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LCA LAB REPORT 8 Incomplete

The document describes an experiment involving ladder and bridge circuits. Students are asked to construct circuits using various resistors and measure voltages and currents. The objective is to analyze how sub-circuits in series-parallel configurations can load and impact neighboring connections. Key concepts covered include voltage dividers, current dividers, and analyzing bridge networks.

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Hamid Rajpoot
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54 views

LCA LAB REPORT 8 Incomplete

The document describes an experiment involving ladder and bridge circuits. Students are asked to construct circuits using various resistors and measure voltages and currents. The objective is to analyze how sub-circuits in series-parallel configurations can load and impact neighboring connections. Key concepts covered include voltage dividers, current dividers, and analyzing bridge networks.

Uploaded by

Hamid Rajpoot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Military College of

Signals
National University of
Sciences & Technology
LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS , LAB
Submitted to: LAB ENGR AMIR ALI

Lab Report Number


08
Submission Date: 2-Jan-2023

Section EE-59-B

Group Members Details

S. No Names

1 Muhammad Waqas

2 Aimen Ijaz

3 Hamid Raza

4 Alishba Faisal
Student
Name

R1 (3)

R2 (3)
R3 (3)
R4 (3)
R5 (3)
Total (15)

RUBRICS for Design presentation (Report) and viva

R1 (3)

R2 (3)
R3 (3)
R4 (3)
Total (12)
Grand Total
(27)

RUBRICS for Practical Implementation of Circuit


8
Ladders and Bridges

Objective

The objective of this exercise is to continue the exploration of basic series-parallel DC circuits. The
basic ladder network and bridge are examined. A key element here is the concept of loading, that is,
the effect that a sub-circuit may have on a neighboring sub-circuit.

Theory Overview
Ladder networks are comprised of a series of alternating series and parallel connections. Each
section effectively loads the prior section, meaning that the voltage and current of the prior section
may change considerably if the loading section is removed. One possible technique for the solution
of ladder networks is a series of cascading voltage dividers. Current dividers may also be used. In
contrast, bridge networks typically make use of four elements arranged in dual series and parallel
configuration. These are often used in measurement systems with the voltage of interest derived
from the difference of two series sub-circuit voltages. As in the simpler series- parallel networks;
KVL, KCL, the current divider rule and the voltage divider rule may be used in combination to
analyze the sub-circuits.

Equipment
(1) Adjustable DC Power Supply model:________________ srn:__________________
(1) Digital Multimeter model:________________ srn:__________________
(1) 1 kΩ __________________
(1) 2.2 kΩ __________________
(1) 3.3 kΩ __________________
(1) 6.8 kΩ __________________
(1) 10 kΩ __________________
(1) 22 kΩ __________________

Schematics

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2
Procedure
1. Consider the circuit of Figure 8.1. R5 and R6 form a simple series connection. Together, they are
in parallel with R4. Therefore the voltage across R4 must be the same as the sum of the voltages
across R5 and R6. Similarly, the current entering node C from R3 must equal the sum of the
currents flowing through R4 and R5. This three resistor combination is in series with R3 in much
the same manner than R6 is in series with R5. These four resistors are in parallel with R2, and
finally, these five resistors are in series with R1. Note that to find the voltage at node B the
voltage divider rule may be used, however, it is important to note that VDR cannot be used in
terms of R1 versus R2. Instead, R1 reacts against the entire series-parallel combination of R2
through R6.
Similarly, R3 reacts against the combination of R4, R5 and R6. That is to say R5 and R6 load R4,
and R3 through R6 load R2. Because of this process note that VD must be less than VC, which must
be less than VB, which must be less than VA. Thus the circuit may be viewed as a sequence of
loaded voltage dividers.

2. Construct the circuit of Figure 8.1 using R1 = 1 k, R2 = 2.2 k, R3 = 3.3 k, R4 = 6.8 k, R5 = 10 k,


R6 = 22 k, and E = 20 volts. Based on the observations of Step 1, determine the theoretical
voltages at nodes A, B, C and D, and record them in Table 8.1. Measure the potentials with a
DMM, compute the deviations and record the results in Table 8.1.

3. Based on the theoretical voltages found in Table 8.1, determine the currents through
R1, R2, R4 and R6. Record these values in Table 8.2. Measure the currents with a DMM, compute
the deviations and record the results in Table 8.2.

4. Consider the circuit of Figure 8.2. In this bridge network, the voltage of interest is VAB. This
may be directly computed from VA - VB. Assemble the circuit using R1 = 1 k, R2 = 2.2 k, R3 =
10 k, R4 = 6.8 k and E = 10 volts. Determine the theoretical values for VA, VB and VAB and
record them in Table 8.3. Note that the voltage divider rule is very effective here as the R1 R2
branch and the R3 R4 branch are in parallel and therefore both “see” the source voltage.

5. Use the DMM to measure the potentials at A and B with respect to ground, the red lead going to
the point of interest and the black lead going to ground. To measure the voltage from A to B, the
red lead is connected to point A while the black is connected to point B. Record these potentials
in Table 8.3. Determine the deviations and record these in Table 8.3.

Data Tables
Voltage Theory Measured Deviation
VA 10 9.9 1.0
VB 6.38 6.2 3.2
VC 4.02 3.8 5.2
VD 2..76 2.5 4.1
Current Theory Measured Deviation
R1 3.1 3.2 3.1
R2 2.2 2.3 4.3
R4 0.5 0.6 16.0
R6 0.4 0.5 20.1
Table 8.2

Voltage Theory Measured Deviation


VA 6.87 6.8 2.9
VB 6.73 6.6 2.0
VAB 0.14 0.11 3.1
Table 8.3

Questions

1. In Figure 8.1, if another pair of resistors was added across R6, would VD go up, down, or stay
the same? Why?
2. In Figure 8.1, if R4 was accidentally opened would this change the potentials at B, C and D?
Why or why not?

3. If the DMM leads are reversed in Step 5, what happens to the measurements in Tabl e
8.3?

4. Suppose that R3 and R4 are accidentally swapped in Figure 8.2. What is the new VAB?

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