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Physics Project

This document appears to be a certificate and report for a student's school project on investigating factors that affect the internal resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of a cell. The student, Aadarsh Mishra, studied how internal resistance is impacted by the distance between electrodes, electrode area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. Experimental results showed internal resistance increased with distance and decreased with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte concentration, and higher temperature. The project was conducted at St. Xavier International School under the guidance of teacher Manas Ranjan Nayak.

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Aadarsh Mishra
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67 views

Physics Project

This document appears to be a certificate and report for a student's school project on investigating factors that affect the internal resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of a cell. The student, Aadarsh Mishra, studied how internal resistance is impacted by the distance between electrodes, electrode area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. Experimental results showed internal resistance increased with distance and decreased with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte concentration, and higher temperature. The project was conducted at St. Xavier International School under the guidance of teacher Manas Ranjan Nayak.

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Aadarsh Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ST.

XAVIER INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

“Internal resistance & EMF of a cell”

Presented by: Aadarsh Mishra Guided by: Manas Sir


Class: XII Roll No:
CERTIFICATE

Name: Class:
Roll No:

This project entitled “Factors affecting internal resistance/emf of

a cell”, is the bonafide work of Master Aadarsh Mishra, student of

class-XII, St. Xavier International School, with Roll No. ……………

under the supervision of Mr. Manas Ranjan Nayak, during the

academic year 2022-23.

………………………. .…………………..
Teacher In-Charge Principal

……………………………
Examiner’s Signature School Stamp

Date: ……………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ω
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my physics teacher
Mr.Manas Ranjan Nayak and our school principal Mrs. Jayshree
Mahapatra for giving me the golden opportunity and providing the able support
and guidance for this purposeful and research-oriented project on “Factors
affecting internal resistance/emf of a cell”. Throughout the project, I
gained more knowledge and insight about the field of physics, electrostatics and
electric current for which I am forever indebted to my teachers.

Secondly, I would also like to extend my gratitude to my parents and classmates


who have taken time out of their busy schedules to help me complete this project
within the given time frame.

Aadarsh Mishra
XII Science
CONTENTS Ω
 Introduction
- Batteries
- EMF
- Internal resistance
 Practical Analysis
- Objective
- Apparatus
- Theory
- Circuit diagram
- Procedure
- Observation
- Precaution
- Sources of error
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION Ω
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and
the use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be increased greatly.

An electrochemical cell is a device by which electric energy is generated at


the cost of chemical energy due to chemical action taking place in the cell.
They are of two types:

1. Primary Cells
2. Secondary Cells

PRIMARY CELL: It is the cell in which electrical energy is produced due to


chemical energy. The chemical reaction in the cell is irreversible. E.g.
Daniel cell, Leclanche cell.

SECONDARY CELL: It is that cell in which the electrical energy is first


stored up as chemical energy and when the outside circuit is closed to
draw the current from the cell the stored chemical energy is reconverted
into electrical energy. The chemical reactions in this case are reversible. E.g.
lead acid accumulator, Edison cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the
potential difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.
EMF & Internal Resistance Ω
The electromotive force of a source may be defined as the work done by
the source in taking a unit positive charge from lower to the higher
potential.

OR

The emf of a source is equal to the maximum potential difference between


its terminals when it is in the open circuit i.e., when it is not sending any
current in the circuit.

€= W/q
Its SI unit is Volt (V).

Internal resistance is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell to the


flow of current between its electrodes is called internal resistance of the
cell.

Its SI unit is Ω.

Relation between R, € and V is given by:

𝑉 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟
Where, € = emf of the cell,
V = terminal voltage of the cell
I = current flowing through the circuit
r = internal resistance of the cell

𝜀−𝑣
𝑟=
𝐼
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS Ω
Aim of the experiment:-
To study various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.

Apparatus required:-
Potentiometer, battery, three one way keys, a rheostat of low resistance, a
galvanometer, a high resistance box, a fractional resistance box, an
ammeter, a voltmeter, a voltaic cell, electrolytes of different concentrations,
a jockey, connecting wires and sand paper

Theory:-
The resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell to the flow of current
between its electrodes is called internal resistance of the cell. The internal
resistance of a cell depends on following factors:

1. Nature of the electrolyte.


2. It is directly proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
3. It is directly proportional to the distance between the two electrodes.4. It
varies inversely as the common area of the electrodes immersed in the
electrolyte.
5. It increases with the decrease in temperature of the electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a freshly prepared cell is usually low but its value
increases as we draw more and more current from it.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by:-

𝜀−𝑣
𝑟=
𝐼
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-
1. The ends of the connecting wires were cleaned with sand paper and tight
connections were made according to the circuit diagram.
2. The plugs of resistance box were tightened.
3. e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell were checked and made sure that
e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the cell.

To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation

4. Both the electrodes were kept at a distance of 16 cm.


5. Maximum current was taken from the battery, making the rheostat
resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, the rheostat was adjusted so that a
null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Position of null point was determined using a set square and balancing
length was measured between null point and point P.
8. Plugs were introduced in both keys K1 and K2. At the same time, a small
resistance was taken out from the shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.
9. The jockey was slid along a potentiometer wire and null point was
obtained.
10. The balancing length was measured from point P.
11. The electrodes were kept 12cm apart.
12. The plugs of keys K1 and K2 were removed and steps 7 to 10 were
repeated.
13. Next, the electrodes were kept 9 cm apart to obtain another set of
observations.

To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes

14. Keeping all other factors constant, the area of electrodes in the
electrolyte were increased by dipping them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observation.
15. Three such observations were found by repeating steps 7 to 10 and
noted down.

To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte


16. Keeping all other factors constant, the concentration of electrolyte was
decreased by adding distilled water for different observations.
17. Three such observations were obtained by repeating step 7 to 10 and the
readings were recorded.

Observations:-

Sl. Ammeter Position of null point (in cm) Shunt Internal


No Reading With R (l1) Without R (l2) Resistance resistance
(A) R (Ω) r (Ω)
01. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
02. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
03. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

Sl. Separation Balancing Balancing point l2 Internal 𝑟


No between point l1 (in (in cm) resistance 𝑑
electrodes d (in cm) r (in Ω)
cm)
01. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
02. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
03. 3.7 660,5 350.9 1.406 0.38

Table for effect of temperature

Sl. Temperature Balancing Balancing Resistance Internal Tr


No T point l1 (in point l2 (in R (in Ω) resistance (ΩK)
(in oc) cm) cm) r (in Ω)
01. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
02. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
03. 3.7 660,5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
RESULT & INFERENCES:-

- The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98Volt.


- The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
- The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of the
electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
- The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytic solution
- The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations
are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2 should, all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the
wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of
observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.

SOURCES OF ERROR:-

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material


density throughout its length.

3. End resistances may not be zero.


Conclusion Ω
The internal resistance of a cell depends on following factors:

1. Nature of the electrolyte.

2. It is directly proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.

3. It is directly proportional to the distance between the two electrodes.

4. It varies inversely as the common area of the electrodes immersed in the


electrolyte.

5. It increases with the decrease in temperature of the electrolyte.


Bibliography Ω
1. NCERT Physics laboratory manual
2. NCERT Physics
3. New simplified physics by SL Arora
4. www.wikipedia.org
5. www.tutorix.com

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