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The proximity effect occurs when conductors carrying alternating current are placed close together. Each conductor's varying magnetic field induces eddy currents in adjacent conductors. This causes the current to concentrate on different parts of the conductors depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions. Specifically, the current concentrates on the outer sides if flowing in the same direction, and on the inner sides if flowing in opposite directions. The proximity effect increases effective resistance and becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies. It does not affect DC currents, which have a frequency of zero.

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57 views9 pages

P.S Assign

The proximity effect occurs when conductors carrying alternating current are placed close together. Each conductor's varying magnetic field induces eddy currents in adjacent conductors. This causes the current to concentrate on different parts of the conductors depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions. Specifically, the current concentrates on the outer sides if flowing in the same direction, and on the inner sides if flowing in opposite directions. The proximity effect increases effective resistance and becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies. It does not affect DC currents, which have a frequency of zero.

Uploaded by

Yomifi Abera
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment\\CONCEPT OF SELF-GMD AND MUTUAL-GMD

 
The use of self geometrical mean distance (abbreviated as self-GMD) and
mutual geometrical mean distance (mutual-GMD) simplifies the inductance
calculations, particularly relating to multi conductor arrangements. The symbols
used for these are respectively Ds and Dm. We shall briefly discuss these terms.
 

( i) Self-GMD (Ds)
 
In order to have concept of self-GMD (also sometimes called Geometrical mean
radius; GMR), consider the expression for inductance per conductor per metre
already derived in Art. Inductance/conductor/m

In this expression, the term 2 × 10-7 × (1/4) is the inductance due to flux within the
solid conductor. For many purposes, it is desirable to eliminate this term by the
introduction of a concept called self-GMD or GMR. If we replace the original solid
conductor by an equivalent hollow cylinder with extremely thin walls, the current
is confined to the conductor surface and internal conductor flux linkage would be
almost zero. Consequently, inductance due to internal flux would be zero and the
term 2 × 10-7 × (1/4) shall be eliminated. The radius of this equivalent hollow
cylinder must be sufficiently smaller than the physical radius of the conductor to
allow room for enough additional flux to compensate for the absence of internal
flux linkage. It can be proved mathematically that for a solid round conductor of
radius r, the self-GMD or GMR = 0·7788 r. Using self-GMD, the eq. ( i) becomes :
Inductance/conductor/m = 2 × 10-7loge d/ Ds *
Where
Ds = GMR or self-GMD = 0·7788 r
 
It may be noted that self-GMD of a conductor depends upon the size and shape of
the conductor and is independent of the spacing between the conductors.
 

(ii) Mutual-GMD
 
The mutual-GMD is the geometrical mean of the distances form one
conductor to the other and, therefore, must be between the largest and smallest
such distance. In fact, mutual-GMD simply represents the equivalent geometrical
spacing.
 
(a)     The mutual-GMD between two conductors (assuming that spacing
between conductors is large compared to the diameter of each conductor) is equal
to the distance between their centres i.e. Dm = spacing between conductors = d
 
(b)  For a single circuit 3-φ line, the mutual-GMD is equal to the equivalent
equilateral spacing i.e., ( d1 d2 d3 )1/3.
 

(c) The principle of geometrical mean distances can be most profitably


employed to 3-φ double circuit lines. Consider the conductor arrangement of the
double circuit shown in Fig. Suppose the radius of each conductor is r.
 
Self-GMD of conductor = 0·7788 r
Self-GMD of combination aa’ is

It is worthwhile to note that mutual GMD depends only upon the spacing and is
substantially independent of the exact size, shape and orientation of the conductor.

Assignment\\

CAPACITANCE OF A SINGLE PHASE TWO-WIRE LINE


 
Consider a single phase overhead transmission line consisting of two parallel
conductors A and B spaced d metres apart in air. Suppose that radius of each
conductor is r metres. Let their respective charge be + Q and − Q coulombs per
metre length. The total p.d. between conductor A and neutral “infinite” plane is
Both these potentials are w.r.t. the same neutral plane. Since the unlike charges
attract each other, the potential difference between the conductors is

Capacitance to neutral
 
Equation ( i) gives the capacitance between the conductors of a two-wire line
Often it is desired to know the capacitance between one of the conductors and a
neutral point between them. Since potential of the mid-point between the
conductors is zero, the potential difference between each conductor and the
ground or neutral is half the potential difference between the conductors. Thus
the capacitance to ground or capacitance to neutral for the two-wire line is twice
the line-to-line capacitance

The reader may compare eq. ( ii) to the one for inductance. One difference
between the equations for capacitance and inductance should be noted carefully.
The radius in the equation for capacitance is the actual outside radius of the
conductor and not the GMR of the conductor as in the inductance formula. Note
that eq. ( ii) applies only to a solid round conductor.
 

1. CAPACITANCE OF A 3-PHASE OVERHEAD LINE


 
In a 3-phase transmission line, the capacitance of each conductor is
considered instead of capacitance from conductor to conductor. Here, again two
cases arise viz., symmetrical spacing and unsymmetrical spacing.
 
( i) Symmetrical Spacing
 
Fig shows the three conductors A, B and C of the 3-phase overhead transmission
line having charges QA , QB and QC per meter length respectively. Let the
conductors be equidistant (d meters) from each other. We shall find the
capacitance from line conductor to neutral in this symmetrically spaced line.
Referring to Fig,

Overall potential difference between conductor A and infinite neutral plane is


given by

Note that this equation is identical to capacitance to neutral for two-wire line.
Derived in a similar manner, the expressions for capacitance are the same for
conductors B and C.
 
(ii) Unsymmetrical spacing.
 
Fig. shows a 3-phase transposed line having unsymmetrical spacing. Let us
assume balanced conditions i.e. QA + QB + QC = 0.

Considering all the three sections of the transposed line for phase A,
Assignment \\Proximity effect
When two or more conductors carrying alternating current are close to each other, then
distribution of current in each conductor is affected due to the varying magnetic field of each
other. The varying magnetic field produced by alternating current induces eddy currents in the
adjacent conductors. Due to this, when the nearby conductors carrying current in the same
direction, the current is concentrated at the farthest side of the conductors. When the nearby
conductors are carrying current in opposite direction to each other, the current is concentrated
at the nearest parts of the conductors. This effect is called as Proximity effect. The proximity
effect also increases with increase in the frequency. Effective resistance of the conductor is
increased due to the proximity effect.
Skin effect and proximity effect both are absent in case of DC currents, as frequency of DC
current is zero.

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