SHPP1032-04

ASSIGNMENT 1: NETWORKING HARDWARE ANALYSIS

GROUP 7

NAMA; NO MATRIKS :
MUHAMMAD HAMIZAN BIN NASHARUDDIN (A22HP0108)
MUHAMMAD NAZMI BIN IWAN
MUHAMMAD ALIFF MUHAIMAN BIN MOHAMAD

CLASS: 1/SHPAH

LECTURER: ASSOC. PROF. DR. NORAZRENA ABU SAMAH

ISI KANDUNGAN

MUKASURAT KANDUNGAN

1 Types and functions , Router , Modem

2 Modem and Router Features
3 Different between Modem and Router
4 The Limitation Of Modem And Router

5 Hub
6 Switch , Differences Between Hub And Switch

7 Types of Switch and Hub ,

8 The Limitations Of Each Hub And Switch

9 Definition of Gateway , Types of Gateway , Definition of

Bridge

10 Types of Bridge Comparison Between Bridge and Gateway ,

Limitation Gateway and Bridge

11 Types of Cable
1. Types and functions of each networking hardware.
2. The differences between the networking hardware that have almost similar functions.
3. The limitations of each networking hardware.

TYPES AND FUNCTIONS

ROUTER

A router connects two or more networks. One common use of the router is to connect a home or
office network (LAN) to the internet (WAN). It generally has a plugged-in internet cable along with
cables that connect computers on the LAN. Alternatively, a LAN connection can also be wireless
(Wi-Fi-enabled), making the network device wireless. These are also referred to as wireless access
points (WAPs).

MODEM

A modem is a device that connects your home to your Internet service provider (ISP) and translates
the digital signals from your ISP so your computer can understand them. A modem enables a
computer to connect to the internet via a telephone line. The modem at one end converts the
computer’s digital signals into analog signals and sends them through a telephone line. Most
modems have two connection ports: one that connects you to your ISP and one that connects to
your computer/laptop or your router.. At the other end, it converts the analog signals to digital
signals that are understandable for another computer.

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Modem vs Router Differences

➢ Modem vs Router Differences At-A-Glance

While these devices do different things, they can physically look similar and act similarly.
Here’s how to tell your modem and router apart:

Modem features:

● Has fewer Ethernet ports than a router

● Has a public IP address
● Use a wide area network (WAN)

Router features:

● Has more Ethernet ports than a modem because its used to connect multiple devices to
the Internet
● Has a private IP address
● Distribute on a local area network (LAN)

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 MODEM ROUTER

A Modem modulates and demodulates The router is a networking device that allows you to
signals. associate various networks with each other for LAN
and WAN networks.

It is used for accessing the Internet as it You can access the Internet without the need for a
connects your computer to the ISP. modem.

The modem operates on the Datalink layer. Router can be operated at the Data Link Layer,
Network Layer, and Physical Layer.

The modem does not help to examine the Router examines all data packet before forwarding
data packet. Therefore, the security threat is it, that helps to identify a threat.
always there.

It is placed between a telephone line and a It is placed between a computer network and
router or directly to the computer. modem.

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THE LIMITATION OF MODEM AND ROUTER

MODEM

More useful in connecting LAN with the Internet and speed depends on the cost. The modem is the
most widely used data communication roadway. But, the speed is slow when compared to the hub.
Acts as an interface between LAN and Internet. It does not offer any traffic maintenance. Main
drawback of a modem is speed. If you spend more money, you get more speed.

ROUTER

It helps to share a network connection with multiple machines that increases productivity. A router
allows delivering the packets of data in an organized way, which helps to lower the data load. Router
enables a steady and reliable connection between network hosts. Routers make use of the alternative
parts in case the main part fails to transfer data packets. But, connections can become slow when
multiple computers are using a network. This situation is described as a connection wait. A router
helps multiple computers to share the same network, which may lower the speed.

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HUB AND SWITCH

HUB SWITCH

HUB

Hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple devices in a network. They
are generally used to connect computers in a LAN.
A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in to
one of these ports. When a data frame arrives at a port, it is broadcast to every other port, without
considering whether it is destined for a particular destination or not.

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SWITCHES
Switch is a data link layer networking device which connects devices in a network and uses packet
switching to send and receive data over the network.
Like a hub, a switch also has many ports, to which computers are plugged in. However, when a data
frame arrives at any port of a network switch, it examines the destination address and sends the frame to
the corresponding device(s). Thus, it supports both unicast and multicast communications

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUB AND SWITCH

HUB SWITCH

Operate in the physical layer of the OSI model. Operate in the data link layer of the OSI model.

A non-intelligent network device that sends An intelligent network device that sends message to
message to all ports. selected destination ports.
Primarily broadcasts messages. Supports unicast, multicast and broadcast.

Transmission mode is half duplex. Transmission mode is full duplex.

Collisions may occurs during setup of transmission Collisions do not occur since the communication is
when more than one computers place data full duplex.
simultaneously in the corresponding ports.
They are passive devices, they don’t have any They are active devices, equipped with network
software associated with it. software.
They generally have fewer ports of 4/12. The number of ports is higher – 24/48.

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TYPES OF HUB

• Active Hub:- Active hub is a kind of hub which have their own power supply. It can clean,
improve, and relay the signal along with the network. It works as a repeater as well as a wiring
center. They are also used as an extension for two or more nodes.

• Passive Hub: This type of hub collects power supply from the active hub and wiring from
nodes. Passive hubs relay signals into the network without cleaning and boosting them. It can’t
be used to extend the distance between nodes.

TYPES OF SWITCH

• Manageable Switches: Manageable switch has a console port and IP address, which can be
assigned and configured.

• Unmanageable Switches: On an Unmanageable switch, configuration can’t be made. It is not

possible to assign IP address as there is no console port.

THE SIMPLE DEFINITIONS OF HUB AND SWITCH

• A Hub is a networking device that allows you to connect multiple PCs to a single
network, whereas a Switch connects various devices together on a single computer
network.
• A Hub operates on the physical layer, whereas Switch operates on the data link layer.
• Hub uses Half-duplex cable on the other hand Switch uses Full duplex cables
• Hub is a passive device while the switch is an active device
• Hub uses electrical signal orbits while switch uses frame & packet
• Hub and switch are both used in LAN

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THE LIMITATIONS OF EACH HUB AND SWITCH

HUB

Hubs cannot communicate fully duplex mode, it can only operate in half-duplex mode. Half-duplex
mode, in essence, means data are often transmitted just one occasion at a given time. Therefore, the
hub must constantly switch its modes. It also does not offer dedicated bandwidth It can not select
Network’s Best Path. There is no mechanism of any kind to reduce network traffic. Possibility of the
device differentiation and Network size means as the attachment was received in the packet so it cannot
reduce traffic. Hence, hubs make a high level of network traffic.

SWITCH

The limitations of switch is Defenseless it mean If switches are in the indiscriminate mode, they
are defenseless against security assaults for example caricaturing IP address or catching Ethernet
outlines. It also need Proper planning and arrangement are required to deal with multicast parcels.
Handling Multicast packets that requires quite a bit of configuration & proper designing.
Broadcast traffic might be problematic and lastly network availability issues are hard to be followed
through the organization switch.

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DEFINATIONS OF GATEWAY

A Gateway operates on all seven layers of OSI model. A gateway work as a “protocol converter”. A
router can accept and transfer packets only across a network using similar protocols. But, a gateway can
accept and transfer the packet across networks using a different protocol. A gateway is software installed
within a router.

Type of Gateway
• Unidirectional Gateways − They allow data to flow in only one direction. Changes made in the
source node are replicated in the destination node, but not vice versa. They can be used as
archiving tools.
• Bidirectional Gateways − They allow data to flow in both directions. They can be used as
synchronization tools.

DEFINATIONS OF BRIDGE
A bridge operates on two layers of OSI model that are, physical layer and a data link layer. A bridge can
divide a large network into smaller segments and is also used to connect two originally separated LANs.
The purpose of a bridge is to transmit the frame between two separate LANs.

When a bridge receives a frame, it regenerates the signal and checks the destination address of the frame
and forwards the new copy of the frame only to the segment to which it belongs. A bridge does not
broadcast the frame to all the stations in the receiver segment; it only forwards the frame to
destination/receiver station.

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Types of Bridge

• Simple Bridge: It is the least expensive bridge. Connects only two LANs. Addresses in the
lookup table are fed manually. Maintenance is time-consuming than cost-saving.
• Multiport Bridge: Connects more than two LANs.
• Transparent Bridge: Dynamically builds its look-up table and keeps the table updating during
its bridging operations.

Comparison Between Bridge and Gateway

BASIS FOR
BRIDGE GATEWAY
COMPARISON

Basic Bridge transmits the frames between Gateway is a protocol converter.

two separated segments of LAN.

Layer of Operation Operates on two layers, physical and Operates on all the seven layer of OSI
data link layer. model.

Work Checks the destination address on It allows two different network using
received frame and forward the frame different protocols to communicate
to the address it belongs. with each other.

Limitations Of Gateways :
There are few limitations of gateways as well. Here are some of them:
1. Gateways need to device-specific as multiple attachments are not possible to single gateways
and there is a need for a sink for this purpose.
2. Gateways are not data handling master but just are used for data transfers.
3. Gateways do not validate the sources of data request and user and also could not predict the
behavior from the data.

Limitations Of Bridge :
1. 1 On average a bridge costs more than the hub and repeaters. That is the reason why it is only
preferred when there is LAN network traffic load. In other situations of variable data load it is
advisable to use either a hub or a repeater.
2. A bridge does more buffering of frames and introduce more relays
3. Bridges cannot individually filter the broadcast traffic. They simply forward broadcast packets.

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TYPES OF CABLE

1. Fiber Optic Cable: Fiber Optic Cable is also known as the Optical Fiber Cable. It is made up of
plastic or glass. It transmits signals in the form of light. There are 3 basic components of the optical
transmission system which are as follows:
1. Light source
2. Transmission media (fiber optics)
3. Detector
2. Copper wire: Copper wire is used for the electrical wiring. It transmits data in the form of electronic
signals. It is the single solid conductor.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIBER OPTIC CABLE AND COPPER WIRE:

No. Basis Fiber Optic Cable Copper Wire

DATA
1. CARRIER It carries data in the form of light. It carries data in the form of electric signals.

2. BANDWIDTH It offers higher bandwidth. It offers lower bandwidth.

It is thin, lighter in weight, and smaller in

3. STRUCTURE size. It is heavier and thicker.

It can be laid in different environments

because it is more resistant to corrosive It cannot be laid in a different environment
4. ENVIRONMENT materials. because it is more prone to corrosive materials.

5. ATTENUATION Attenuation is very low. Attenuation is high.

As this data travel in the form of light, they As in this data travel in the form of electric
are not affected by the electrical and signals, they are affected by the electrical and
6. INTERFACE magnetic interfaces. magnetic interfaces.

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