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Physics Transformer Project File

Transformers are devices that transfer electrical energy between circuits through inductive coupling of two coils. They work on the principle of mutual induction to increase or decrease alternating voltages. An ideal transformer transfers power efficiently between its primary and secondary coils without resistance losses. However, real transformers have some losses due to eddy currents, hysteresis effects, and other factors, reducing their efficiency below 100%. Despite this, transformers remain essential devices for applications like electric power transmission and distribution where they allow efficient long-distance transmission at high voltages to reduce energy losses.

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Gordhan Singh Lodhi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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330 views

Physics Transformer Project File

Transformers are devices that transfer electrical energy between circuits through inductive coupling of two coils. They work on the principle of mutual induction to increase or decrease alternating voltages. An ideal transformer transfers power efficiently between its primary and secondary coils without resistance losses. However, real transformers have some losses due to eddy currents, hysteresis effects, and other factors, reducing their efficiency below 100%. Despite this, transformers remain essential devices for applications like electric power transmission and distribution where they allow efficient long-distance transmission at high voltages to reduce energy losses.

Uploaded by

Gordhan Singh Lodhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

TRANSFORMER are for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high


alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in
size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in
power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide.

While new technologies have eliminated the need


for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are
essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-


up transformer.

TRANSFORMER which decreases A.C. voltages is called a


step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is
if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then induced
e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring

circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce


varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighboring circuit.
CONTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron
core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from
one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound
on the same core, but are well insulated

with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to p1 p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. Thus, no current can be
drawn through the secondary coil as long as the
switch is open.

For an ideal

transformer, we assume that the resistance of the


primary & secondary windings is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to magnetic flux and
iron core is also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may use a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary and
the output circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of
the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance

The ideal transformer as a circuit element


THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil


p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then
the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values
of the induced e.m.f in the primary and the secondary
coil and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and, dф B/dt = rate
of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant,
we have

Ep = -Np dфB/dt …. (1)


Es = -Ns dфB/dt …. (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so


by dividing (2) by (1), we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np …. (3)

As, Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced


in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance of p1 p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by,

I =E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can
be neglected so therefore,

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E =


output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np


In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t


and Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power
at the same instant t = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage


is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio. Similarly, it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus
a step up
transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of


output power to the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there are no


power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are
many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
Energy losses

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less


than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a
number of reasons as explained below,
 Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the
magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with
the secondary coil.
 Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.
 Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coil.
 Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So
Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
 Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may
be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be
lost due to humming.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

 In voltage regulator
forT.V,refrigerator,computer, air conditioner
etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for
weldingpurposes.
 A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions
of a.c over long distances.

Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,


loud speakers and electric bells etc.
A Big Transformer

Bibliography
The data used in this project was taken from the following
sources:

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scribd.com
The end

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