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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT
Submitted by

Manas ON
20EBKCS060

Core Java
Organization
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree
Learn Vern

of

B.Tech

in

Computer Science

Session: 2022-23
CSE

DEPARTMENT OF <BRANCH NAME>

B.K. BIRLA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
PILANI - 333 031 (RAJ)
(Affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University, Kota)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Acknowledgments I have taken efforts in this

Training. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many
individuals and organizations. I would like to extend
our sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly
indebted to Learn Vern for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the course & also
for their support in completing the course. Finally, I
would like to express our special gratitude and thanks
to Engineer core team for giving such attention and
time. I would like to thank all the respondents with
whom I interacted during our training, without their
support and cooperation this training would not have
been completed successfully.
And last but not the least, I feel indebted to all those
people and organizations who/which have provided
helped directly or indirectly in the successful
completion of this training.
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CERTIFICATE
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CONTENT

1. Introduction................................................................
.....................................................1
2. Basics Of
Java............................................................................
.....................................2
2.1. Overview Of
Java............................................................................
.......................2
2.2. Features Of
Java............................................................................
.........................3
2.3. Java ClassPath
Setting........................................................................
....................4
2.4. Steps For Compiling And Executing
Programs..........................................................4
2.5. Difference Between JDK,JRE And
JVM...................................................................5
2.6. Object And
Class..............................................................................
..........................5
2.7. Data
Types.............................................................................
.....................................6
2.8. Variables........................................................................
.............................................7
2.9. Operators And Its
Types.............................................................................
.................7

3. Programming
Concepts........................................................................
..............................7
3.1. Structure Of Java
Program.........................................................................
.................7
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3.2. Main
Method...........................................................................
....................................8
3.3. Decision Making
Statement.......................................................................
.................8
3.4. Looping
Statement.......................................................................
...............................8
3.5. Wrapper
Classes...........................................................................
...............................9
3.6. Access
Modifiers.......................................................................
..................................9

4. Java Useful
Keywords.......................................................................
.................................9
4.1. Final...............................................................................
..............................................9
4.2. Static
.......................................................................................
....................................9
4.3. This................................................................................
..............................................10
4.4. Super..............................................................................
..............................................10
4.5. Synchronized.................................................................
..............................................10

5. Java Classes, Blocks And

Constructors...................................................................
............11
5.1. Abstract
Classes...........................................................................
.................................11
5.2. Constructors...................................................................
...............................................11
5.3. Constructors And Its
Types.............................................................................
..............11
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5.4. Static Block In

Java................................................................................
.......................11
5.5. Relationship In
Java................................................................................
......................11

6. Java Object
Oriented.........................................................................
...............................12
6.1. .
Inheritance.....................................................................
............................................12
6.2. Method
Overloading...................................................................
...............................13
6.3. Method
Overriding......................................................................
..............................13
6.4. Interface.........................................................................
............................................14
6.5. Abstraction....................................................................
............................................14
6.6. Encapsulation................................................................
............................................15
6.7. Polymorphism................................................................
...........................................15

7. Java
Advanced.......................................................................
...........................................16
7.1. Package..........................................................................
............................................16
7.2. Exception
Handling........................................................................
...........................16
7.3. Multithreading...............................................................
............................................17
7.4. String.............................................................................
.............................................17
7.5. Collection......................................................................
.............................................1810. Projects
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Undertaken....................................................................
....................................19

Conclusions...................................................................
....................................................21

References.....................................................................
....................................................22
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INTRODUCTION

Java is one of the programming language or technology

used for developing web applications. Java language
developed at SUN Micro Systems in the year 1995
under the guidance of James Gosling and there team.
Originally SUN Micro Systems is one of the Academic
university (Standford University Network)

Whatever the software developed in the year 1990,

SUN Micro Systems has released on the name of oak,
which is original name of java (scientifically oak is one
of the tree name). The OAK has taken 18 months to
develop.The oak is unable to fulfill all requirements of
the industry. So James Gosling again reviews this oak
and released with the name of java in the year 1995.
Scientifically java is one of the coffee seed name.

Java divided into three categories, they are

• J2SE (Java 2 Standard Edition)

• J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition)

• J2ME (Java 2 Micro or Mobile Edition)

J2SE

J2SE is used for developing client side applications.

J2EE
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J2EE is used for developing server side applications.

J2ME

J2ME is used for developing mobile or wireless

application by making use of a predefined protocol
called WAP (wireless Access / Application protocol).

BASICS OF JAVA

Overview Of Java

Java is a platform independent, more powerful, secure,

high performance, multithreaded programming
language. Here we discuss some points related to java.

Define JRE

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the

Java Development Kit (JDK). It contains set of libraries
and tools for developing java application. The Java
Runtime Environment provides the minimum
requirements for executing a Java application.

Define JVM

JVM is set of programs developed by sun Micro

System and supplied as a part of jdk for reading line by
line of byte code and it converts into native
understanding form of operating system. Java language
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is one of the compiled and interpreted programming

language.

Garbage Collector

Garbage Collector is the system Java program which

runs in the background along with regular Java
program to collect un-Referenced (unused) memory
space for improving the performance of our
applications.
Define an API

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a

collection of packages, a package is the collection of
classes, interfaces and sub-packages. A sub-package is
a collection of classes interfaces and sub sub packages
etc.

Java programming is containing user friendly syntax so

that we can develop effective application s. in other
words if any language is providing user friendly syntax,
we can develop error free applications.

Definition of JIT

JIT is the set of programs developed by SUN Micro

System and added as a part of JVM, to speed up the
interpretation phase

Features Of JAVA

Features of a language are nothing but the set of

services or facilities provided by the language vendors
to the industry programmers. Some important features
are;
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Java Classpath Setting

Path Variable

Path variable is set for providing path for all java tools
like java, javac, javap, javah, jar, appletviewer which
are use in java programming. These all tools are
available in bin folders so we set path upto bin folders.

Classpath Variable

Classpath variable is set for providing path for

predefined java classes which is used in our
application. All classes are available in lib/rt.jar so we
set classpath upto lib/rt.jar.
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Steps For CompilingAnd Executing

Programs

The following sequence of steps represented in the

diagram use compiling the java program and executing
the java programs.

Difference Between JDK,JRE AND JVM

Jvm, Jre, Jdk these all the backbone of java language.

Each components have separate works. Jdk and Jre
physically exists but Jvm are abstract machine it means
it not physically exists.
JVM : JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a software. It is
a specification that provides runtime environment in
which java bytecode can be executed. It not physically
exists.JVMs are not same for all hardware and
software, for example for window os JVM is different
and for Linux VJM is different. JVM, JRE and JDK
are platform dependent because configuration of each
OS differs. But, Java is platform independent.

JRE : The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of

the Java Development Kit (JDK). It contains set of
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libraries and tools for developing java application.

The Java Runtime Environment provides the
minimum requirements for executing a Java
application. It physically exists. It contains set of
libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK : The Java Development Kit (JDK) is primary

components. It physically exists. It is collection of
programming tools and JRE, JVM.

Object And Class

Object is the physical as well as logical entity where as

class is the only logical entity.Class: Class is a blue
print which is containing only list of variables and
method and no memory is allocated for them. A class
is a group of objects that has common properties.

A class in java contains:

• Data Member

• Method

• Constructor
• Block

• Class and Interface

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Object: Object is a instance of class, object has state

and behaviors.An Object in java has three
characteristics:

• State

• Behavior

• Identity
State: Represents data (value) of an object.
Behavior: Represents the behavior (functionality) of
an object such as deposit, withdraw etc. Identity:
Object identity is typically implemented via a unique
ID. The value of the ID is not visible to the external
user. But,it is used internally by the JVM to identify
each object uniquely.

Class is also can be used to achieve user defined data

types.

Data Types

Datatype is a spacial keyword used to allocate

sufficient memory space for the data, in other words
Data type is used for representing the data in main
memory (RAM) of the computer.

In general every programming language is containing

three categories of data types. They are

• Fundamental or primitive data types

• Derived data types

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User defined data types.

•
Data Type Default Value Default size
boolean false 1 bit
char '\u0000' 2 byte
byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
float 0.0f 4 byte
double 0.0d 8 byte

Variable

Variable is an identifier which holds data or another

one variable is an identifier whose value can be
changed at the execution time of program. Variable is
an identifier which can be used to identify input data in
a program.

Operators And Its Types

Operator is a special symbol that tells the compiler to

perform specific mathematical or logical Operation.
Java supports following lists of operators.

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Ternary or Conditional Operators

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
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Structure Of Java Program

Structure of a java program is the standard format

released by Language developer to the Industry
programmer. Sun Micro System has prescribed the
following structure for the java programmers for
developing java application.

• A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and

sub-packages. A sub package contains collection of
classes, interfaces and sub-sub packages etc.
java.lang.*; package is imported by default and this
package is known as default package.
• Class is keyword used for developing user defined
data type and every java program must start with a
concept of class.

Main( ) Method

main() method is starting execution block of a java

program or any java program start their execution from
main method. If any class contain main() method
known as main class.
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Decision Making Statement

Decision making statement statements is also called

selection statement. That is depending on the condition
block need to be executed or not which is decided by
condition. If the condition is "true" statement block will
be executed, if condition is "false" then statement block
will not be executed.
In java there are three types of decision making
statement.

• if

• if-else

• switch

Looping Statement

for loop While loop do-while

Wrapper Classes

For each and every fundamental data type there exist a

pre-defined class, Such predefined class is known as
wrapper class. The purpose of wrapper class is to
convert numeric string data into numerical or
fundamental data.

Access modifiers:

Access modifiers are those which are applied before

data members or methods of a class. These are used to
where to access and where not to access the data
members or methods. In java programming we have
four access modifiers they are
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JAVA USEFUL KEYWORDS

Final keyword

In java language final keyword can be used in

following way.

• Final at variable level

• Final at method level

• Final at class level

Static keyword

The static keyword is used in java mainly for memory

management. Static keyword are used with variables,
methods, blocks and nested class. Static is a keyword
that are used for share the same variable or method of
a given class. This is used for a constant variable or a
method that is the same for every instance of a class.
The main method of a class is generally labeled static.

In java language static keyword can be used for

following

1. variable (also known as class variable)

2. method (also known as class method)
3. block
4. nested class This keyword
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this is a reference variable that refers to the current

object. It is a keyword in java language represents
current class object

"this" keyword can be use in two ways.

• this . (this dot) • this() (this off)

Super keyword

Super keyword in java is a reference variable that is

used to refer parent class object. Super is an implicit
keyword create by JVM and supply each and every java
program for performing important role in three places.

• At variable level

• At method level

• At constructor level Synchronized Keyword

Synchronized Keyword is used for when we want to

allow only one thread at a time then use Synchronized

modifier. If a method or block declared as a

Synchronized then at a time only one thread is allowed

to operate on the given object.

JAVA CLASSES, BLOCKS AND

CONSTRUCTORS
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Abstract Classes

We know that every java program must start with a

concept of class that is without classes concept there is
no java program perfect.In java programming we have
two types of classes they are
1. Concrete class
2. Abstract class

Constructor And Its Types

A constructor is a special member method which will

be called implicitly (automatically) by the JVM
whenever an object is created for placing user or
programmer defined values in place of default values.
In a single word constructor is a special member
method which will be called automatically whenever
object is created.

The purpose of constructor is to initialize an object

called object initialization. Constructors are mainly
create for initializing the object. Initialization is a
process of assigning user defined values at the time of
allocation of memory space.

Types of constructors

Based on creating objects in Java constructor are

classified in two types. They are

• Default or no argument Constructor

• Parameterized constructor.
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Static Block in Java

Static block is a set of statements, which will be

executed by the JVM before execution of main method.
At the time of class loading if we want to perform any
activity we have to define that activity inside static
block because static block execute at the time of class
loading.

In a class we can take any number of static block but all

these static block will be execute from top to bottom.

Relationship in Java

Type of relationship always makes to understand how

to reuse the feature from one class to another class. In
java programming we have two types of relationship
they are.

• Is-A Relationship

• Has-A Relationship

JAVA OBJECT ORIENTED

Inheritance

The process of obtaining the data members and

methods from one class to another class is known as
inheritance. It is one of the fundamental features of
object-oriented programming.

A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is

known as abstract class. An abstract class is one
which is containing some defined method and some
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undefined method. In java programming undefined

methods are known as un-Implemented or abstract
method.The process of obtaining the data members
and methods from one class to another class is known
as inheritance. It is one of the fundamental features
of object-oriented programming.

Types of Inheritance

• Single inheritance

• Multiple inheritance
• Hierarchical inheritance

• Multilevel inheritance
• Hybrid inheritance

Why use Inheritance ?

• For Method Overriding (used for Runtime

Polymorphism).
• It's main uses are to enable polymorphism and to be
able to reuse code for different classes by putting it in
a common super class
• For code Re-usability

Method Overloading

Whenever same method name is exiting multiple times

in the same class with different number of parameter or
different order of parameters or different types of
parameters is known as method overloading.

Why method Overloading ?

Suppose we have to perform addition of given number

but there can be any number of arguments, if we write
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method such as a(int, int)for two arguments, b(int, int,

int) for three arguments then it is very difficult for you
and other programmer to understand purpose or
behaviors of method they can not identify purpose of
method. So we use method overloading to easily figure
out the program. For example above two methods we
can write sum(int, int) and sum(int, int, int) using
method overloading concept.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

• By changing number of arguments or parameters

• By changing the data type
• By changing the order of arguments.
Method Overriding

Whenever same method name is existing in both base

class and derived class with same types of parameters
or same order of parameters is known as method
Overriding.

Advantage of Java Method Overriding

• Method Overriding is used to provide specific

implementation of a method that is already provided by
its super class.
• Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism
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Interface

Interface is similar to class which is collection of

public static final variables (constants) and abstract
methods.The interface is a mechanism to achieve fully
abstraction in java. There can be only abstract methods
in the interface. It is used to achieve fully abstraction
and multiple inheritance in Java.

Why we use Interface ?

• It is used to achieve fully abstraction.

• By using Interface, you can achieve multiple
inheritance in java.

When we use abstract and when Interface

If we do not know about any things about
implementation just we have requirement specification
then we should be go for Interface

If we are talking about implementation but not

completely (partially implemented) then we should be
go for abstract
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Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of exposing only the

required essential characteristics and behavior with
respect to a context.

Hiding of data is known as data abstraction. In object

oriented programming language this is implemented
automatically while writing the code in the form of
class and object.

Real life example of Abstraction

Abstraction shows only important things to the user and

hides the internal details for example when we ride a
bike, we only know about how to ride bike but can not
know about how it work ? and also we do not know
internal functionality of bike.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a process of wrapping of data and

methods in a single unit is called encapsulation.
Encapsulation is achieved in java language by class
concept.Combining of state and behavior in a single
container is known as encapsulation. In java language
encapsulation can be achieve using class keyword,
state represents declaration of variables on attributes
and behavior represents operations in terms of method.

Benefits of encapsulation

• Provides abstraction between an object and its clients.

• Protects an object from unwanted access by clients.
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• Example: A bank application forbids (restrict) a client

to change an Account's balance

Polymorphism

The process of representing one form in multiple forms

is known as Polymorphism.Here original form or
original method always resides in base class and
multiple forms represents overridden method which
resides in derived classes.

Polymorphism is not a programming concept but it is

one of the principal of OOPs. For many objects
oriented programming language polymorphism
principle is common but whose implementations are
varying from one objects oriented programming
language to another object oriented programming
language.

Polymorphism principal is divided into two sub

principal they are:

• Static or Compile time polymorphism

• Dynamic or Runtime polymorphism

JAVA ADVANCED

Package

A package is a collection of similar types of classes,

interfaces and sub-packages.

Purpose of package
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The purpose of package concept is to provide common

classes and interfaces for any program separately. In
other words if we want to develop any class or interface
which is common for most of the java programs than
such common classes and interfaces must be place in a
package.

Exception Handling

The process of converting system error messages into

user friendly error message is known as Exception
handling. This is one of the powerful feature of Java to
handle run time error and maintain normal flow of java
application.

An Exception is an event, which occurs during the

execution of a program, that disrupts the normal flow
of the program's Instructions.

Type of Exception

• Checked Exception

• Un-Checked Exception

Hierarchy of Exception classes

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Multithreading

Multithreading in java is a process of executing

multiple threads simultaneously. The aim of
multithreading is to achieve the concurrent execution.
Thread

Thread is a lightweight components and it is a flow of

control. In other words a flow of control is known as
thread.State of a thread are classified into five types
they are

1. New State
2. Ready State
3. Running State
4. Waiting State
5. Halted or dead State

String

String is a sequence of characters enclosed within

double quotes (" ") is known as String.
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Example: "Java Programming".

In java programming to store the character data we have
a fundamental datatype called char. Similarly to store
the string data and to perform various operation on
String data, we have three predefined classes they are:

• String

• StringBuffer

• StringBuilder

Collection
Collections in java is a framework that provides an
architecture to store and manipulate the group of
objects.All the operations that you perform on a data
such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation,
deletion etc. can be performed by Java
Collections.Java Collection simply means a single
unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides
many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and
classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue,
HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc).
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CONCLUSION

Java is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Java

programming language, developed mainly for educational purposes, but
also suitable for small-scale software development.
Java was developed to support the learning and teaching of object-
oriented programming, and its design differs from other development
environments as a result. The main screen graphically shows the class
structure of an application under development (in a UML-like diagram),
and objects can be interactively created and tested.