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Chapter 4 Data and Databases

The document discusses key concepts related to data, information, knowledge, and databases. It defines data as raw bits of information, information as data given context, and knowledge as analyzed and aggregated information used to make decisions. Relational databases organize data into tables with fields and records. Common defects in data management include redundant data, violated integrity, and relying on human memory instead of databases. The document also discusses database design, types, management systems, data warehouses, data mining, and knowledge management.

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randy ccsit
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72 views

Chapter 4 Data and Databases

The document discusses key concepts related to data, information, knowledge, and databases. It defines data as raw bits of information, information as data given context, and knowledge as analyzed and aggregated information used to make decisions. Relational databases organize data into tables with fields and records. Common defects in data management include redundant data, violated integrity, and relying on human memory instead of databases. The document also discusses database design, types, management systems, data warehouses, data mining, and knowledge management.

Uploaded by

randy ccsit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Living in the IT Era

Chapter 4
Data and Databases
Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

•Data

•Information

•Knowledge
Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

• Data is raw bits and pieces of information.


– Quantitative – numeric
– Qualitative – descriptive
– Alone is not useful
Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

• Information is when data is given context


and more specific.
Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

• Knowledge is developed when information has


been aggregated and analyzed to make decisions,
set policies, and spark innovation.
Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

• Wisdom is the combination of knowledge and


experience
– May take years to develop
The BIG DATA problems
Databases
• Organized collection of related information to generate
knowledge for decision making purposes
– For example, a university transcript database may contain
information on students, classes taken, and grades
received
• A separate university database would be created to
maintain your financial information
• Relational databases (such as Microsoft Access) where
data in organized into one or more tables
– Tables are a collection of fields
• E.g., Student ID, Course ID, Grade Earned
– Record is an instance in the table
• E.g., your specific information in the table
Common defects in data resources
management are :

(1) No control of redundant data


Common defects in data resources
management are :

(2) Violation of data integrity


Common defects in data resources
management are :

(3)Relying on human memory to store and to search


needed data
Data Models and Relational
Databases
• A relational data model is easy to understand and use.
Database Design
• Design is a critical first step in creating a database
– Understand the goal of how the database will be used
– Identify the data needed as part of accomplishing this
goal
– Identify how the data is related to each other
– Identify tables and fields to organize the data
• Each table needs a primary key of which
field(s) is unique to each record and
will not change
– For example, students ID
• Normalization is performed to eliminate
duplicated data
Database Design
• Each field in the database has a data type to store information:
– Text – non-numeric data less than 256 characters
– Number – numeric data
– Yes/No – stores 0 for No or False and 1 for Yes or True
– Date/Time – number data type that can be interpreted as a
number or a time
– Currency – monetary data
– Paragraph Text – stores text longer than 256 characters
– Object – data that can’t be typed such as a picture or music file
• Data types dictate what functions can be performed on the data
– For example, 2 number fields can be used to
perform calculations
• Data types indicate the amount of storage
needed for each field
Database Reports
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a tool/language that
helps extract information from the database for analysis
purposes
Other Database Types
• Hierarchical - parent/child relationship between data

Business
Classes

Computer
Accounting Information Finance
Systems

ACC207 ACC208 CIS101 CIS310 FRL300 FRL 301

• Document-centric – places data into documents that


can be manipulated
• NoSQL – usually on multiple machines
and, in some cases, machines in
multiple data centers
Database Management Systems
• Database Management Systems (DBMS) is an
application that allows data to be:
– Entered, Modified, and Deleted
– Read
– Reported
• Has a user friendly interface to design the database
• Relational databases use Microsoft Access installed on
one machine with one user access at a time
• Enterprise Databases serve the entire
organization
Data Warehouse
• Consists of extracts from one or more
of the organization’s databases
• Allows the data to be copied and stored
for analysis
– Needs to be refreshed as the data changes
• Data is time-stamped when extracted
– Allows comparisons between different
time periods
• Data is standardized
– All similar fields (e.g., calendar dates) are
structured the same
• Date is MM/DD/YYYY
• Data marts are smaller subsets of data
warehouses for specific business
problems
Data Warehouse
Chapter 4

Data and Databases

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Data Warehouse Benefits
• Forces organizations to better understand the
data
• Centralized view of data to identify inconsistent
data
• Once inconsistencies are resolved, higher quality
data is used to make better business decisions
• Data can be analyzed over multiple
time periods
• Tools are available to combine
data and gain more insight into
business operations
Data Mining
• Automated process of analyzing data
– To find previously unknown trends, patterns, and
associations
– To make better business decisions
• Starts with a hypothetical result in mind
• Privacy concerns
– Easier to combine disparate sources of information and when
aggregated tell you much more about the individual
– Data brokers now to sell this information
• Business intelligence – collecting and
analyzing information to increase their
competitive advantage
• Business analytics – uses internal
company data to improve business
processes and practices
Knowledge Management (KM)

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

• Companies and individuals accumulate


knowledge
• Not consistently written down or saved
• If recorded, not consistently organized
• KM is the process of formalizing
the capture, indexing, and
storing of knowledge

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