Chapter 2 Part-dII
Chapter 2 Part-dII
Diode
Applications
Objectives
➢ Explain and analyze the operation of both half and
full wave rectifiers
➢ Explain and analyze filters and regulators and
their characteristics
➢ Explain and analyze the operation of diode
limiting and clamping circuits
➢ Explain and analyze the operation of diode
voltage multipliers
➢ Interpret and use a diode data sheet
➢ Troubleshoot simple diode circuits
2.4 Half Wave Rectifier
The Basic DC Power Supply
All active electronic devices require a source of constant dc that can
be supplied by a battery or a dc power supply. The dc power supply
converts the standard 220 V, 50 Hz ac voltage available at wall outlets
into a constant dc voltage. The DC Power Supply consists of a
transformer, Rectifier, Regulator and Filter as shown below.
Half Wave Rectifier
A half wave rectifier(ideal) allows conduction for only 180° or half of
a complete cycle. The output frequency is the same as the input.
Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage The average
value of the half-wave rectified output voltage is the value you
would measure on a dc voltmeter. Mathematically, it is determined
by finding the area under the curve over a full cycle, as illustrated in
Figure, and then dividing by 2 the number of radians in a full cycle.
The result of this is expressed in Equation 2–3, where Vp is the peak
value of the voltage. This equation shows that Vavg is approximately
31.8% of Vp for a half-wave rectified voltage.
Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output
When the practical diode model is used with the barrier potential of
0.7 V taken into account. During the positive half-cycle, the input
voltage must overcome the barrier potential before the diode
becomes forward-biased. This results in a half-wave output with a
peak value that is 0.7 V less than the peak value of the input, as
shown in Figure 2–23. The expression for the peak output voltage is
Peak Inverse Voltage Peak inverse voltage is the
maximum voltage across the diode when it is in reverse bias.
The diode must be capable of withstanding this amount of
voltage. A diode should be rated at least 20% higher than
the PIV.
Transformer Coupling
• Transformers are often used to couple the AC input voltage from the
source to the rectifier. It step down the voltage and Electrically Isolate
the source from Rectifier. Thus preventing a shock hazards in
secondary.
• The turns ratio of the primary to secondary determines the output
versus the input voltage.
2.5 Full-Wave Rectifier
A full-wave rectifier allows current to flow during both the positive
and negative half cycles or the full 360º. Note that the output
frequency is twice the input frequency.
The average VDC or VAVG = 2Vp/.
Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
This method of rectification employs two diodes connected
to a center-tapped transformer.
The peak output is only half of the transformer’s
peak secondary voltage.
Full-Wave Center Tapped
Note the current flow direction during both alternations. Being
that it is center tapped, the peak output is about half of the
secondary windings total voltage.
Each diode is subjected to a PIV of the full secondary
winding output minus one diode voltage drop.
PIV=2Vp(out) +0.7V
Derivation:
PIV= (VP(sec) /2 – 0.7)-(-VP(sec) /2)
= VP(sec) – 0.7V
Note that in most cases we take the diode drop into account.
2.6 Power Supply Filters And Regulators
As we have seen, the output of a rectifier is a pulsating DC. With
filtration and regulation this pulsating voltage can be smoothed out
and kept to a steady value. The Small fluctuations in the filter output
is called ripples.
Capacitor Input Filter
The filter is simply a capacitor connected from the rectifier output to
ground. RL represents the equivalent resistance of a load.
During the positive first quarter-cycle of
the input, the diode is forward-biased,
allowing the capacitor to charge to within
0.7 V of the input peak, as illustrated in
Figure 2–43(a).When the input begins to
decrease below its peak, as shown in part
(b), the capacitor retains its charge and
the diode becomes reverse-biased
because the cathode is more positive
than the anode. During the remaining
part of the cycle, the capacitor can
discharge only through the load
resistance at a rate determined by the
RLC time constant, which is normally long
compared to the period of the input. The
larger the time constant, the less the
capacitor will discharge. During the first
quarter of the next cycle, as illustrated in
part (c), the diode will again become
forward-biased when the input voltage
exceeds the capacitor voltage by
approximately 0.7 V.
Ripple Voltage
As you have seen, the capacitor quickly charges at the beginning of a cycle
and slowly discharges through RL after the positive peak of the input
voltage (when the diode is reverse-biased). The variation in the capacitor
voltage due to the charging and discharging is called the ripple voltage.
Generally, ripple is undesirable; thus, the smaller the ripple, the better the
filtering action, as illustrated in Figure 2–44.