Functions

and their
Grade 11
Graphs CAPS
Mathematics
Series
 Outcomes for this Topic
In this topic you will :

• Revise the seven basic functions.

Unit 1

• Investigate the effect of parameters.

Unit 2
• Generate new graphs.
Unit 3
Unit 1

The Seven
Grade 11
Basic CAPS
Functions Mathematics
Series
 Seven Basic Functions
We revise the following basic functions:
1. The straight line function defined by y  x.
2. The parabola function defined by y  x 2 .
1
3. The hyperbolic function defined by y  .
x
4. The exponential function defined by y  a .
x

5. The sine function defined by y  sin x.

6. The cosine function defined by y  cos x.
7. The tangent function defined by y  tan x.
 Function defined by y  x
Utilize at least the following three ordered pairs:

x 1 0 1 Plot these points on

y 1 0 1 Cartesian Plane.
Draw best fit graph.
•
•
• Domain 
Range 
 Function defined by y  x 2

Utilize at least the following five ordered pairs:

x 2 1 0 1 2
y 4 1 0 1 4 • •

Plot these points on

Cartesian Plane and
• •
draw best fit graph.
•
Domain 
and Range   0;  
 1
Function defined by y 
x
Utilize at least the following six ordered pairs:
x 2 1 
1 1
1 2
Symmetry Lines:
2 2 y  x  y  x
y 
1
1 2 2 1
1 •
• •
2 2
Plot these points on
Cartesian Plane and
•
draw graph.
Horizontal Asymptote: • Domain   x : x  0

Defined by y  0 • Range   y : y  0
Vertical Asymptote:
Defined by x  0
Function defined by y  a ; a  0; a  1
x

Select a  2 and utilize at least the

following five ordered pairs:
x 2 1 0 1 2
•
y2 x
y
1 1
1 2 4
4 2
Plot these points on Domain  •
Cartesian Plane and Range   0;   •
draw best fit graph. • •
Horizontal Asymptote:
Defined by y  0
 Finding points on y  sin x

Utilize CAST  diagram and Unit Circle

Complete table:
x 360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360
y 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 Plot points and sketch y  sin x

x 360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360

y 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Period is 360 Domain   ;  

Range   1;1
• •
• • • • •
• •
Amplitude is 1
 Finding points on y  cos x

Utilize CAST  diagram and Unit Circle

Complete table:

x 360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360

y 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
 Plot points and sketch y  cos x

x 360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360

y 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Period is 360 Domain   ;  

• • Range   1;1 •

• • • •
• •
Amplitude is 1
 Finding points on y  tan x

Utilize information in the following three diagrams:

Complete tables:
x 360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360
y 0  0  0  0  0

x 315 225 135 45 45 135 225 315

y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 Plot points and sketch y  tan x
x 360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360 Period is 180
y 0  0  0  0  0

x 315 225 135 45 45 135 225 315 Domain

y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1   x : x  90  k 180; k  
• • • •
Vertical Asymptotes Range 
where x  90  k 180; k 

• • • •
• • • • •
• • • •

• • • •
 Tutorial 1: Basic Functions
Sketch the functions defined by:
x
1. y  3 if x   2; 2.
PAUSE Unit
2. y  sin x if x  0;360 • Do Tutorial 1
• Then View Solutions

3. y  cos x if x   180;180

4. y  tan x if x   90;90
Tutorial 1 Problem 1: Suggested Solution

1. Sketch y  3 x
if x   2; 2

D   2; 2
• x 2 1 0 1 2
1 1
R   0;9 y 9 3 1
3 9

Horizontal Asymptote:
• Defined by y  0

• • •
 Tutorial 1 Problem 2: Suggested Solution

2. Sketch y  sin x if x  0;360

x 0 90 180 270 360
y 0 1 0 1 0
•

• • •
D   0;360
•
 Tutorial 1 Problem 3: Suggested Solution

3. Sketch y  cos x if x   180;180

D   180;180
•

• •

• •
x 180 90 0 90 180
y 1 0 1 0 1
 Tutorial 1 Problem 4: Suggested Solution

4. Sketch y  tan x if x   90;90

x 90 45 0 45 90 •
y  1 0 1 

D   90;90  • •
•

•
Unit 2

Investigate
Grade 11
Effect of CAPS
Parameters Mathematics
Series
 Purpose of Investigation
• Will consider the transformation of points on
the seven basic functions defined by y  f  x.
• By applying certain transformations to points on the
basic graphs we can obtain points on the graphs of
related functions.
• This will give us the ability to sketch the graphs
of many related functions quickly by hand.
• It will also enable us to write down defining
equations from given graphs.
• Investigate the effect of parameters a, b, c and d
on points linked to y  f  x when basic defining
equation is transformed to y  a  f b   x  c    d .
 Vertical Shifts (Translations)

 0, 0    0;1 •
yx • y  x2  1
 2; 4   2;5 •
2

• Transforms:
 x; y    x; y  d 
 0;0   0; 2 y  x2  2
Assume that d  0:
 2; 4    2; 2 
•
• y  f  x   d , shift the graph of y  f  x 
a distance of d units vertically upward. •Transforms:
• y  f  x   d , shift the graph of y  f  x 
a distance of d units vertically downward.  x; y    x; y  d 
 Horizontal Shifts (Translations)

 0, 0    1;0 
•  2; 4  1; 4 • y   x  1
2

yx 2

•
• Transforms:
 x; y    x  c; y  y   x  2
2

 0;0   2;0
Assume that c  0:  2; 4    4; 4 
•
• y  f  x  c  , shift the graph of y  f  x  •
Transforms:
a distance of c units horizontally to the left.
• y  f  x  c  , shift the graph of y  f  x   x; y    x  c; y 
a distance of c units horizontally to the right.
 Vertical Stretching

y  cos x Transforms:

•  x; y  on y  f  x  to
•  x; ay  on y  a f  x 
•
 90;0    90;0  Assume a  1:
 0;1   0; 2  y  a f  x  stretch the graph of
180; 1  180; 2  y  f  x  vertically by a factor of a.
•
•
•
y  2 cos x
 Vertical Compression
y  cos x Transforms:
 x; y  on y  f  x  to
•
•  y

1
f  x
•  
x; on y
 a a
 90;0    90;0 
Assume a  1:
 1
 0;1   0;  1
y  f  x  compress the graph of
 2 a
 1
180; 1  180;   y  f  x  vertically by a factor of a.
 2
• •
•
1
y  cos x
2
 Horizontal Stretching
y  sin x Transforms:
 x; y  on y  f  x  to
•
• • 1 
 bx; y  on y  f  x 
b 
 0;0    0;0  Assume b  1:
 90;1  180;1 y  f  1 
 x  stretch the graph of
180;0   360;0 b 

• y  f  x  horizontally by a factor of b.

• •
x
y  sin  
2
 Horizontal Compression
y  sin x Transforms:
 x; y  on y  f  x  to
•
• x 
 ; y  on y  f  b x 
 0;0    0;0  • b 
Assume b  1:
 90;1   45;1 y  f  b x  compress the graph of
 270; 1  135; 1 y  f  x  horizontally by a factor of b.
•
•
•
y  sin  2 x 
 Reflection about x-axis

y
1
x
 Reflect
about x axis
y
1
x
• •
• •

y   f  x  , reflect the graph of Transforms:

y  f  x  about the x  axis.  x; y    x;  y 
 Reflection about y-axis

y  sin x
•

•
Reflect y f   x  , reflect the graph of
about y axis
y f  x  about the y  axis.
y  sin( x) •

• Transforms:
 x; y     x; y 
Combining a horizontal Shift and a vertical Shift
Consider the function defined by
Horizontal Shift by 2 units to the right.
1
y 3
x2 Vertical Shift by 3 units upward.
• Is the order in
 1 1
Select  4;  on y  which the two
 4 x
parameters are
 1 1 applied important?
Check if  6;3  satisfies y  3
 4 x2 Any order!
 1  1  1
 4;     6;  
Horizontal Shift Vertical Shift
 6;3 
 4  4  4
by 2 units to the right by 3 units upward

 1  1  1
 4;    4;3     6;3 
Vertical Shift Horizontal Shift

 4  4  4
by 3 units upward by 2 units to the right
 Combining a Vertical Stretch and
a Horizontal Compression
Consider the function defined by
y  3  sin  2 x  Vertical Stretch by factor 3.
Horizontal Compression by factor 2.
Select  90;1 on y  sin x Is the order in which
the two parameters
are applied important?
Check if  45;3 satisfies y  3sin(2 x) Any order!
 90;1 
Vertical Stretch
by factor 3
  90;3  
Horizontal Compression
by factor 2
  45;3

 90;1 
Horizontal Compression
by factor 2
  45;1 
Vertical Stretch
by factor 3
  45;3
Combining a Vertical Stretch and a Vertical Shift
Consider the function defined by
Vertical Stretch by factor 2.
y  2 x  3
2

Vertical Shift by 3 units upward.

Select  2; 4  on y  x 2 Is the order in which

the two parameters
Check if  2;14  satisfies y  2  x2  3 are applied important?
Check if  
2;11 satisfies y  2  x 2
3 Stretch before Shift!
 2; 4    2;7    2;14 
Vertical Shift
by 3 units upward
Vertical Stretch
by factor 2

 2; 4  
Vertical Stretch
by factor 2
  2;8  
Vertical Shift
by 3 units upward  2;11
 Tutorial 2: Effect of Parameters
Complete the following table:
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
1. yx  2; 2  y  3x  2
y  x2  3;9  y   x  2  3
2
2.
3. y  3x  2;9  y  2  3x  2
3
4. xy  1  1; 1 y PAUSE Unit
x2
5. y  sin x  90;1 y  sin  2 x  90 
• Do Tutorial 2
6. y  cos x 180; 1 y  3cos(2 x) • Then View Solutions
7. y  tan x 180;0  y  tan  3 x   2
Tutorial 2 Problem 1: Suggested Solution
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
yx  2; 2  y  3x  2
 2;8? 
1.

• First apply Vertical Stretch by factor 3.

Followed by Vertical Shift by 2 units upward.
•  2; 2  
  2;6    2;8 
Vertical Stretch
by factor 3
Vertical Shift
by 2 units upward

Check if  2;8  satisfies y  3 x  2

Tutorial 2 Problem 2: Suggested Solution
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
y  x2  3;9  y   x  2  3
2

 5;6
? 
2.

• Vertical Shift by 3 units downward and

Horizontal Shift by 2 units to right can be
applied in any order (  Simultaneously).

•  3;9  
Vertical Shift by 3 units downward
Horizontal Shift by 2 units to the right
  5;6 

 5;6 satisfies y   x  2  3
2
Check if
Tutorial 2 Problem 3: Suggested Solution
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
 2;9 
y  3x y  2  3x  2
 0;18 
3.
?

• Transformations operates in different directions and

can thus be applied in any order (  Simultaneously).

•  2;9  
  0;18 
Vertical Stretch by factor 2
Horizontal Shift by 2 units to left

Check if  0;18 satisfies y  23 x2

Tutorial 2 Problem 4: Suggested Solution
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function

1; ? 3
3
4. xy  1  1; 1 y
x2

• Transformations operates in different directions and

can thus be applied in any order (  Simulataneously).

•  1; 1  1; 3

Vertical Stretch by factor 3
Horizontal Shift by 2 units to right

3
Check if 1; 3 satisfies y 
x2
 Tutorial 2 Problem 5: Suggested Solution
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
 90;1 y  sin  2 x  90 
5. y  sin x
y  sin  2  x  45 
 90?;1
• First apply Horizontal Compression by factor 2.
Followed by Horizontal Shift by 45 to right.

•  90;1 
  45;1   90;1
Horizontal Compression
by factor 2
Horizontal Shift
by 45 to right

Check if 90;1 satisfies y  sin  2 x  90 

 Tutorial 2 Problem 6: Suggested Solution

Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
180; 1
6. y  cos x y  3cos(2 x )
 90;?3
• Order of transformations not important.
 Apply simultaneously.

• 180; 1   90; 3

Vertical Stretch by factor 3
Horizontal Compression by factor 2

Check if 90; 3 satisfies y  3cos  2 x 

 Tutorial 2 Problem 7: Suggested Solution
Defining Defining
Point Transformation
equation equation of
on basic of point on
of basic transformed
function basic function
function function
180; 0  y  tan  3 x   2
7. y  tan x
 60;?2
• Transformations operates in different directions and
can thus be applied in any order (  Simultaneously).

• 180;0    60; 2 

Vertical Shift by 2 units downward
Horizontal Compression by factor 3

Check if  60; 2  satisfies y  tan  3x   2

Unit 3

Generating
CAPS
New Graphs Mathematics
Series
 General Comments
• Points on basic functions can be transformed
to generate points on the transformed functions.
• We can utilize the effect of parameters on points on
the basic function to sketch transformed function.
• Transformation can have an impact on the
characteristics of the basic functions.
• Should take note of changes to the following:
Domain and Range; Intercepts with axes;
Turning points; Minima and Maxima;
Asymptotes; Shape and Symmetry as well as
Periodicity and Amplitude.
 Function defined by y  ax  q 2

Consider the example y  3x  2. 2

Consider transformations of points on y  x : 2

 2; 4    2;10 
 1;1   1;1 • •
 0;0    0; 2 
1;1 1;1
 2; 4 

  2;10 
• •
• • •
•
Impact on :
Domain and Range; Intercepts;
Turning Point; Symmetry
 Tutorial 3: Transformed Parabola

Given the functions defined by y  x and y  2  x  3   4

2 2

1. Sketch basic function defined by y  2 x 2

2. Make use of transformations and sketch y  2  x  3  4
2

3. Discuss changes to:

(a) Domain and Range
PAUSE Unit
(b) Intercepts
(c) Turning point • Do Tutorial 3
• Then View Solutions
(d) Symmetry
 Tutorial 3 Parabola: Suggested Solution

y  2x2 y  2  x  3 y  2  x  3  4
2 2

Horizontal shifts Vertical shifts

D and R   4;   of 3 units to right of 4 units upwards
Turning point:
Imaginary roots.
Effected by parameters  3 and 4.  At  3; 4 
y  intercept where x  0
 At  0;22  Axis of Symmetry: Effected by parameter  3
Defined by x  3
 a
Function defined by y   q where a, p, q 
x p

• Asymptotes:
Vertical Asymptote defined by x   p
Horizontal Asymptote defined by y  q

• Points  x; y  
  x  p; ay  q 
Transformed to

• x  intercept where y  0 and y  intercept where x  0

• Symmetry between two branches changes

from y   x to y   a  x  p   q
Tutorial 4: Transformed Hyperbolic Function
1
A function is defined by y  5:
x4
1. Write down the defining equation of the horizontal asymptote;
2. Write down the defining equation of the vertical asymptote;
3. Determine the x  intercept(s); PAUSE Unit
4. Determine the y  intercept;
• Do Tutorial 4
5. Write down the domain and range; • Then View Solutions
6. Determine the defining equations of the lines of symmetry
between two branches and an individual branch;
7. Sketch the transformed function.
Tutorial 4 Problems 1 to 4: Suggested Solutions

1
Function is defined by y  5
x4
1. Horizontal asymptote is defined by y  5
2. Vertical asymptote is defined by x  4
3. x  intercept is where y  0
1
This is where 0   5  0  1  5  x  4
x4
19
Thus when 5 x  20  1  0  x   3,8
5
1 3
4. y  intercept is where x  0  y   5  4  4, 75
4 4
 Tutorial 4 Problem 5 to 6: Suggested Solutions

1
A function is defined by y  5:
x4

5. D   x : x  4 and R   y : y  5

6. Line of symmetry between two branches changes from

y   x to y    x  4   5 or y   x  9

Line of symmetry for an individual branch changes from

y  x to y   x  4   5 or y  x  1
 Tutorial 4 Problem 7: Suggested Solution

1
7. Sketch defined by y  5
x4

Check List :
• Asymptotes: y  5 and x  4
• Symmetry Lines:
y   x  9 and y  x  1
• Intercepts at:
 3,8;0  and  0; 4, 75 
• D   x : x  4  R   y : y  5
Tutorial 5: Transformed Exponential Function

The basic function defined by y  2 x is transformed

to a function defined by y  3  2 x  2  1.
For the transformed function:
1. Write down the defining equation of the horizontal asymptote;
2. Determine a possible x  intercept;
3. Determine a possible y  intercept;
4. Write down the domain and range; PAUSE Unit
5. Sketch the transformed function.
• Do Tutorial 5
• Then View Solutions
 Tutorial 5 Problems 1 to 3: Suggested Solutions
x2
Function is defined by y  3  2  1.
1. Horizontal asymptote is defined by y  1
x2
2. x  intercept where y  0 or where 3  2 1  0
1
  x  2  log 2  log     log 3
3
 log 3
x  2  0, 415
log 2
3. y  intercept where x  0
23 1
 y  3 2 1  1  
4 4
Tutorial 5 Problems 4 and 5: Suggested Solutions
Consider the following
Transformed function defined
transformed points:
x2
by y  3  2  1. Points on Points on
y  2x y  3  2 x2  1
4. D  and R   1;   

1 

1
 2;   0; 
 4  4
5. Sketch the transformed function.  1  1
  1;   1; 
 2  2
 0;1  2; 2 
1; 2   3;5 
 2; 4   4;11

Check List :
Horizontal Asymptote at y  1
Intercepts at  0, 415;0  and  0; 0, 25 
 Function defined by y  a sin x  q
y  2 sin x  3
R  1;5
• Vertical stretch by factor 2 followed by
a vertical shift by 3 units upward. Amplitude is  5  1  2  2
y  2sin x  3 Minima?
Maxima?
y  sin x

y  2sin x  4
y  2sin x  4 R   6; 2
• Vertical stretch by factor 2; reflection in x  axis
followed by a vertical shift by 4 units downward. Amplitude is 2
 Function defined by y  cos  kx 
x
y  cos x y  cos  
2

y  cos  3x 

y  cos  3 x  Period changed from 360 to 120.

• Horizontal Compression by a factor 3.

 x
y  cos   Period changed from 360 to 720.
 
2
• Horizontal Stretch by a factor 2.
 Function defined by y  tan  x  p 
y  tan x

y  tan( x  90)
y  tan( x  45)
Asymptotes changes from:
y  tan  x  45  x  90  180 k to x  45  180 k ; k 
• Horizontal Shift by 45 to the left.
Asymptotes changes from:
y  tan  x  90  x  90  180 k to x  180  180 k ; k 
• Horizontal Shift by 90 to the right.
 Tutorial 6: Transformed Trigonometric Functions

• Sketch the given transformed trigonometric

functions defined below.
• Discuss changes in the characteristic:
Domain; Range; Periodicity; Amplitude;
Minima; Maxima and Asymptotes. PAUSE Unit
• Do Tutorial 6
1. y  3cos x  2 if x   0;360 ; • Then View Solutions

2. y  sin  3x  90  if x   0;360 and

3. y  tan  2  x  45   if x   0; 270.
 Tutorial 6 Problem 1: Suggested Solution

1. y  3cos x  2 if x  0;360
Only one possible sequencing:
• y  cos x 
Vertical Stretch
by a factor 3
 y  3cos x 
Vertical Shift
by 2 units upward
y  3cos x  2

Period unchanged at 360 Check intercepts!

y  3cos x  2

y  cos x y  3cos x

D   0;360 R   1;5 Amplitude: 5   1  2  3

 Tutorial 6 Problem 2: Suggested Solution

2. y  sin  3x  90  sin 3  x  30 if x  0;360.

Only one possible sequencing:
• y  sin x 
Horizontal Compression
by a factor 3
 y  sin  3 x  
Horizontall Shift
by 30  to left
 y  sin 3  x  30  

y  sin x Period change from 360 to 120

y  sin  3x  y  sin 3  x  30

D   0;360 R   1;1 Amplitude is 1 Check intercepts!

Tutorial 6 Problem 3: Suggested Solution
3. y  tan  2  x  45 if x  0; 270.
y  tan x

• Horizontal Compression by factor 2.

y  tan  2 x  • Period changes from 180 to 90.

• Asymptotes at x  45  90 n ; n 

• Horizontal Shift by 45 to the left.

y  tan 2  x  45 • Period unchanged at 90.

• Asymptotes at x  0  90 n ; n 
or x  90 n ; n 
 End of the Topic Slides on
Functions and their Graphs
REMEMBER!
• Consult text-books and past papers and memos for
additional examples.
• Attempt as many as possible other similar examples
on your own.
• Compare your methods with those that were
discussed in these Topic slides.
• Repeat this procedure until you are confident.

• Do not forget: Practice makes perfect!