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Modeling of transmission lines and substations for insulation

coordination studies

Presentation · April 2009

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Božidar Filipović-Grčić Ivo Uglešić

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 TRAINING DUBROVNIK, CROATIA - APRIL, 27 - 29 2009
SIMULATION & ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS WITH
EMTP-RV

Modeling of Transmission Line and Substation for

Insulation Coordination Studies

Prof. Ivo Uglešić

Božidar Filipović-Grčić
Viktor Milardić

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing

University of Zagreb, Croatia 1
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

❑ INTRODUCTION
❑ MODELING GUIDELINES
❑ LIGHTNING MODEL
❑ TOWER
❑ INSULATOR
❑ FOOTING RESISTANCE
❑ LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES
❑ BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
❑ SUBSTATION MODEL
❑ SURGE ARRESTER
❑ EXAMPLE

2
INTRODUCTION

❑ Computer modeling of transmission lines and substation helps

engineers understand how protection systems behave during
disturbances and faults.

❑ Any transient disturbance, such as lightning stroke terminating on a

phase conductor can be analyzed by use of traveling wave.

❑ A lightning stroke to a conductor or the closing of a circuit breaker

produces traveling waves of voltage u(t) and current i(t) that are related
by a surge impedance Z equal to formula that travels along the
conductor at the speed of light c.

u (t )
Z=
i (t )
3
INTRODUCTION (Lightning overvoltages on HV transmission lines)
I, tf

Back-flashover

I, tf

Shielding failure

I, tf

Induced overvoltage
4
 INTRODUCTION
Definitions of insulation coordination:

❑ Insulation coordination is the selection of the insulation strength.

❑ Insulation coordination is the “selection of the dielectric strength of

the equipment in relation to the voltages which can appear on the
system for which equipment is intended and taking into account
the service environment and the characteristics of the available
protective devices (*) ”.

❑ Line insulation coordination; transmission and distribution lines.

❑ Substation insulation coordination; generation, transmission and

distribution substation.

(*) IEC 60071-1-1993-12: Insulation coordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules. 5
MODELING GUIDELINES

❑ There are various modeling strategies for lightning transient

studies have been presented elsewhere.

❑The summary of modeling guidelines that had been adapted:

• IEC/TR 60071-4 Edition 1.0 (2004-06): Insulation co-ordination -

Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and
modeling of electrical networks;

• IEEE PES Task Force on Data for Modeling System Transients

of IEEE PES Working Group on Modeling and Analysis of System
Transients Using Digital Simulation: Parameter Determination for
Modeling System Transients, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 2005.
6
MODELLING GUIDELINES

• CIGRE, Working Group 01 of Study Committee 33: Guide to

Procedures for Estimating the Lightning Performance of
Transmission lines, Paris, October 1991.

• IEEE Working Group 15.08.09: Modeling and Analysis of System

Transients Using Digital Programs, 1998.

• IEEE Working Group: A Simplified Method for Estimating

Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines, IEEE Transactions
on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. 104, No. 4, April 1985.

7
 LIGHTNING MODEL
I (kA)
Ip
❑ Lightning stroke is represented as
Double ramp shape
I100
tf – front time

a current source with magnitudes th – time to half-value

between a few kA to over 200 kA.

I50
❑ Peak current magnitude and tail
time are important when
observing energy stresses of SA
(simplest representation is double tf th t (ms)
I (kA)
ramp). Ip
I100
❑ Current wavefront is an important I90
parameter with regard to insulator
flashover. I50

❑ CIGRE model describes well the

concave wavefront of a lightning I30

current.
t30 t90 th 8
t (ms)
LIGHTNING MODEL
❑ A statistical approach considering the ground flash density at the
location is used for the determination of lightning parameters
such as:
– crest value;
– front time;
– maximum current steepness;
– duration.
❑ The probability that a certain peak current will be equal or greater
than a current I can be determined by Anderson’s distribution:
1
P= 2.6
 I 
1+  
Where:  31 
P(I) = the probability that the peak current in any stroke will exceed I
I = the specified crest current of the stroke in kA. 9
LIGHTNING MODEL

Steepness can be determined as: S =   I 

Coefficients  
First stroke
S30 3.2 0.25
Sm 3.9 0.55
Subsequent stroke
S30 6.9 0.42
Sm 3.8 0.93
10
LIGHTNING MODEL – CIGRE model in EMTP RV

The model parameters are:

tstart - start time, if t < tstart
the source is an open-
circuit;
Imax - maximum current;
tf - from time;
Sm - maximum steepness;
th - time to half value;
tstop - stop time, if t > tstop
the source is an open-
circuit. The stop time
must be greater than
11
the start time.
TOWER

❑ Extensive research has been performed on the response of

vertical towers to lightning strokes, and research is still
continuing.

❑ The response of a tower is an electromagnetic problem, although

its study often relies on the circuit approach and models that are
simple to apply in transient simulations:
➢ simple distributed line model,
➢ multistory tower model.

❑ Simple distributed line model provides a constant value of surge

impedance and the constant velocity of travel along the tower.

❑ Different formulas are applied for various tower types.

12
TOWER - Simple Distributed Line Model
❑ The tower surge impedance depends on the direction of wave
propagation and the shape of a lightning current.
❑ The average surge impedance recommended by IEEE and CIGRE:
r 1

     1 −1  R   

Z = 60 ln cot   = 60 ln cot tan    
  2   2  H 
➢  – half-angle of cone, h2

➢ H – tower height [m], r2

➢ R – tower base radius [m]. H

❑ Radius R is calculated by dividing the tower into h 1

upper and lower truncated cones:

( r1h2 + r2 H + r3h1 ) r 3

R= R
H
❑ An approximation of surge impedance equation is determined by
equivalently replacing the tower with a cylinder.
 H 
Z = 60ln  − 1 R  H 13
  R  
 TOWER - Multistory Tower Model

❑ Multistory tower model is developed l1 Z t1

for representing towers of UHV

R1 L1
transmission lines (*). Its parameters l2

were revised according to the results Z t1

of experimental studies (**). l3

R2 L2

❑ The model is composed of four Z t1

sections representing the tower R3 L3

sections between cross-arms. l4
Zt 2

❑ Each section consists of a lossless R4 L4

line in series with a parallel R-L circuit,
included for attenuation of the Rf

traveling waves.
(*) M. Ishii, T. Kawamura, T. Kouno, E. Ohsaki, K. Shiokawa, K. Murotani, and T. Higuchi, “Multistory transmission tower model for
lightning surge analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, July 1991, pp. 1327–1335
14
(**) Yamada, T.; Mochizuki, A.; Sawada, J.; Zaima, E.; Kawamura, T.; Ametani, A.; Ishii, M.; Kato, S.; „Experimental evaluation of a
UHV tower model for lightning surge analysis“ IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1995 pp 393 – 402
 INSULATOR

❑ The critical flashover voltage (CFO) is the impulse

voltage level at which the probability of flashover
of the insulator is 50%.

❑ Flashover should not happen when the line

arrester is installed in parallel with the insulator
since the residual voltages developed across
surge arrester are much lower than the dielectric
strength of insulators, even for the highest stroke
currents.

❑ Flashover voltage of line insulators should be randomly varied

according to the statistical distribution laws with the appropriate
standard deviation.
15
 INSULATOR Flashover - Leader Propagation Model
❑ The leader progression model is used to represent line
insulation flashovers:
dl U (t )  Leader
v= = kl U ( t )  − E10 
dt  g −l 

l
➢ v – leader velocity (m/s) g U(t)
➢ U(t) - voltage across the gap (kV)
➢ g - gap length (m)
➢ l - leader length (m)
➢ E10 - critical leader inception gradient (kV/m)
➢ kl - leader coefficient (m2V-2s-1)

❑ The leader propagation stops if the gradient in the unbridged part

of the gap falls below E10.
16
INSULATOR Flashover - Volt-time Characteristic

❑ The flashover voltage characteristic of the insulator string is

time dependent.

Time to breakdown (μs)

❑ The experimental volt-time characteristic is only adequate for
relating the peak of the standard impulse voltage to the time of
flashover.

❑ An open switch connected to insulator string terminals can control

the flashover voltage characteristic. 17
 INSULATOR Flashover - Area Criterion Model
❑ The method allows the applied nonstandard waveform to be taken
into account.
❑ It involves determining the instant of breakdown using a formula:
t

 gap − dt  D
k
( V (t ) V0 )
T0

Vgap(t) - voltage applied at the time t, to the terminals of the air gap,
V0 - minimum voltage to be exceeded before any breakdown process
can start or continue,
T0 - time from which Vgap(t) > V0,
k, V0, D - constants corresponding to an air gap configuration and
overvoltage polarity (*).
❑ Flashover occurs when the integral becomes greater or equal to D.
The parameters V0, k and D are determined by using the voltage-
time curve.
(*) IEC 60071-4: Insulation co-ordination – Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modeling of 18
electrical networks, 2004.
TOWER - Example

❑ Tower surge impedances are calculated using equation:

 H 
Z = 60  ln  − 1 (R  H )
 R 
❑ Each tower is divided in four
parts. First part is from tower top
to upper arm, second one from
upper arm to middle arm, third
part from middle arm to lower arm
and the last part from lower arm to
ground. On this way it is possible
to calculate transient voltages of
tower arms.

19
TOWER

20
 FOOTING RESISTANCE
Arc Streamer
❑ It can be represented as: Electrolytic
➢ constant resistor (conservative conductivity
approach), Constant
➢ current and frequency dependable conductivity
resistor. Earth surface

❑ The ionization model takes into account

the soil ionization caused by the lightning
currents.
❑ Tower grounding non-linear resistor
Rshould be represented as:
o- footing resistance at low current and low
frequency, i.e. 50 or 60 Hz ;Ro
Ri =
I - stroke current through the resistance
 I  kA;
1+  
  E0  Ig 
Ig =  to initiate sufficient soil ionization kA.
- limiting current
2    Ro2  - soil resistivity m;
E0 - is the soil ionization gradient, recommended value:
400 kV/m.
21
FOOTING RESISTANCE

(1/250)*SQRT(1+(u[1]/10190))
(u[1]<10190)*1 + (u[1]>=10190)*2

R0 = 250  Footing admittance

(R nonlinear
Ig = 10.19 kA
controlled)
22
 LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES

❑ The transmission line, conductors and 4.65 m

earth wire have to be represented by
frequency-dependent parameters of 3m 4m
multi-phase untransposed distributed
4.8 m 3m
line.
❑ A line termination should be connected 5.55 m
on the modeled line to prevent
reflections that could affect the
simulated overvoltages.
❑ Several line spans in front of substation
20 m
should be modeled when observing the
overvoltages in substation.

23
LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES

24
LINE, CONDUCTORS AND EARTH WIRES

25
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

❑ Phase voltages at the instant at which a lightning stroke impacts

the line must be included.

❑ The largest voltage difference across insulator terminals occurs

during the peak value of phase voltage, which has the opposite
polarity of the lightning surge.

❑ For statistical calculations, phase voltages can be deduced by

randomly determining the phase voltage reference angle and
considering a uniform distribution between 00 and 3600.

26
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

27
 SUBSTATION MODEL

In a study of lightning overvoltage protection crucial elements are:

- Busbars and connective conductors
- Circuit breakers (CB) - (2x50 pF)*
- Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) - (~4400 pF)
- Current transformers (CT) – (200 – 800) pF*
- Power transformer (1-6) nF*
- Metal-oxide surge arresters (MO SA)

Also another elements (supporting insulators etc.) could be modeled

by means of surge capacitance.

28
(*) Andrew R. Hileman: Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Marcel Dekker, 1999.
SUBSTATION MODEL

Drawing of HV substation
29
SUBSTATION MODEL

30
SURGE ARRESTER - Gapless Type

❑ The non-linear behaviour is represented by the U-I characteristic.

❑ The arrester leads can be modeled as conductors whose lumped

parameter inductances have a value of approximately 1 µH/m.
31
 SURGE ARRESTER - Gapless Type

❑ The frequency-dependent arrester model proposed by IEEE WG

takes into account its dynamic behaviour.
R0 R1
L0 L1

R L0 A0 L1
C A1 R A0 A1

Complete IEEE model Simplified IEEE model *

❑ IEEE model needs iterative procedure for identification of parameters.

❑ Simplified IEEE model uses data reported on manufacturers’
datasheets.
❑ Capacitance is eliminated and the two resistances in parallel with the
inductances are replaced by one resistance R.

*P. Pinceti, M. Giannettoni, “A simplified model for zinc oxide surge arrester”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 14, 32
No. 2, April 1999, pp 545 – 550
SURGE ARRESTER – Simplified Model
❑ The parameters of simplified IEEE model can be defined by
adopting the following rules:
➢ the definition of non-linear resistor characteristics (A0 and A1)
is based on the curve shown in Figure.
➢ These curves are referred to the peak value of the residual
voltage measured during a discharge test with a 10 kA lightning
current impulse (Ur8/20).

33
SURGE ARRESTER – Simplified Model
❑ The following equations can be used to define the inductances
(values are in µH):

1 U r1 / T2 −U r 8 / 20 1 U r1 / T2 −U r 8 / 20
L1 = Ur L0 = Ur
4 U r 8 / 20 12 U r 8 / 20

where:
Ur is the arrester rated voltage,
Ur1/T2 is the residual voltage at 10 kA fast-front current surge (1/T2
μs). The decrease time T2 may have different values, which don’t
have any influence, since the peak value of the residual voltage
appears on the rising front of the impulse,
Ur8/20 residual voltage at 10 kA current surge with 8/20 µs shape.
34
SURGE ARRESTER

35
SURGE ARRESTER - Example

Residual voltage for MOSA of Ur=192 kV

Current (A) Voltage (V)

1000 419100
2000 435600
5000 471900
10000 479200
20000 546700
40000 610500

36
SURGE ARRESTER - Example

Comparison of MOSA models

37
EXAMPLE – Shielding failure case

- Stroke 10 kA, 32.34 kA/µs,

- CVT voltage without MO SA in line bay.

38
EXAMPLE – Shielding failure case

- Stroke 10 kA, 32.34 kA/µs,

- CVT voltage with MO SA in line bay.

39
 TRAINING DUBROVNIK, CROATIA - APRIL, 27 - 29 2009
SIMULATION & ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS WITH
EMTP-RV

Modeling of Transmission Line and Substation for

Insulation Coordination Studies

Prof. Ivo Uglešić

Božidar Filipović-Grčić
Viktor Milardić

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing

University of Zagreb, Croatia 40
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