics and governance up to
this present generation and will improve your understanding of political and social
aspects on our very own Philippine political setting.

Module Objectives

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Relate the evolution of Philippine Politics and governance.

(HUMSS_PG12-If-g-19);

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2. Describe the different stages in the evolution of Philippine Politics and
governance. (HUMSS_PG12-If-g-20);
3. Analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and governance
(HUMSS_PG12-If-g-21);
4. Assess the effects of the colonial experience on the Philippines politics and
governance. (HUMSS_PG12-If-g-22);
5. Appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political developments on
contemporary Philippine politics. (HUMSS_PG12-If-g-23);
6. The roles and powers of the Philippine president. (HUMSS_PG12-I-24);
7. Analyze how contemporary Philippine presidents exercised their powers
(HUMSS_PG12-Ih-25);
8. Critique the Philippine presidents’ exercise of power (HUMSS_PG12-Ih-26);
9. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives (HUMSS_PG12-Ii-27);
10. Assess the performance of the Philippine Congress (HUMSS_PG12-Ii-28);
11. Appraise the impact of Congress’s performance on Philippine development
(HUMSS_PG12-Ii-29);
12. Articulate a position or advocacy to a Philippine legislator through a formal
correspondence (HUMSS_PG12-Ii-30);
13. Identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary
(HUMSS_PG12-Ij-31);
14. Discuss how the Judiciary exercises political neutrality and fairness
(HUMSS_PG12-Ij-32);
15. Evaluate the performance of the Philippine judiciary as a dispenser of justice
and a protector of constitutional safeguards to freedom.
(HUMSS_PG12-Ij-33);

General Instructions
To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:
▪ Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
▪ Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities
and exercises diligently.
▪ Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Pre-Test: What to do before

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Multiple Choice: Choose and encircle the correct answer from the given choices.

1. Who came to the Philippines on March 16, 1521, and claimed the country for the
crown of the king Philips II of Spain?

A. Roy Lopez de Villalobos C. Ferdinand Magellan

B. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi D. Lapu-lapu

2. It deals with those relations among men and groups, which are subject to control
by the state, and with the relations of the state to other states.
A. Sociology C. Philosophy
B. Political Science D. Psychology

3. This pertains to the study of phenomena of the state and government; it is derived
from two Greek words, “polis” or “city” and “scire” meaning “science”.” Nowadays,
it would mean a sovereign state.
A. Political Theory C. Economics
B. Sociology D. Politics

4. The form of government before the colonizers came was -

A. Republican C. Autocratic
B. Revolutionary D. Monarchy

5. Before the coming of Islam in Sulu, there was a community made up of many small
communities or which was similar to barangays.
A. banuas C. lungsud
B. purok D. municipality

6. The present Martial Law declared by the President must not exceed ____ days
unless it is approved by the Philippine Congress.
A. 45 B. 60 C. 120 D. 200

7. The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is the -

A. President B. Vice-President C. Colonel D. General

8. The term of office of the President of the country is -

A. one B. four C. six years D. ten years

9. The President and the Vice-President must have resided in the Philippines for at
least ____ before the election is held.
A. 2 years B. 5 years C. 10 years D. 15 years

10. The president can enter into an international agreement or treaty but with the
concurrence of at least two-thirds of the Members of the ____________.
A. Congress C. House of Representatives
B. Senate D. Judiciary

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11. Which statement is NOT TRUE about the legislative branch? A. The legislative
approves government budget.
B. The legislative limits the emergency powers of the president.
C. The legislative proposes, reviews, and adopts bills for enactment into law.
D. The legislative branch has the sole responsibility on appointing government
Cabinet Officials.

12. Which of the following is not a role/function of the legislative branch?

A. Make a treaty.
B. Make government budget
C. Limits the power of the Philippine president
D. Proposes, reviews and adopts bills for enactment into law .

13. Which member of the legislation comes from the different marginalized sectors?
A. Senators
B. District Representatives
C. Party-List Representatives D. None of the above

14. The Philippine legislative department is also known as - A. The Upper House B.
The Lower House
C. The Congress
D. The Senate

15. The house of Senate is composed of how many senators?

A. 24
B. 50
C. 100
D. 250

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 LESSON 1: Philippine Democratic Politics

Concept:

“Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people.”
- Abraham Lincoln

“Leadership is not about titles, positions, or flowcharts. It is about one life

influencing another.” - John Maxwell

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE BALANGHAI

The Balangay is a plank boat adjoined by a carved-out plank edged through pins
and dowels. It was first mentioned in the 16th Century in the Chronicles of
Pigafetta and is known as the oldest watercraft found in the Philippines.

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LET’S KNOW

Torogan
A “place for sleeping”, owned by an elite state leader or member of Maranao
tribe in the province of Lanao del Sur

It is said to believe, in fact, prior to the coming of the first colonizers (the
Spaniards), the concepts of politics, government and governance have been here
already in the Philippines, due to the fact that by the definition alone ,inevitably, there
is always politics and governance in our society; whenever a group is formed and a
leader is chosen, there is already an interplay of powers even without the group being
aware of such concept. Indeed, it is true that even to political issues before have still
resemblance to as what we ‘ve been facing today, this would mean that the issues
have been here already even before the foreign tyrants’ coming.

The Primitive Filipinos and their form of Government

-
A Talaandig practice of offering for the spirits.
One of the requirements is to offer chicken(s) for the spirits to
seek protection and6 guidance from them.

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Historically, the form of politics and governance before came from the small
communities or banuas, prior to the coming of Islam in Sulu, similar to barangays in
the Northern Philippines; scattered throughout the whole archipelago. The one who
managed in the ruling of barangay was known as "Datu," a Malayan term which means
"Chieftain" or Raha(Sanskrit), or Sultan(Arabic). As a ruler, he would be the one
formulated executive, legislative, and judicial powers, assisted by his council of elders.

However, when a Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan came to the

Philippines on March 16, 1521, and claimed the country as under the Sovereign Crown
of Spain, then a Colonial Government was formulated, which lasted until 1898.
Spaniards spiritual ideologies created abrupt changes to the living conditions among
Filipinos in terms of political, social, cultural and some other aspects. When Magellan
and his colleagues landed on Homonhon, they caused Rajah Humabon and his wife
became first Christians.

Performance Activity 1.1

Reflection: Relate yourself to the evolution of Philippine Politics and

Governance during the Pre-Spanish Era, by making a reflection. Write
inside the box provided below; at least 3paragraphs.

Self -Test 1.1

its existence.

Instruction: Describe the following Politics and Governance in terms of

Compare and Contrast Advantage Disadvantage

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 Pre-Colonial Era Vs. Spanish
Colonial Era
1. 2. 1. 1. 2.
3. 4. 2. 3. 4.
5. 3. 5.
4.
American Colonial Era Vs 5.
Filipino Revolutionary
Government Era
1. 2. 1. 2.
3. 4. 3. 4.
5. 1. 5.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Performance Activity 1.2

Instruction:
For you to be able to grasp every important information on
Philippine Democratic Politics, especially its stages of evolution, you
must have to read some important details of these political and
historical aspects of evolution, and analyze the evolution of Philippine Democratic
Politics, and assess the effects of colonial experiences you have just observed from
these.

The Colonial Era The Heroic Battle of Mactan (Lapu-Lapu vs.

Magellan)

Rajah Sula, one of the chieftains of the island of Mactan, sowed biases versus
Lapu-Lapu, by complaining to Magellan that Lapu Lapu, his ultimate rival, refused to
be Under the Crown of Spain. Sula asked assistance from Magellan for him to defeat
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Lapu Lapu. On the battle, one of the Lapu Lapu colleagues hit the leg of Magellan.
When Magellan knelt down, Lapu Lapu's men rushed at Magellan with their villainous
spears.

Based on the illustration (the fights of Spanish vs. Lapu-Lapu) and the historical
side of an event happened, could you describe the different stages of evolution on
Philippine politics and governance? How about the bravery showed by these people?
If it happens in your case, would you do the same as what Lapu –Lapu did? Are you
happy to think about the coming of the Spanish colonizers? Please defend your
answers. Write your answer on the space provided on the next page, not more than
100 words.

Notice: Please read these historical events on politics, government, and

governance, since the colonial era until the time when the 1987 Constitution
was being made.

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Roy Villalobos and Legaspi’s Voyage

In fact, Roy Lopez de Villalobos sailed for the Philippines from
Natividad, Mexico on Nov. 1, 1542, and then, passed through the island
of Sarangani, where he established a colony, however, with his
colleagues, they decided to depart from that place, they thought, they
could not stay longer due to scarcity of food supply. His sea vessel
(fleet) left that island and went to the Moluccas, but they found out
Portuguese people were so unfair to them, thus, they departed from that island.
As a result of their bad fate, King Charles I had decided to stop sending his
colonizers to different corners of the world. However, when Philips II succeeded
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 his future to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the Viceroy of
Mexico, to prepare for the new expedition – to be led by Miguel Miguel Lopez
de Legaspi, accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest.

Indeed, when Miguel Lopez de Legaspi came to this country, the Indies' laws
were applied in the Philippines. Hence, the Spanish made abrupt changes.
They had to organize the Central Government in the Philippines to easily control
the Filipino people. They told the Filipino people to really follow especially, the
Royal Decrees and Orders made by the Spanish King; they must have to follow
also to the ones who were appointed by the King, as the Spanish Officials who
would govern the Filipino people. In fact, in 1863, the Philippine Archipelago
was put under the Jurisdiction of the Ministry of Colonies or Overseas Ministry.
The Central Government made by Spaniards was so powerful that’s everything
must be done only with the knowledge and permission from the King of the
chosen Spanish Officials. The form of government was headed by the Governor
or the Governor-general who was appointed by King of Spain. In fact, this had
two branches: Executive and Judicial.

Note: There was no legislative because laws were merely created by Spaniards.
The Governor-general was so powerful for he was also the Vice Royal Patron
in the Philippines, who acted as the head of the armed men of the Philippines.
The Governor-General had created Local Government, but, since he realized
that he could not govern without local officials who would implement the Royal
Decrees and Orders from the King, with that reason, he created Local Officials
through his guidance.
Truly, Filipinos got mad at the Spanish Officials and the Guardia Civil during
those times, because lots of prejudices, biases, and injustices committed by
them, Filipinos were so unfortunate in their hands, they would not give justice
to the crimes they committed, besides, they would claim that they were real
Christians! It's a slap to their faces, Spaniards were so unfair. In fact, there was
no representation even one in the Spanish Cortes, and for Filipinos would
expect no justice to be achieved from all their brutality!
Thus, the educated Filipinos had to take steps to counterfeit the Spanish evil
doings.
Early Revolutionary steps against Spanish Rule:
The form of the Spanish government made and their implementations were very
oppressive. Laws and Policies made were very unfair for the native folks.
Hence, some of the Filipino leaders came to be awaken and resulted to make
revolts against the Spanish Government in most corners of the country.

Main idea:

• There was no Filipino representative for the Spanish Cortes. There was
no religious freedom; and the justice system was merely s made only for
and the elite individuals, not for the Indios or low-profiled Pilipino people.
• Education was a privilege, not a right for an individual.

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 Reformation of the Spanish Rules
Evidently, the Filipinos before were lack of resources however, educated,
influential or well-to-do Filipinos stated their peaceful campaigns for reforms in
1872. This reform was called “Propaganda movement.”
The most prominent amongst them was Jose Rizal, (who authored the Noli me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo), Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. Del
Pilar.

KEY CONCEPTS:
Jose Rizal – is our National Hero, who created the books: Noli me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo which revealed the real happenings of
the living conditions amongst Filipino people. Due to the brutalities
found in the community done by Spaniards, these gradually awaken
the minds and the hearts of Filipinos to fight against the Spaniards in the
Philippines.
However, the revolutionary attempts of Katipunaneros led by Andres Bonifacio
were discovered by Spanish authorities on August 19, 1896, which marked the
outbreak of the Philippine 1896 revolution. This revolution spread immediately
throughout the provinces of Luzon, in response, Governor-general placed the 8
provinces under Martial Law so he could control the conflicts in the entire area.
First Eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish Government were: Cavite,
Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. It is
so sad to note, unfortunately, Rizal was executed by Spanish Officials for he
was alleged of having a connection with the Katipuneros, who attempted to over
through Spanish government.

As the result of the Tejeros Convention and the Naic Armed Forces Agreement, under
the iron clad leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipinos who revolted against
the Spanish tyranny won every battle against Spanish tyrants. Hence, the
Katipuneros had decided to form a new government on the 22nd day of March
1897. Aguinaldo succeeded to set the throne as President, while Andres
Bonifacio won as Director of the Interior. Bonifacio signed together with his men
Acta de Tejeros (the Tejeros act), however, Bonifacio was in disgrace in his
rivalry with Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo sent a group of Katiponeros to persuade
Bonifacio to recognize the result of Tejeros convention. But, gradually,
Aguinaldo fate commuted the death Penalty to banishment. On May 10, 1897,
Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were executed through the
leadership of Aguinaldo.

Aguinaldo had created the Biak-na-Bato Republic and the Truce of Biak-na–Bato to
pacify their enemies. This first Republican Government was named by
Aguinaldo as Biak-na–Bato, but later, Aguinaldo entered into an agreement with
the Spanish. The truce, however, fell through because of the one that led in the
person of General Makabulos established a Central Executive Committee, thus,
armed men clashed between the revolutionaries and the Spaniards.

The US marine Station was allegedly blown up by the Spaniards on February 15,
1898.And on April 25, 1898, the US Congress formally declared war against

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Spain, and as the result, the Spaniards were easily defeated by the
wellArmored American Naval Forces. The defeat of the Spanish forces became
the turning point in the Philippine history.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Read and analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and governance

below from the Declaration of Philippine Independence to EDSA
People Power Revolution. Name the most prominent political figure
of every period and briefly discuss his/her role in the Philippines.

PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.3

The Declaration of Philippine Independence

After meeting the Americans in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo immediately

returned to the Philippines to work on our independence. Despite the valiant
efforts of Spain to win back the Filipino loyalty, a number of men volunteered to
fight against Spain under the leadership of Aguinaldo. Initially, Aguinaldo set
up a Dictatorial Government but was later replaced with a revolutionary one
upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini, the “Brain of the Philippine Revolution”
and “Sublime Paralytic.” Believing that the right time has come, Aguinaldo
proclaimed the Independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.4

The First Philippine Republic

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 The Malolos Constitution authored by Felipe Calderon established the
First Philippine Republic on January 23, 1899. The said government was
composed of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive
power was vested in a President who was elected by the legislature. He was
assisted by his cabinet. The legislative power was vested in an Assembly of
Representatives. It was a unicameral (one-chamber) legislature. It elected the
President of the Republic and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The
judicial power was exercised by a Supreme Court of Justice. Chosen by the
Assembly of Representatives.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.5

The Schurman and Taft Commissions

The first government established by the Americans in the Philippines

was a Military Government headed by a military governor. The first military
governor was General Wesley Merritt. He ruled the country in the name and by
authority of the U.S. President. After the recommendations of the Taft
Commission, the Military Government was replaced with a Civil Government on
July 4, 1901 under William Howard Taft as the first Civil GSovernor. Since he
was also the head of the Philippine Commission, Gov. Taft exercised both
executive and legislative functions.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.6

The First Philippine Assembly

Upon the recommendation of Philippine Bill of 1902, Gov. Taft

recommended the establishment of the First Philippine Assembly. It was
inaugurated at the Manila Grand Opera House on October 16, 1907. The
Philippine Assembly served as the Lower House, while the Philippine
Commission served as the Upper House. Sergio Osmeña was elected speaker
while Manuel L. Quezon was elected Majority Floor Leader. It was a historic
event since for the first time under American rule, the Filipinos were given the
chance to participate in the lawmaking aspect.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.7

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 The Jones Law of 1916

The Philippine Autonomy Act was authored by U.S representative in the

person of William Atkinson Jones who did the first step towards Philippine
independence. Important provisions included a three-branch government
structure — the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive was
headed by governor-general who was appointed by the President of the United
States. The legislative power was vested in the Philippine Legislature. The
judicial power on the other hand, was exercised by the Supreme Court and the
lower courts of our justice system.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.8

The Commonwealth Period

Under the 1935 Constitution, the government was divided into three
coequal branches — legislative, executive and judicial. The executive power
was vested in the President of the Philippines. The legislative power was vested
in Unicameral National Assembly while the Supreme Court and the lower courts
held the judicial power. Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the President while
Sergio Osmeña won the vice-presidency. One significant political development
was on the women suffrage. The women voted for the first time on May 14,
1935 in the plebiscite to ratify the 1935 Constitution.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.9

The Second Republic

The Japanese put up the Philippine Executive Commission to act as a

temporary government of the Philippines. The commission was composed of six
departments, each headed by a Filipino commissioner. Following the ratification of
1943 Constitution, the National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel as President of the
Second Republic and Benigno S. Aquino as its speaker. With the inauguration of the
Second Republic, the Philippine Executive Commission was dissolved.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.10

The Third Republic

The birth of the Third Republic happened on July 4, 1945. It marked the
end of the colonial rule and the success of the long struggles of Filipinos to
regain the freedom that was lost. Manuel A. Roxas and Elpidio Quirino took
their oath of office as President and Vice-President of the country. This period
faced economic, communism, and graft and corruption problems.

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PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.11

The Martial Law Period

The 1973 Constitution established a parliamentary form of government.

The powers of government would be exercised by a Prime Minister to be
elected by the National Assembly from among its members. Later, Marcos
restored the powers of the President of the Philippines. There would still be a
Prime Minister to be chosen by the legislature and who would act as the head
of the Cabinet. His rule could be described as “constitutional authoritarianist”
where all his powers emanated from the constitution.

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 PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY 1.12sss

Post-EDSA to The Present

The EDSA People Power Revolution ousted the Marcoses from powers.
Ferdinand Marco served as the last President of the Third Republic. Following
the collapse of the Marcos dictatorship, a Revolutionary Government was
established in the Philippines under the first woman president in the country’s
history — Corazon C. Aquino. However, the ratification of the 1987 Constitution
formally ended the Revolutionary Government and restored the full democracy
of the country. The new constitution limited the powers of the president,
freelyelected Congress of the Philippines, local government officials and
created an independent judiciary and free press.

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Self-Test 1.2

Instruction: Appraise or tell

something the worth of different influences about the prior stages of Philippine
political developments on Contemporary Philippine Politics, by making a
graphic design or concept map in the box provided below.

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Self-Test 1.3

Instruction: Write down the different political institutions and

explain their roles in building up our nation as a whole, on the
space provided below.

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 Let’s Remember

Effects of the Colonial Experience in The Philippine Politics and Governance

On the account of the effects of Spanish and American Colonial rule, everyone of us must
be thankful for the positive impact; bloodsheds led to various political, social, economic and
spiritual changes and ultimately granted us our independence in 1898. As of now, we have the
so called “freedom” which was not experienced by the Filipinos especially during the Spanish
period.
Truly, the freedom we enjoy today in the realm of politics rooted from the Greeks who
transmitted their ideals of democracy to the rest of the world. This freedom was handed to us
by the Americans who helped us in fighting the Japanese during WW II.
Our liberty did not come in an easy way. Precious lives were lost along the way as many
Filipinos sacrificed their lives for the attainment of our independence.
Sadly, many Filipinos tend to forget the valiant efforts made by our forefathers to fight
for the sake of our freedom. Evidently, most of the Filipino people are inclined to forget the
significance of this historical facts.
Today, a lot of Filipinos are forgetful about the proper way to exercise their freedom.
This may include an abuse of freedom of speech such as the irresponsible use of journalism
through social media.
I hope you have learned many things from this Lesson.
Learner,tshank you so much for reading!