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Lesson Exemplar - Respiratory System

The document provides a lesson exemplar for a 9th grade biology class on the human respiratory system. It includes learning competencies, a PowerPoint presentation on how breathing works using a plastic bottle demonstration, and concepts and assessment questions about the pathway of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory system.

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Rica Manansala Ibe
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
67 views

Lesson Exemplar - Respiratory System

The document provides a lesson exemplar for a 9th grade biology class on the human respiratory system. It includes learning competencies, a PowerPoint presentation on how breathing works using a plastic bottle demonstration, and concepts and assessment questions about the pathway of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory system.

Uploaded by

Rica Manansala Ibe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON EXEMPLAR

Grade Level – Nine


Grading Period – First
Learning Competencies:
a. Define respiration and its two phases.
b. Explain the relationship between cell respiration and gas exchange
in the lungs.
c. Trace the pathway of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the
human respiratory tract.
d. Distinguish between breathing and respiration.

Topic: The Human Respiratory System (PowerPoint Presentation)

Activity:

What Makes Air Go In and Out?  

Objective: to describe what makes air go in and out of the lungs 

Student Your lungs do not have muscles. You breathe by


Information: changing the size of your chest. The air around you has
pressure. It is pushing in on you all of the time. When
you make your chest bigger, air comes into your body
and fills up your lungs. To breathe out, you make your
chest smaller. This pushes the air back out. 

Materials:  16 or 20 oz. plastic bottle

 a small lump of clay

 1 straw

 colored water 
Procedure: 1. Fill the bottle half way with colored water. Put the
straw in it and place the clay over the opening (holding
the straw in place coming out of the bottle). 

2. Tell the children that the straw is like your windpipe;


the clay is like your throat; the bottle is like your
chest. The movement of the colored water is to
represent the movement of air in and out of your
lungs. 

3. Push in on the bottle. This makes the bottle smaller.


This is like making your chest smaller. This pushes the
water (air) out. 

4. Stop pushing in on the bottle. This makes the bottle


bigger. This is like making your chest bigger. Air
pressure pushes the water (air) in. 

Questions: Put your hands on your chest while you breathe. Can you
feel how changing the size of your chest makes the air
go in and out?  How is it like the bottle? 

CONCEPTS

The Human Respiratory System

Breathing is the process by which oxygen in the air is


brought into the lungs and into close contact with the
blood which absorbs it and carries it to all parts of the
body. At the same time the blood gives up waste
matter (carbon dioxide), which is carried out of the
lungs with the air breathed out.

The Pathway

 Air enters the nostrils


 passes through the nasopharynx,
 the oral pharynx
 through the glottis
 into the trachea
 into the right and left bronchi, which branches
and rebranches into
 bronchioles, each of which terminates in a
cluster of
 alveoli

Only in the alveoli does actual gas exchange takes


place. There are some 300 million alveoli in two adult
lungs. These provide a surface area of some 160
m2(almost equal to the singles area of a tennis court
and 80 times the area of our skin!).

The SINUSES are hollow spaces in the bones of the


head. Small openings connect them to the nasal cavity.
The functions they serve are not clearly understood,
but include helping to regulate the temperature and
humidity of air breathed in, as well as to lighten the
bone structure of the head and to give resonance to
the voice.

The NASAL CAVITY (nose) is the preferred entrance


for outside air into the Respiratory System. The hairs
that line the inside wall are part of the air-cleansing
system.

Air also enters through the ORAL CAVITY (mouth),


especially in people who have a mouth-breathing habit
or whose nasal passages may be temporarily
obstructed, as by a cold.

The ADENOIDS are overgrown lymph tissue at the top


of the throat. When they interfere with breathing,
they are generally removed. The lymph system,
consisting of nodes (knots of cells) and connecting
vessels, carries fluid throughout the body. This system
helps resist body infection by filtering out foreign
matter, including germs, and producing cells
(lymphocytes) to fight them.

The TONSILS are lymph nodes in the wall of the


pharynx that often become infected. They are an
unimportant part of the germ-fighting system of the
body. When infected, they are generally removed.

The PHARYNX (throat) collects incoming air from the


nose and passes it downward to the trachea (windpipe).

The EPIGLOTTIS is a flap of tissue that guards the


entrance to the trachea, closing when anything is
swallowed that should go into the esophagus and
stomach.

The LARYNX (voice box) contains the vocal cords. It is


the place where moving air being breathed in and out
creates voice sounds.

The ESOPHAGUS is the passage leading from the


mouth and throat to the stomach.

The TRACHEA (windpipe) is the passage leading from


the pharynx to the lungs.

The RIBS are bones supporting and protecting the


chest cavity. They move to a limited degree, helping
the lungs to expand and contract.

The trachea divides into the two


main BRONCHI (tubes), one for each lung. These, in
turn, subdivide further into bronchioles.

The RIGHT LUNG is divided into three LOBES, or


sections.

The left lung is divided into two LOBES.

The PLEURA are the two membranes, that surround


each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the
chest wall.

The bronchial tubes are lined with CILIA (like very


small hairs) that have a wave-like motion. This motion
carries MUCUS(sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out
into the throat, where it is either coughed up or
swallowed. The mucus catches and holds much of the
dust, germs, and other unwanted matter that has
invaded the lungs and thus gets rid of it.

The DIAPHRAGM is the strong wall of muscle that


separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
By moving downward, it creates suction to draw in air
and expand the lungs.

The smallest subdivisions of the bronchi are called


BRONCHIOLES, at the end of which are the alveoli
(plural of alveolus).

The ALVEOLI are the very small air sacs that are the


destination of air breathed in. The CAPILLARIES are
blood vessels that are embedded in the walls of the
alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to
them by the PULMONARY ARTERY and taken away by
the PULMONARY VEIN. While in the capillaries the
blood discharges carbon dioxide into the alveoli and
takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.

ASSESSMENT
ANSWERS:

Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.


II. Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

air lungs hiccup mouth oxygen trachea


yawn diaphragm sneeze inhale respiratory bronchi
water vapor blood exhale cough pharynx nose

All animals need ___________ to make energy from food. We get this oxygen
from the ___________that we breathe. In order to get the oxygen into the
blood where it can be transported to the rest of the body, the air travels to a
system of organs called the _____________ system.
When you __________, air enters the body through the _________ or the
________.From it passes through the __________, which forces air into the
__________and food into the esophagus. The air travels down the trachea into
branching tubes called __________and then on into the ___________.
In the lungs oxygen from the air enters the ________.At the same time, the
waste gas _____________ leaves the blood and then leaves the body when you
_________.Some ___________also leaves the body when you breathe on
them. The ___________is the muscle that controls the lungs.
It is important to keep the respiratory clear so oxygen can keep flowing into
your body. If something gets into your nose and irritates it, you
___________.IF something gets in your trachea or bronchi and irritates it, you
__________.If something irritates your diaphragm, you
_____________.Finally if the brain thinks you are not getting enough oxygen,
then it forces you to ___________.

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