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Chapter 2 Part-dII

This document discusses various types of diode circuits used in power supplies, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, and capacitor input filters. It explains how half-wave rectifiers only allow conduction for half of each AC cycle, while full-wave rectifiers conduct for the entire cycle. Bridge rectifiers are also covered, which use four diodes in a bridge configuration to provide full-wave rectification. The document outlines how capacitor input filters can smooth the pulsating DC output of a rectifier. Voltage regulators are also summarized as the final component used to eliminate ripple and maintain a stable output voltage.

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Abdul Rehman
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views60 pages

Chapter 2 Part-dII

This document discusses various types of diode circuits used in power supplies, including half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, and capacitor input filters. It explains how half-wave rectifiers only allow conduction for half of each AC cycle, while full-wave rectifiers conduct for the entire cycle. Bridge rectifiers are also covered, which use four diodes in a bridge configuration to provide full-wave rectification. The document outlines how capacitor input filters can smooth the pulsating DC output of a rectifier. Voltage regulators are also summarized as the final component used to eliminate ripple and maintain a stable output voltage.

Uploaded by

Abdul Rehman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Diode
Applications
Objectives
➢ Explain and analyze the operation of both half and
full wave rectifiers
➢ Explain and analyze filters and regulators and
their characteristics
➢ Explain and analyze the operation of diode
limiting and clamping circuits
➢ Explain and analyze the operation of diode
voltage multipliers
➢ Interpret and use a diode data sheet
➢ Troubleshoot simple diode circuits
2.4 Half Wave Rectifier
The Basic DC Power Supply
All active electronic devices require a source of constant dc that can
be supplied by a battery or a dc power supply. The dc power supply
converts the standard 220 V, 50 Hz ac voltage available at wall outlets
into a constant dc voltage. The DC Power Supply consists of a
transformer, Rectifier, Regulator and Filter as shown below.
Half Wave Rectifier
A half wave rectifier(ideal) allows conduction for only 180° or half of
a complete cycle. The output frequency is the same as the input.
Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage The average
value of the half-wave rectified output voltage is the value you
would measure on a dc voltmeter. Mathematically, it is determined
by finding the area under the curve over a full cycle, as illustrated in
Figure, and then dividing by 2 the number of radians in a full cycle.
The result of this is expressed in Equation 2–3, where Vp is the peak
value of the voltage. This equation shows that Vavg is approximately
31.8% of Vp for a half-wave rectified voltage.
Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output
When the practical diode model is used with the barrier potential of
0.7 V taken into account. During the positive half-cycle, the input
voltage must overcome the barrier potential before the diode
becomes forward-biased. This results in a half-wave output with a
peak value that is 0.7 V less than the peak value of the input, as
shown in Figure 2–23. The expression for the peak output voltage is
Peak Inverse Voltage Peak inverse voltage is the
maximum voltage across the diode when it is in reverse bias.
The diode must be capable of withstanding this amount of
voltage. A diode should be rated at least 20% higher than
the PIV.
Transformer Coupling
• Transformers are often used to couple the AC input voltage from the
source to the rectifier. It step down the voltage and Electrically Isolate
the source from Rectifier. Thus preventing a shock hazards in
secondary.
• The turns ratio of the primary to secondary determines the output
versus the input voltage.
2.5 Full-Wave Rectifier
A full-wave rectifier allows current to flow during both the positive
and negative half cycles or the full 360º. Note that the output
frequency is twice the input frequency.
The average VDC or VAVG = 2Vp/.
Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
This method of rectification employs two diodes connected
to a center-tapped transformer.
The peak output is only half of the transformer’s
peak secondary voltage.
Full-Wave Center Tapped
Note the current flow direction during both alternations. Being
that it is center tapped, the peak output is about half of the
secondary windings total voltage.
Each diode is subjected to a PIV of the full secondary
winding output minus one diode voltage drop.
PIV=2Vp(out) +0.7V
Derivation:
PIV= (VP(sec) /2 – 0.7)-(-VP(sec) /2)
= VP(sec) – 0.7V

VP(out) = VP(sec) /2 – 0.7


VP(sec) = 2VP(out) + 1.4V

PIV= 2VP(out) + 0.7V


Effect of the Turns Ratio on the Output Voltage
If the transformer’s turns ratio is 1, the peak value of the rectified
output voltage equals half the peak value of the primary input voltage
less the barrier potential, as illustrated in Figure 2–33. Half of the
primary voltage appears across each half of the secondary winding
(Vp(sec) = Vp(pri)). We will begin referring to the forward voltage
due to the barrier potential as the diode drop.
In order to obtain an output voltage with a peak equal to the
input peak (less the diode drop), a step-up transformer with a
turns ratio of n = 2 must be used, as shown in Figure 2–34. In
this case, the total secondary voltage (Vsec) is twice the
primary voltage (2Vpri), so the voltage across each half of the
secondary is equal to Vpri.
Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
The bridge rectifier uses four diodes connected as shown in Figure
2–38. When the input cycle is positive as in part (a), diodes D1 and
D2 are forward-biased and conduct current in the direction shown. A
voltage is developed across RL that looks like the positive half of the
input cycle. During this time, diodes D3 and D4 are reverse-biased.
When the input cycle is
negative as in Figure 2–
38(b), diodes D3 and
D4 are forward-biased
and conduct current in
the same direction
through RL as during
the positive half-cycle.
During the negative
half-cycle, D1 and D2
are reverse-biased. A
full-wave rectified
output voltage appears
across RL as a result of
this action.
Bridge Output Voltage Fig. 2–39(a). During the positive half-cycle
diodes D1 and D2 are forward-biased. The secondary voltage appears across
the load resistor. The same is true when D3 and D4 are forward-biased
during the negative half-cycle.
Fig. 2–39(b), two diodes are always in series with the load resistor during
both the positive and negative half-cycles. If diode drops are considered, the
output voltage is
The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The PIV for a bridge rectifier is approximately half the PIV
for a center-tapped rectifier.
PIV=Vp(out) +0.7V
Derivation:
PIV= VP(out) – (-0.7V)

PIV= VP(out) + 0.7V

Note that in most cases we take the diode drop into account.
2.6 Power Supply Filters And Regulators
As we have seen, the output of a rectifier is a pulsating DC. With
filtration and regulation this pulsating voltage can be smoothed out
and kept to a steady value. The Small fluctuations in the filter output
is called ripples.
Capacitor Input Filter
The filter is simply a capacitor connected from the rectifier output to
ground. RL represents the equivalent resistance of a load.
During the positive first quarter-cycle of
the input, the diode is forward-biased,
allowing the capacitor to charge to within
0.7 V of the input peak, as illustrated in
Figure 2–43(a).When the input begins to
decrease below its peak, as shown in part
(b), the capacitor retains its charge and
the diode becomes reverse-biased
because the cathode is more positive
than the anode. During the remaining
part of the cycle, the capacitor can
discharge only through the load
resistance at a rate determined by the
RLC time constant, which is normally long
compared to the period of the input. The
larger the time constant, the less the
capacitor will discharge. During the first
quarter of the next cycle, as illustrated in
part (c), the diode will again become
forward-biased when the input voltage
exceeds the capacitor voltage by
approximately 0.7 V.
Ripple Voltage
As you have seen, the capacitor quickly charges at the beginning of a cycle
and slowly discharges through RL after the positive peak of the input
voltage (when the diode is reverse-biased). The variation in the capacitor
voltage due to the charging and discharging is called the ripple voltage.
Generally, ripple is undesirable; thus, the smaller the ripple, the better the
filtering action, as illustrated in Figure 2–44.

Ripple factor r=Vr(pp) / VDC


Vr(pp)=(1/fRLC)Vp(rect)
VDC=(1- 1/2fRLC)Vp(rect)
For a given input frequency, the output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is twice
that of a half-wave rectifier, as illustrated in Figure 2–45. This makes a full-wave
rectifier easier to filter because of the shorter time between peaks. When
filtered, the full-wave rectified voltage has a smaller ripple than does a half-
wave voltage for the same load resistance and capacitor values. The capacitor
discharges less during the shorter interval between full-wave pulses, as shown
in Figure 2–46.
The fuse rating should be at least 20% larger than the calculated value of Ipri.
Surge Resistor
Being that the capacitor appears as a short during the initial charging,
the current through the diodes can momentarily be quite high. To
reduce risk of damaging the diodes, a surge current limiting resistor is
placed in series with the filter and load. Rsurge= [VP(sec)-1.4V] / IFSM
Voltage Regulators
Regulation is the last step in eliminating the remaining ripple and maintaining the
output voltage to a specific value. Typically this regulation is performed by an
integrated circuit regulator. There are many different types used based on the voltage
and current requirements. Three-terminal regulators designed for fixed output
voltages require only external capacitors to complete the regulation portion of the
power supply, as shown in Figure 2–50. Filtering is accomplished by a large-value
capacitor between the input voltage and ground. An output capacitor (typically ) is
connected from the output to ground to improve the transient response. 0.1 mF to
1.0 mF
Power Supply Filters And Regulators

How well the regulation is performed by a regulator is


measured by it’s regulation percentage. There are two
types of regulation, line and load. Line and load
regulation percentage is simply a ratio of change in
voltage (line) or current (load) stated as a percentage.
Line Regulation = (VOUT/VIN)100%
Load Regulation = (VNL – VFL)/VFL)100%
Voltage Divider Biased
The desired amount of limitation can be attained by a power
supply or voltage divider. The amount clipped can be adjusted
with different levels of VBIAS. As fig 2.60
A Limiter Application Many circuits have
This positive limiter will limit certain restrictions on the input level to avoid
the output to VBIAS + .7V damaging the circuit. For example, almost all
digital circuits should not have an input level
that exceeds the power supply voltage. An input
of a few volts more than this could damage the
circuit. To prevent the input from exceeding a
specific level, you may see a diode limiter across
the input signal path in many digital circuits.
The voltage divider provides the VBIAS . VBIAS =(R3/R2+R3)VSUPPLY
Diode Clampers
A clamper adds a dc level to an ac voltage. Clampers are sometimes known as dc
restorers. Figure 2–63 shows a diode clamper that inserts a positive dc level in the
output waveform. The operation of this circuit can be seen by considering the first
negative half-cycle of the input voltage. When the input voltage initially goes negative,
the diode is forwardbiased, allowing the capacitor to charge to near the peak of the
input as shown in Figure 2–63(a). Just after the negative peak, the diode is reverse-
biased. This is because the cathode is held near by the charge on the capacitor. The
capacitor can only discharge through the high resistance of RL. So, from the peak of
one negative half-cycle to the next, the capacitor discharges very little. The amount
that is discharged, of course, depends on the value of RL. Vp(in) - 0.7 V (Vp(in) - 0.7
V),
2.8 Voltage Multipliers
Under a no-load condition, C2 remains
charged to approximately 2Vp. If a load
resistance is connected across the output,
C2 discharges slightly through the load on
the next positive half-cycle and is again
recharged to 2Vp on the following
negative half-cycle. The resulting output is
a half-wave, capacitor-filtered voltage.
The peak inverse voltage across each
diode is 2Vp. If the diode were reversed,
the output voltage across C2 would have
the opposite polarity.
Basic Problems
at the end of the chapter
30, 32, 33, 34,40, 46

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