"Andinismo" as a Source of Spanish Neologisms

Author(s): Evelio Echevarría

Source: Hispania, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Mar., 1969), pp. 82-84
Published by: American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
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82 HISPANIA

Tentatively, then, the main hypothesis NOTES

is this: Philip II, in his obsession with de- 1R. Thomas Douglass, "The Evolution of
tail, read a book in 1586 or 1587 in which Spanish Orthography from 1475 to 1726," Uni-
were included certain precepts of spelling versity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1965.
which had to do with the writing of his 20p. cit., pp. 20-21.
own name. The idea fascinated him so 30p. cit., p. 11.
much that in the following year or so he 4Op.cit., p. 39.
5Cldsicos Castellanos: Madrid, 1953, p. 85.
began writing his name with an f, partly 6Louvain: Bartolomi Gravio, 1559, unpagi-
to conserve energy in every signature, nated.
partly to demonstrate that he was up to 7Benjamin Escudero de Juana, Contribuci6n
date in his own spelling. His court decided al estudio del romance espaiiol: La "Ortografia"
that if the King used f, they had better de Lebrija comparada con la de los Siglos XV,
follow along, since few things are dearer XVI, XVII (Madrid, 1923). Although I have no
examples of f for ph to offer from Herrera's
to people than their own names. When edition, it is highly likely that he used the f.
those at court began to use the new spell- Etymology was not his criterion for spelling,
ing, the printersall over the country started obviously, since we find many non-etymological
to imitate them in turn in order to facili- cases such as onra, ombre, estiende, calunia,
inorante, cuanto, and afeci6. Notice that by these
tate, at least in this small detail, the grant- examples Escudero's observation is slightly wide
ing of the permission they were required of the mark.
to obtain.
Thus did ph become f in Spanish.

"ANDINISMO" AS A SOURCE OF SPANISH NEOLOGISMS

EVELIO ECHEVARRIA
University of Nevada
The introduction of new games and according to local factors and how others
sports in Spanish America has given rise have been simply incorporated without
to the need of new jargon. Since such translation.
sports did not come simultaneously to I offer here a short list of the more
Spanish America and because of the di- typical examples. English terms are shown
versity of the countries involved, a typically with the equivalents which have been
diverse nomenclaturehas, and is still, being heard or recordedby myself durnig Andean
developed. A review of the nomenclatureof expeditions or collected from local moun-
the relatively new sport of mountaineering taineering literature published in the six
shows the interesting and the varied factors countries named above.'
that predominate in the making of new
aflanzar: see asegurar.
words in Spanish America. alud: see avalancha.
Mountaineering in Spanish America is andinismo: 'alpinism'; montaihismo 'mountaineer-
mostly synonymous with climbing the ing' is becoming rare.
Andes mountains and it is called anmdinismo; andinista: 'alpinist' or 'climber of the Andes';
it began in the late 1920's in Chile and montaiero 'mountaineer'is seldom heard.
Argentina and some twenty years later it anorak: see parka.
took hold in the other Andean countries: apunarse: see mal de altura.
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Venezuela. asegurar:'to belay' (to hold a climbersecurewith
Colombia has as yet not originated its own a rope);afianzaris alsoused.
andinismo. asorocharse: see mal de altura.
In the creation or naturalizationof neo- avalancha: 'avalanche'; also alud, rodado.
logisms in these countries we can see how bolsa de dormir: 'sleeping bag' everywhere in use,
perhaps a direct translation from English;
foreign terms pertaining to the sport of among the Chileans, however, saco de dormir,
mountain climing have been translated or term that well shows the local German in-
adapted to Spanish in a number of ways fluence (from Schlafsack).

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 NOTESON USAGE 83
borcegui: see bota. nevero: see glaciar.
bota: 'boot' heard only in Venezuela, Ecuador p6ramo: see mal de altura.
and Peru; in Argentina, botin and borcegui, parka:'parka'(a windproofjacket with a hood);
while in Chile two local mining terms were saco rompeviento in Peru; parka, as well as
adopted: bototo and calamorro. rompevientos,in Chile, and anorak, a smaller
botin: see bota. version of the parka, in Argentina. Both
bototo: see bota. parka and anorak are words of Greenland
Eskimo origin.
calamorro:see bota.
pica do hielo: see hacha rompehielo.
campamentobase: 'base camp';at times shortened picota: see hacha rompehielo.
to campo-base.
piolet: see hacha rompehielo.
campo-base: see campamento base.
piqueta: see hacha rompehielo.
carpa: see tienda.
clavo: see pit6n. pit6n: 'piton' or 'peg'; the Chileans, however,
prefer clavo for any kind of piton or nail.
club andino: 'alpine club.'
puna: see mal do altura.
corniza:'cornice.' rappel: 'rappel' (a rope for descent maneuver);
cuerda: see soga. since it is difficult to translatethe same term
was kept intact. However, a new Spanish
emparamarse: see mal do altura. verb developed from the word: rappelear,
glaciar: 'glacier'; helero, nevado, nevero and the action of descending with the aid of a
ventisquerowere Spanish peninsularterms of rappel rope.
wide use and are thereforealso used by moun-
taineers; glaciar is a more modern scientific refugio:'hut.'
term now coming into use, although Chilean rodado: see avalancha.
and Argentinian climbers continue to favor
stronglyventisquero. rompevientos:see parka.
rucksack:see mochila.
gramp6n:'crampon';the originalFrench term had
been borrowed diectly and accented on the saco de dormir:see bolso de dormir.
last syllable; in a few years, however, the saco rompeviento:see parka.
initial consonant cluster developed from cr
into the more common sound gr. s6rac: 'serac' (ice pinnacle); the original Swiss
grieta: 'crevasse.' spelling has been kept, but the word accented
as indicated.
hacha rompehielo:'ice axe'; equivalent terms are
still in evolution and none as yet found satis- saoa: 'rope'; cuerda in Chile, and soga in the
rest of the Andean countries.
factory; hacha rompehielo, pica de hielo,
zapapicoand piqueta seem to be used at vary- soroche: see mal de altura.
ing times in Northern South America; in tienda: 'tent'; tienda, tolda and carpa are com-
Peru, Bolivia and Argentina the French term mon Spanish equivalents and were quickly
piolet is pretty much acepted in advertise- incorporated into the sportive jargon; in
ments by outfitters, while in Chile again a
local mining term imposed itself: picota, Chile, however, only carpa is used and tienda
referringto the heavy pick of the digger. is reservedfor Army tents.
tolda: see tienda.
helero: see glaciar.
mal de altura:'high mountain sickness';it was a ventisquero: see glaciar.
term frequently used in Spain and by exten- vivac: 'bivouac' (an improvised encampment);
sion in Spanish America;but local words and previously served as a military term; climbers
expressions are often preferred: emparamarse ave originateda new verb: vivaquear.
(from paramo) in Colombia and Venezuela; vivaquear: see vivac.
asorocharse(from soroche) in Ecuador, Peru
and Bolivia; and apunarse (from puna) in zapapico: see hacha rompehielo.
Chile and Argentina, ptramo (Spanish),
soroche and puna (Quechua) refer to the In the newly incorporatedterms, plurals
exertion of travelling in the barrenhighlands. are formed as is usual in Spanish usage
mochila:'packsack';a good Spanish peninsular (except for sdrac, whose plural is seracs);
term used everywhere except in Chile (a the original gender has been retained, and
countrywith heavy Germaninfluence), which accentuation has followed the Spanish
uses also rucksack alongside with mochila.
montanero: see andinista.
rules.
montanismo: see andinismo. The list above includes only the more
nevado: see glaciar. common terms; a much wider one could

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84 HISPANIA

be compiled if more recent mountaineering (Santiago); Club AlemAn de Excursionismode

periodicalsand newspaperswere researched. Chile, Andina (Valparaiso); Federaci6nde An-
dinismo de Chile, Anuario de montafia (San-
As yet, no book on mountaineering termin-
tiago); Club Andino Bariloche, Anuario (Bari-
ology has been produced except in Chile, loche, Argentina); and Federaci6nArgentina de
the first Andean country to originate an- Montaffismo y Afines, La montafia (Buenos
dinismo half a century ago.2 Aires). In the absence of periodicalsfrom Ecua-
dor and Venezuela, two books were consulted:
Arturo Eichler, Nieve y selva en Ecuador (Guay-
NOTES aquil, 1952) and Carlos Chalbaud Cardona,
'Mountaineering periodicals at present avail- Expediciones a la Sierra Nevada de Merida
able in South America are: Club Andino Peru- (Caracas, 1959).
ano, Revista peruana de andinismo (Lima); Club 2Maximino FernAndez Fraile, Terminologia
Andino Boliviano, Boletin de andinismo y ski de montana (Santiago, 1962).
(La Paz); Club Andino de Chile, Revista andina

MARCH 1963 ISSUE NEEDED

We are in urgent need of a few copies of the March 1963, issue of Hispania
and will pay $1 for each unmarked copy in good condition. These should be
sent book rate to Eugene Savaiano, AATSP, Wichita State University, Wichita,
Kansas 67208.

"IBEROAMERICA," THE HISPANIA ANTHOLOGY

Contribute to the success of the AATSP's efforts to improve intercultural
understanding in the Americas through the publication and distribution of
Iberoamerica, sus lenguas y literaturas vistas desde los Estados Unidos. Full
details appeared on p. 308 of our May 1962 issue, and further information
is also printed in the editorial in the September 1962 issue of HISPANIA.
Copies are $3.00. Airmail your order (personal check or money order) pay-
able to STUDIUM, Apartado 20979 - Adm. 32, Mexico 1, D. F.

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