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Experiment: Aim: Estimation of COD in Water Sample Principle

The document describes an experiment to estimate chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a water sample. COD measures the amount of organic compounds in water by how much dichromate ion is consumed when it oxidizes the organic compounds. The procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate, silver sulfate, and sulfuric acid for 24 hours, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine COD concentration in mg/L. High COD means more oxygen is needed to break down organic waste, which can lower dissolved oxygen and harm aquatic life. Proper cleaning, sterilization, and running blanks are important to get accurate COD results.

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nidhi varshney
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111 views

Experiment: Aim: Estimation of COD in Water Sample Principle

The document describes an experiment to estimate chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a water sample. COD measures the amount of organic compounds in water by how much dichromate ion is consumed when it oxidizes the organic compounds. The procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate, silver sulfate, and sulfuric acid for 24 hours, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine COD concentration in mg/L. High COD means more oxygen is needed to break down organic waste, which can lower dissolved oxygen and harm aquatic life. Proper cleaning, sterilization, and running blanks are important to get accurate COD results.

Uploaded by

nidhi varshney
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment:

Aim: Estimation of COD in water sample


PRINCIPLE:
COD is defined as the amount of oxygen equivalents consumed in the chemical oxidation of organic
matter by strong oxidant (e.g., potassium dichromate) in defined procedure conditions. The matters can be
organic (biodegradable as lipids, proteins, glucides, urea, or refractory chemicals as aromatic compounds)
or mineral matters (ferrous iron, ammonia). The COD test consists of refluxing a sample for 2 h in the
presence of a known amount of oxidant. The concentration of organic matter in terms of oxygen
equivalents can be determined from the difference of initial and remaining oxidant concentrations in the
sample. Most organic matter can be oxidized by strong oxidants, although straight chain carboxylic acids
may not be oxidized in the absence of a silver sulphate catalyst. Silver sulphate is, therefore, added during
COD tests to facilitate the complete oxidation. However, the chloride ion, a common aqueous constituent,
reacts with silver ions to precipitate silver chloride, and thus eliminates the catalytic activity of silver
yielding a negative interference. Both organic and inorganic components are oxidized during COD tests.
If only the COD associated with the organic component is desired, provisions need to be made to
eliminate contributions from oxidation of inorganic components. Finally, separate determinations of other
reduced inorganic species (e.g., ferrous iron and sulphide) are needed if the samples contain significant
levels of these ions. Stoichiometric oxidation of the known reduced inorganic species can be assumed and
corresponding corrections are made.
REQUIREMENTS
1. Water sample

2. Silver sulphate,

3. Sulphuric acid,

4. Ferrous ammonium sulphate

5. Potassium dichromate solution

PROCEDURE
1. Take 20 ml of sample in a 250-500 ml COD flask.
2. Add 10 ml of 0.025N potassium dichromate, add pinch of Ag2SO4, and H2SO4 (3 ml).
3. Reflex at least for 24 h on a water bath or a hot plate. Remove the flask, cool and add distilled
water to make the final volume to about 140 ml.
4. Add 2-3 drops of ferroin indicator mix thoroughly and titrate with 0.1 N ferrous ammonium
sulphate
5. Run a blank with distilled using same quantity of the chemicals. 

RESULT

S. No Volume of sample (ml) Burette Reading Volume of (ml) Average


(ml)
1 Sewage water
2 Blank

Find out the COD (mg/l) of the water sample:


COD mg/1= (b-a) x N of ferrous ammonium sulphate x 1000 x 8
ml sample
Where
a=ml of titrant with sample
b=ml of titrant with blank
8 is the constant
COD mg/l =

INFERENCE
When the COD levels are higher, there is a greater demand for oxygen.
A Low concentration of Dissolved Oxygen is harmful life forms which oxygen to live.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Water using sewage samples they should clean their hands with dettol or savlon.
2. After the experiment, all the glassware should be properly cleaned and should be sterilized.
3. Glassware used in the test should be conditioned by running blank procedures to eliminate traces
of organic material.
4. Titration should be done carefully.

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