Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Flashback of the chapter

Event of 14 July 1789

Outbreak of French revolution and storming of Bastille.

Storming of the Bastille.
Soon after the demolition of the
Bastille, artists made prints
Explain
commemorating the event.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

What we are going to study in this chapter?

❖ French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century

➢ The struggle to survive
➢ How the subsistence crisis happens
➢ A growing middle class envisages an end to privileges
❖ The Outbreak of the Revolution
➢ France becomes a constitutional monarchy
❖ France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
➢ The reign of terror
➢ A directory rules the France
❖ Did Women have a Revolution?
❖ The Abolition of Slavery
❖ The Revolution and Everyday Life
➢ Conclusion
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

French Society during the Late Eighteenth Century

Event of 14 July 1789

● In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended

the throne of France.

● Married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.

● Upon his accession the new king found an empty treasury.

Why?
A Society of Estates.
Note that within the Third Estate
some were rich and others poor.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Reasons for the empty treasury?

● Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.

● The cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
● France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common
enemy, Britain.
● The war added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2
billion livres.
● Lenders who gave the state credit, now began to charge 10 per cent interest on loans.
● Regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government
offices or universities.

∴ The state was forced to increase taxes.

Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

French society in eighteenth century Feudal society Old regime (Before 1789)

French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three

estates, and only members of the third estate paid taxes.

1st State + 2nd State = Enjoyed certain privileges by birth.

● The most important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state.
● The nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.
● These included feudal dues, which they extracted from the peasants.

3rd State = Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord - to work in his house
and fields - to serve in the army or to participate in building roads.
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Spider and the Fly.

An anonymous etching.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Taxes

Tithe A tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the

agricultural produce.
+
Taille Tax to be paid directly to the state.
+
A number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of
everyday consumption like salt or tobacco.

Analyse
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Struggle to Survive: Subsistence Crisis

What is subsistence crisis?

An extreme situation where the basic Reasons

means of livelihood are endangered.

Rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains.

Increase in population X
[23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789] Production of grains could not keep pace with
the demand.

Impact
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Decline in production + Drought or Hail

● The price of bread which was Further reduced the harvest.

the staple diet of the majority
rose rapidly.
● Wages did not keep pace with
the rise in prices.
● Gap between the poor and the
rich widened.

Subsistence crisis
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges

Peasants and Workers Participated in revolt against increasing taxes and food scarcity.

But only a section within the third estate became prosperous and educated.

Prosperous Educated

Who and How?

Middle class
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Prosperous Educated

Who?
● Believed that no group in society should
be privileged by birth.
● A person’s social position must depend on
● Merchant, traders, lawyers, his merit.
manufacturers, etc. ● Society based on freedom and equal laws
and opportunities for all.
How?

Overseas trade and from the Inspired by philosopher

manufacturing of goods.

How?
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Role of philosophers

Jean Jacques
John Locke Montesquieu
Rousseau

‘Two treatises of government’ ‘Social Contract’ ‘The spirit of the laws’

● Sought to refute the doctrine ● Form of government based on ● Division of power within
of the divine and absolute social contract between people the government between
right of the monarch. and their representatives. Equal the legislative, the
voting, democratic government. executive and the judiciary.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Impact of these enlightened ideas

● The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses
and spread among people through books and newspapers.
● These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who could not
read and write.

Connect with other events Consequences

Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of
the state generated anger and protest against the system of privileges.
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Outbreak of the Revolution

Connect with the story

Louis XVI’s plan to increase taxes.

In France of the Old Regime the monarch did not have the power
to impose taxes according to his will alone.

For increasing taxes he had to call a meeting of the Estates

General which would then pass his proposals for new taxes.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

What was Estate General?

● The Estates General was a political body to which

the three estates sent their representatives.

● However, the monarch alone could decide when

to call a meeting of this body.

● The last time it was done was in 1614.

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

5 May 1789 Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass
proposals for new taxes.

Meeting at hall in versailles

● The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing
each other on two sides.
● The 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
● The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members.
● Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly.
● However, their grievances and demands were listed in some 40,000 letters which the
representatives had brought with them.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Tussle in Meeting

Voting in Past According to the principle that each estate had one vote.

This time too Louis XVI was determined to continue the same practice.
x
But members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the assembly
as a whole, where each member would have one vote.

Outcome The king rejected this proposal.

Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The representatives of third estate assembled in the half of an

20 June, 1789
indoor tennis court in the ground of Versailles.

Why?

● They declared themselves a National Assembly.

● Swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution for
France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Tennis Court Oath.

Preparatory sketch for a large painting by Jacques-Louis David. The painting
was intended to be hung in the National Assembly.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The third estate was led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes

Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

● Was born in a noble family but was ● Originally a priest.

convinced of the need to do away with ● Wrote an influential pamphlet called
a society of feudal privilege. ‘What is the Third Estate’?
● He brought out a journal and delivered
powerful speeches to the crowds
assembled at Versailles.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The third estate was led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes

Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Connect the events

● While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of
France seethed with turmoil.

Subsistence Empty
Rising price
crisis treasury

Citizens VS King

● At the same time, the king ordered troops to move into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated crowd
stormed and destroyed the Bastille.
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Chateaux

The spread of the Great Fear.

The map shows how bands of peasants spread
from one point to another.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Events in Countryside

● In the countryside rumours spread from village to village that the lords of the manor
had hired bands of brigands who were on their way to destroy the ripe crops.

● Caught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and
attacked chateaux.

● They looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial
dues.

● A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of them migrating to
neighbouring countries.

Impact
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Faced with the power of his revolting subjects.

● Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the
constitution.

Outcome

● On the night of 4 August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the
feudal system of obligations and taxes.
● Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges.
● Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

France becomes a Constitutional Monarchy

National Assembly Completed the draft of the constitution in 1791.

● Its main object was to limit the powers of the monarch.

● These powers instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person, were
now separated and assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive
and judiciary.

● This made France a constitutional monarchy.

Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Political system under

the Constitution of 1791.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Elections to national assembly

● National assembly was indirectly elected.

● Citizens voted for a group of electors, who in turn chose the Assembly.
● Not all citizens, however, had the right to vote.

Active Citizens Passive Citizens

● Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes ● The remaining men and all
equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were women were classed as passive
given the status of active citizens. citizens.
● They were entitled to vote. ● They were not entitled to vote.

● To qualify as an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the
highest bracket of taxpayers.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Constitution of 1791

● The Constitution began with a “Declaration of the

Rights of Man and Citizen”.
● Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech,
freedom of opinion, equality before law, were
established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights.

They belonged to each human being by birth and

could not be taken away.

● It was the duty of the state to protect each The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,
painted by the artist Le Barbier in 1790. The figure
citizen’s natural rights.
on the right represents France. The figure on the
left symbolises the law.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Reading Political Symbols

● The majority of men and women in the eighteenth

century could not read or write.

● So images and symbols were frequently used

instead of printed words to communicate
important ideas.

● The painting by Le Barbier uses many such symbols

to convey the content of the Declaration of Rights.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

● The broken chain -

■ Chains were used to fetter slaves.
■ A broken chain stands for the act of becoming free.

● The bundle of rods or fasces -

■ One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle.
■ Strength lies in unity.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

● The eye within a triangle radiating light -

■ The all seeing eye stands for knowledge.
■ The rays of the sun will drive away the clouds of
ignorance.

● Sceptre -
■ Symbol of royal power.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

● Snake biting its tail to form a ring -

■ Symbol of Eternity.
■ A ring has neither beginning nor end.

● Red Phrygian cap -

■ Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

● Blue-white-red -
■ The national colours of France.

● The winged woman -

■ Personification of the law.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

● The Law Tablet -

■ The law is the same for all, and all are
equal before it.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic

Connect the story

Louis XVI: A constitutional monarch

● Although Louis XVI had signed the Constitution, he entered into secret
negotiations with the King of Prussia.
● Rulers of other neighbouring countries too were worried by the Explain
developments in France and made plans to send troops to put down the
events that had been taking place there since the summer of 1789.

Before this could happen, the National Assembly voted in

Outcome
April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

War against Austria and Prussia

● Thousands of volunteers thronged from the provinces to

join the army.

● They saw this as a war of the people against kings and

aristocracies all over Europe.

● Among the patriotic songs they sang was the Marseillaise,

composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle.

● It was sung for the first time by volunteers from Marseilles

as they marched into Paris and so got its name.

● The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France.

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The revolutionary wars

Brought losses and economic difficulties to the people.

How?

● While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of
earning a living and looking after their families.
● Large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried
further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.

Impact Emergence of political clubs

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Emergence of political club

● Political clubs became an important rallying point for

people who wished to discuss government policies
and plan their own forms of action.

● The most successful of these clubs was that of the

Jacobins, which got its name from the former convent
of St Jacob in Paris.

● Women too, who had been active throughout this

period, formed their own clubs.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Jacobin Club

● The members of the Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society.
● They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers,
printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers.
● Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre.
● A large group among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long
striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers.

Why?

● These Jacobins came to be known as the sans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those without
knee breeches’.
● Sans Culottes men wore in addition the red cap that symbolizes liberty. Women however
were not allowed to do so.
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

A sans-culottes couple.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The event of the summer of 1792

● The Jacobins planned an insurrection of a large number of Parisians who were angered by
the short supplies and high prices of food.
● On the morning of August 10 they stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s
guards and held the king himself as hostage for several hours.
● Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.

Outcome

● Elections were held.

● From now on all men of 21 years and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

➔ Election were held All men of 21 years above voted Convention

● On 21 September 1792 it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

● There is no hereditary monarchy.

● Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court

on the charge of treason.
● On 21 January 1793 he was executed publicly
Marie Antoinette
at the Place de la Concorde.
● The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same
fate shortly after.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Reign of Terror

➔ The period from 1793 to 1794 Reign of terror

How?

● Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.

● All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic – ex-nobles and clergy, members
of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his
methods, were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal.

● If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Guillotine

➔ What is Guillotine?

● The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a

blade with which a person is beheaded.
● It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Situation during reign of terror

● Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat
and bread were rationed.
● Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the
government.
● Equality was also sought to be practised through forms of speech and address.
● Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all French men and women
were henceforth Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).
● Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices.

Impact
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that

The Reign of Terror
even his supporters began to demand moderation.

Explain

● He was convicted by a court in July 1794.

● Arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Fall of the Jacobin Government = Rise of the wealthier middle classes

*When Directory
New constitution wasRuled the france
introduced

● Denied the vote to non-propertied sections of society.

● It provided for two elected legislative councils.
● These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of
Explain
five members.
● This was meant as a safeguard against the concentration of
power in a one-man executive as under the Jacobins.

Paved the way for the rise of a military Political Instability

dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Why?
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The French Revolution

Events Ideas

The ideals of freedom, of equality before the law

and of fraternity remained inspiring ideals that
motivated political movements in France and the
rest of Europe during the following century.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Did Women have a Revolution?

Women The role in the revolution.

● They were active participants.

● They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary government to introduce
measures to improve their lives.

Why?

● Most women of the third estate had to work for a living.

● Most women did not have access to education or job training.
● Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, Outcome
● fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children.
● Their wages were lower than those of men.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Political situation of the women

● In order to discuss and voice their interests women

started their own political clubs and newspapers. Demanded same political
● The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women rights as men
was the most famous of them.

● Women were disappointed that the Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens.
● They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.

Question
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Steps taken by the revolutionary government to improve the lives of women.

● With the creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls.

● Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their will.

● Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law.

● Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by both women and men.

● Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.

So, with this women’s struggle for political equality ended?

 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Women’s struggle for equal political rights, however, continued.

Why?

● During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering closure of women’s
clubs and banning their political activities.
● Many prominent women were arrested and a number of them executed.
● They were denied voting rights and equal wages.

Women’s movements for voting rights and equal wages continued. The example of the
political activities of French women during the revolutionary years was kept alive as an
inspiring memory. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Abolition of Slavery

Slavery and Revolution

Old regime 1789 National assembly Jacobin regime Napoleon Rule

Slavery was Slavery was Slavery was

prevelent abolished reintroduced

Debates about abolition, but it

was not abolished.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Why slavery was prevlent?

● The colonies in the Caribbean - Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo - were
important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee.

● But the reluctance of Europeans to go and work in distant and unfamiliar lands meant
a shortage of labour on the plantations.

● So this was met by a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas.

Slave trade
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Slave trade

● The slave trade began in the seventeenth century.

● French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux
or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought
slaves from local chieftains.
● Branded and shackled, the slaves were packed tightly
into ships for the three-month long voyage across the
Atlantic to the Caribbean.
● There they were sold to plantation owners.
● The exploitation of slave labour made it possible to
meet the growing demand in European markets for
sugar, coffee, and indigo.
● Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed their
economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Then how slavery was abolished?

Throughout the eighteenth century there was little criticism of slavery in

Old regime
France.

Debates to abolish slavery were held but national assembly did not pass any
National
Assembly laws, fearing opposition from businessmen whose incomes depended on the
slave trade.

Finally the Convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French
Convection
overseas possessions.

In 1804, Napoleon reintroduced slavery Plantation owners understood their

Napoleon Rule
freedom as including the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their
economic interests.
Slavery was finally abolished in French Colonies in 1848
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

The Revolution and Everyday Life

Can politics change the clothes people wear, the language

they speak or the books they read?

French Revolution did?

The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate
the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice.

Explain
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Abolition of censorship

● In the Old Regime all written material and cultural activities - books, newspapers,
plays - could be published or performed only after they had been approved by the
censors of the king.
● After the storming of Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right.
● Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France
from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside.
● They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France.

Impact
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Abolition of censorship = Freedom of the press

● Meant that opposing views of events could be expressed.

● Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print.

● Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.

This was one way they could grasp and identify with ideas such as liberty or
justice that political philosophers wrote about at length in texts which only a
handful of educated people could read.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Conclusion

In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France.

● He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries, dispossessing

dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family.
● Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe.

How?

He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a

uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

Rise and Fall of Napoleon

● Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people.
● But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force.

Explain

● He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.

Many of his measures that carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws
to other parts of Europe had an impact on people long after Napoleon had left.
 Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation

French Revolution

● The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most

important legacy of the French Revolution.

● These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the

nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished.

● Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage

into their movements to create a sovereign nation state.

● Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals

who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France.