CBSE Class 12

Physics Theory
Previous Year Question Paper 2020
Series: HMJ/1 Code no. 55/1/3

• Please check that this paper contains 11 printed pages.

• Code number given on the right-hand side of the question paper should
be written on the title page of the answer- book by the candidate.
• Please check that this question paper contains 10 questions.
• Please write down the Serial Number of the question in the answer-
book before attempting it.
• 15-minute time has been allotted to read this question paper. The
question paper will be distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30
a.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any
answer on the answer-book during this period.

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

SECTION - A
Note: Select the most appropriate option from those given below each
question :
1. Photons of energies 1eV and 2eV are successively incident on a metallic
surface of work function 0.5eV. The ratio of kinetic energy of most energetic
photoelectrons in the two cases will be 1 Mark
(A)1: 2
(B) 1:1
(C)1:3
(D)1:4

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 1

Ans: For the first photon:
E1 =W+KE1
0.5=1+KE1
KE1=0.5
For the second photon:
E2 =W+KE2
2=0.5+KE2
KE2=1.5
On dividing KE1 and KE2
KE1 0.5
=
KE 2 1.5

KE1 1
=
KE 2 3

So, option C is correct.

2. Which of the following statements is not correct according to Rutherford

model ? 1 Mark
(A) Most of the space inside an atom is empty
(B) The electrons revolve around the nucleus under the influence of coulomb
force acting on them
(C) Most part of the mass of the atom and its positive charge are
concentrated at its center.
(D) The stability of atom was established by the model
Ans: Option D is incorrect according to Rutherford model as he was not able to
explain stability of atom

3. The resolving power of a telescope can be increased by increasing: 1 Mark

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 2

(A)wavelength of light.
(B)diameter of objective.
(C)length of the tube.
(D)focal length of eyepiece.
Ans: resolving power can be increased by decreasing the wavelength and
increasing the diameter of objective.
So, option (B) is correct.

4. The magnetic dipole moment of a current carrying coil does not depend
upon 1 Mark
(A) number of turns of the coil.
(B) cross-sectional area of the coil.
(C) current flowing in the coil.
(D) material of the turns of the coil
Ans: The magnetic dipole moment of a current carrying coil depends upon the
number of turns, cross sectional area and the current flowing in the coil. So, the
correct answer is option D.

5. For glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the
light of 1 Mark
(A) red colour.
(B) blue colour.
(C) yellow colour.
(D) green colour
Ans: Red light is having maximum wavelength so it angle of minimum deviation
will be smallest for it.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 3

6. A biconvex lens of glass having refractive index 1.47 is immersed in a
liquid. It becomes invisible and behaves as a plane glass refractive index of
the liquid is 1 Mark
(A) 1:47
(B) 1.62 `
(C) 1.33
(D) 1.51
Ans: According to lens maker’s formula,

1  μ g  1 1 
 -1 - 
f  μ l  R1 R 2 

As the biconvex lens dipped in a liquid behaves as a plane sheet of glass,

f=∞
1
So, =0
f
μg
-1=0
μl

μ g =μ l =1.47

So, the correct answer is option (A).

7. The resistance of a metal wire increases with increasing temperature on

account of 1 Mark
(A) decrease in free electron density
(B) decrease in relaxation time.
(C) increase in mean free path.
(D) increase in the mass of electron.
Ans: Relaxation time is defined as the time interval between two successive
collisions of electrons in a conductor when current flows through it. The

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 4

resistance of a conductor increases with an increase in temperature because the
thermal velocity of the free electrons increase as the temperature increases. This
results in an increase in the number of collisions between the free electrons and a
decrease in the relaxation time.
So, the correct answer is option (B).

8. An electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field can experience

1 Mark
(A) a force but not a torque.
(B) a torque but not a force.
(C) always a force and a torque.
(D) neither a force nor a torque
Ans: Given an electric dipole placed in a non-uniform electric field. An electric
dipole always experiences a torque when placed in uniform as well as non-
uniform electric field. But in a non-uniform electric field, the dipole will also
experience net force of attraction. So the electric dipole in a non-uniform electric
field experiences both torque and force.

9. If the net electric flux through a closed surface is zero, Then we can infer
(A) no net charge is enclosed by the surface.
(B) uniform electric field exists within the surface.
(C) electric potential varies from point to point inside the surface.
(D) charge is present inside the surface. 1 Mark
Ans: If the net electric flux is zero, then no net charge is enclosed by the closed
surface. ... Since electric flux is defined as the rate of flow of electric field in a
closed area and if the electric flux is zero, the overall electric charge within the
closed boundary will be also zero. So, the correct answer is option A.

10. Kirchhoff's first rule at a junction in an electrical conservation of

(A) energy

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 5

(B) charge
(C) momentum
(D) both energy and charge 1 Mark
Ans: The first law of Kirchhoff's is based on charge conservation, as it talks about
the summation of current to be zero at any junction, which means that if current
is conserved that implies that charge is also conserved.
So, the correct answer is option B.

Note: Fill in the blanks with appropriate answer:

11. A ray of light on passing through an equilateral glass prism, suffers a
minimum deviation equal to the angle of the prism. The value of refractive
index of the material of the prism is__________ 1 Mark
Ans: The minimum

12. According to Bohr's atomic model, the circumference of the electron

orbit is always an________________ multiple of de Broglie wavelength.
1 Mark
Ans: According to Bohr's atomic model, the circumference of the electron orbit
is always an integral multiple of de Broglie wavelength.
Explanation: Bohr, in his atomic model, considered an electron to be in form of
a standing electron wave and if this wave is to be continuous over the
circumference of the stationary orbit that the electron lie in, the circumference
must be a integral multiple of its wavelength ( nλ ) .

Or
In ß-decay, the parent and daughter nuclei have the same number
of______________ 1 Mark
Ans: In ß-decay, the parent and daughter nuclei have the same number of protons
and neutrons.
Explanation: In beta decay number, the mass number of the beta particle remains
unchanged and we know that the mass number is the number of protons and
neutrons.
Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 6
13. The number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its
length and area of cross-section. The self inductance of the solenoid will
become _______________ times 1 Mark
Ans: The number of turns of a solenoid are doubled without changing its length
and area of cross-section. The self inductance of the solenoid will become 4
times.

μ o N 2A
Explanation: The expression for the self inductance of a solenoid is L= .
l
So, we can see that Lα N 2 .
So, on doubling the number of terms, the self inductance becomes 4 times.

14. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize _______ in the core of a
transformer. 1 Mark
Ans: Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize eddy currents in the core of a
transformer.
Explanation: The iron core of a transformer is laminated with the thin sheet; the
laminated iron core prevents the formation of eddy currents across the core and
thus reduces the loss of energy.

15. The magnetic field lines are ________ by a diamagnetic substance 1 Mark
Ans: The magnetic field lines are feebly repelled by a diamagnetic substance.
Explanation: Diamagnetic substances are those which develop feeble
magnetization in the opposite direction of the magnetizing field. Such substances
are feebly repelled by magnets and tend to move from stronger to weaker parts of
a magnetic field.

16. Why cannot we use Si and Ge fabrication of visible LEDs? 1 Mark

Ans: We cannot use Silicon or germanium in the fabrication of LEDs
because they produce energy in the form of heat, and not in the form of Visible
light of IR. It is not much sensitive to temperature.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 7

17. The variation of the stopping potential photosensitive surface the
frequency (v) of the light incident on two different photosensitive surface M1
and M2 is shown in the figure. Identify the surface which has greater value
of the work function. 1 Mark

Ans: As per the figure given above the stopping potential the variation of the
stopping potential photosensitive surface the frequency ( v ) of the light incident
on two different photosensitive surface M1 and M2.
So the figure representation is for the same value of V0 but differs in both the
case and the work function depends on the value of v that means greater the value
of greater is the work function hence surface M2 has greater value of work
function as, v 2 >v1 .

18. How does an increase in doping concentration affect the width of

depletion layer of a p-n junction diode ? 1 Mark
Ans: If we increase doping, the number of majority charge carriers (holes on the
p-side and electrons on the n-side) will also grow. This would result in an increase
in the width of the depletion layer, which is dependent on charge carriers.

27
19. The nuclear radius of 13 Al is 4.6 fermi. Find the nuclear radius of 64
29 Cu
? 1 Mark

Ans: We know that the expression for nuclear radius is R=E o A1/3

where,
R is the nuclear radius
Ro is a constant

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 8

 A is the mass number
1/3
R Al  27 
= 
R Cu  64 
R Al 3
=
R Cu 4

This can be written as,

4
R Cu = R Al
3
On putting the value of R Al , we get,

4
R Cu = ×4.6
3
R Cu =6.1 fermi
64
So, the nuclear radius of 29 Cu is R Cu =6.1 fermi .

Or
A proton and an electron have equal speed find the ratio of de Broglie
Wavelengths associated with them 1 Mark
Ans: The expression for de Broglie wavelength is,
h
λ=
mv
The expression of de Broglie wavelength for an electron is,
h
=λe ....(1)
me v

Similarly, the expression of de Broglie wavelength for a proton is,

h
=λp ....( 2 )
mp v

On dividing equation (1) and (2),

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 9

λe mp v
=
λ p me v

λe mp
=
λ p me

mp 1836
Now, we know that =
me 1

λ e 1836
=
λp 1

So, the ratio of de Broglie wavelength associated to an electron and a proton is

1836:1.

20. How is displacement current produced between the plates of a parallel

plate capacitor during charging? 1 Mark
Ans: In between the plates of the capacitor due to the time-varying electric
field, there is a change in electric flux which constitute a current. This current is
known as displacement current.

SECTION-B
21. Two long straight parallel wires A and B separated by a distance d, carry
equal current I flowing in same direction as shown in the figure

2 Marks
(a) Find the magnetic field at a point P situated between them at a distance
x from one wire.
Ans: The magnetic field due to wire A at the point P is,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 10

 μoI
B1 =
2πx
The magnetic field due to the wire B at the point P is,
μoI
B2 =
2π ( d-x )

So, the net magnetic field is,

B=B1-B2
μoI  1 1 
B=  - 
2π  x d-x 

μ o I  d-2x 
B=  
2π  x ( d-x ) 

This is the desired expression.

(b) Show graphically the variation of the magnetic field with distance x for 0
<x<d
Ans: The graphical representation of the variation of the magnetic field with
distance x for 0<x<d is:

22. Using Bohr's atomic model, derive the expression for the radius of nth
orbit of the revolving electron in a hydrogen atom. 2 Marks
Ans: In accordance to the Bohr’s postulates,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 11

 nh
L n =mv n rn =
2π
For a dynamically stable orbit present in the hydrogen atom,
Fe =Fc

mv 2n 1 e2
=
rn 4πε o rn2

1 e2
2
mv = n
4πε o rn

2 e2
v =
n
4πε o mrn

On taking square root on both the sides,

e
vn = ..(1)
4πε o mrn

We also know that,

nh
vn = ..( 2 )
2πmrn

On equating equation (1) and equation (3),

e nh
=
4πε o mrn 2πmrn

On squaring both sides, we get,

e2 n 2h 2
=
4πε o mrn 4π 2 m 2 rn2

e2 n 2h 2
=
ε o πmrn

n 2 h 2ε o
rn =
πme 2

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 12

This is the desired expression.
Or
2 Marks
(a) Write two main observations of photoelectric effect experiment which
could only be explained by Einstein's photoelectric equation.
Ans: The two main observations of photoelectric effect experiment which could
only be explained by Einstein's photoelectric equation are:
(1) There is a particular frequency below which the emission of electrons does
not take place. This frequency is known as threshold frequency.
(2) The kinetic energy of the electron linearly depends on the frequency and
does not depend on the intensity of radiation.
(b) Draw graph variation of photocurrent with the anode potential of a
photocell
The graph showing the variation of photocurrent with the anode potential of a
photocell is:

23. Define the wave front of a travelling wave. Using Huygens principle,
obtain the law of refraction at a plane interface when light passes from a
rarer to a denser medium. 2 Marks
Ans: Wave front is an imaginary surface over which an optical wave has a
constant phase or in same phase and the shape of a wave front is generally
determined by the geometry of the source.
Derivation of law of refraction:

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 13

Huygens principle states that:
Every point on a primary wave front act as a source for the secondary wavelets.
These secondary wavelets are connected tangential in the forward direction give
secondary wave front.
Here AB acts as incident wave front or we can say as primary wave front.
DC act as refracted wave front or we can say secondary wave front.
Consider the light incise on the denser medium having reflective index μ1 and
get refracted through the are medium having refractive index μ 2 .

Now from the figure,

 BC 
sini  AC  BC
= =
sinr  AD  AD
 AC 
sini v1τ v1
= =
sinr v 2 τ v 2

Now we know that,

1
vα
μ

Hence the above equation become,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 14

sini μ 2
= =constant
sinr μ1

Or
1 1 1
Using lens marker’s formula, derive the lens formula = - for a biconvex
f v u
lens. 2 Marks
Ans: consider the diagram which will show the geometry of the image formation
by a biconvex lens.

Now applying the equation for refraction at the spherical surface ABC of the
biconvex lens we will get,

From the figure,

n1 n 2 n 2 -n1
+ =
OB BI BC1

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 15

Similarly now applying the same procedure on the second surface ADC we will
get,

Now from the figure,

n 2 n1 n 2 -n1
- + =
DI1 DI DC2

From this lens we get,

BI=DI1

Now adding above two equation we will get,

n1 n1  1 1 
+ = ( n 2 -n1 )  + ……(1)
OB DI  BC1 DC2 
Let us assume that the object is at infinity then,
OB → ∞
and the image will be at focus, DI=f
So we will get,

n1  1 1 
= ( n 2 -n1 )  + ……( 2 )
f  BC1 DC 2 

Hence from equation (1) and (2) we will get,

n1 n1 n1
+ =
OB DI f
Considering their respective lens and applying sigh conversion we will get,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 16

BO = -u and DI = +v
So we will get,
1 1 1
+ =
-u +v f
1 1 1
⇒ - =
v u f
Above equation is known as the lens makers formula for a biconvex lens.

24. Explain the principle of working of a meter bridge. Draw the circuit
diagram for determination of an unknown resistance using it. 2 Marks
Ans: Meter bridge also known as slide Wire Bridge which is a practical form of
wheat-stone bridge, which is used to measure the unknown resistances. The
working principle of Meter Bridge is the ratio of the resistance of the two lengths
of the wire across the position of jockey, where the galvanometer shows zero
deflection which is equal to the ratio of the known resistance R and an unknown
resistance S.
Let us assume resistance per cm length of the wire be r.
Now mathematically representing the principle of Meter Bridge,
Lr R
=
(100-L ) r S
100-L
⇒ S= ×R
L

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 17

25. Explain the terms ‘depletion layer, and ‘potential barrier, in a p-n
junction diode. How are the (a) width of depletion layer, and (b) value of
potential barrier affected when the p-n junction is forward biased? 2 Marks
Ans:

a) Width of the depletion layer:

The depletion region is the layer which is created around the p-n junction which
is devoid of free change carriers and also has immobile ions. It is created around
the p-n junction due to diffusion of majority carriers across the junction.
When the p-n junction diode is biased with forward biasing, the negative terminal
of the battery (potential) repels the electron toward the junction and provides the
required energy to cross the junction and recombine with the holes which is also
being repelled by the positive terminal. This will lead to the decrease in the width
of the depletion layer.
b) Potential Barrier:
It is a potential difference or we can say junction voltage that is developed across
the junction due to migration of the majority charge carriers across it when the p-
n junction is formed.
It opposes the further migration of the majority charge carriers across the p-n
junction and it appears as if a fictitious battery is connected across the p-n
junction. The batter acts in such a way that the positive terminal is to the n-region
and the negative terminal is to the p-region of the p-n junction.
The value of the potential barrier is 0.3V for Ge and 0.7V for Si semiconductor
diodes. Hence the forward bias voltage opposes the potential barrier and due to
the reduction in potential barrier thus the width of depletion layer also decreases.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 18

26. N small conducting liquid droplets, each of radius r, are charged to a
potential V each, these droplets coalesce to form a single large drop without
any charge leakage find the potential of the large drop. 2 Marks
Ans: Given:
N small conducting droplets are present each of radius r and potential of each
droplets is V.
Potential of each liquid droplet,
kq
V=
r
Vr
⇒ q=
k
Where, k is a constant term, r is the radius of the droplet and q is the charge of
the conducting droplet.
Now for N such liquid droplets the charge will be,
NVr
Q=Nq=
k
Now the radius of the larger drop will be,
1
R=N r 3

As the volume will remain the same in both the case.

The potential of the new droplet will be,
kQ
V'=
R'
kNVr
⇒ V'= 1
kN r 3

2
⇒ V'=VN 3

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 19

27. Define activity of a sample of a radioactive substance. The value of the
disintegration constant of a radioactive substance is 0.0693h -1 . Find the time
after which the activity of a sample of this substance reduces to one-half that
of its present value. 2 Marks
Ans: Activity of a sample of a radioactive substance is defined as the number of
disintegration that has taken place in a given sample per second. In other word
we can say decaying of a radioactive substance.
Given: The value of disintegration constant of the radioactive substance is
0.0693h −1 or we can say rate constant k=0.0693h -1

Here we have to find the time after which the activity of a sample reduces to one-
half, in short we have to calculate the half life time of the radioactive substances.
0.693
Half life, t 1 =
2 k

Now putting the k value we will get,

0.693
t1 =
2 0.0693h -1

⇒ t 1 =10hours
2

SECTION - C
28. In a single slit diffraction experiment, light of wavelength λ Illuminates
the slit of width ‘a’ and the diffraction pattern observed on a screen. 3 Marks
Ans: In single slit diffraction experiment, let the wavelength of light be λ and
the slit width be ‘a’.
(a) show the intensity distribution in the pattern with the angular position θ
Ans: The intensity distribution in the patter with the angular position θ can be
shown as,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 20

(b) how are the intensity and angular width of central maxima affected when
Ans: We know,
Angular width is inversely propositional to the width of the slit, ‘a’ which is
represented as,
2λ
Angular Width=
a
And the intensity is directly proportional to the area or we can say width of the
slip as well as the separation between the slit and screen while angular width has
no relation with separation between the slit and screen.
(i) width of slit is increased, and
Ans: When the width of the sit ‘a’ increases then the angular width decreases and
the intensity of the central maxima increases.
(ii) separation between slit and screen is decreased
Ans: When the separation between the slit and screen decreases then the intensity
of the central maxima also decreases while there is no change in the angular
width.

29. With the help of a simple diagram, explain the working of silicon solar
cells, giving all three basic processes involved. Draw its I-V characteristics.
3 Marks
Ans: Diagram:

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 21

The construction of a silicon solar cell is usually made up of thick layer of n-type
semiconductor which is layered by a thin layer of p-type semiconductor. Then the
electrodes are placed on the top of the p-type semiconductor and then another
electrode for collecting current is attached to the bottom of the n-type
semiconductor.
Working principle:
When light strikes on the source of the cell, it get penetrated to the p-n junction
which is crested by the fusion of p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor.
Then the photons are able to create electron and hole pairs. These free electrons
in the depletion region will migrate to the p-type and two charges are built up on
the opposite side of the junction which crest a potential difference across the
junction. Hence when load is connected current will flow through it.
The three basic process involves are:
Generation of electron and hole pair are due to the light close to the junction.
Separation of electros to n side and hole to p side is due to the electric field in the
depletion region.
And the electrons reaching n side is collected by front contact and the holes
reaching p side are collected by back contact.
I-V Characteristics:

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 22

30. A resistance R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source
V=V0sinωt

Find the
Which of them is ahead? 3 Marks
Ans: Diagram:

The given circuit show that the resistor and the inductor are connected in series.
Hence the peak value of current through the circuit will be,
V0
I0 =
Z
Where the resultant impedance of the circuit will be,

Z= R 2 +X L 2

Now the current will become,

V0
I0 =
R 2 +X L 2

(a) peak value of the voltage drops across R and L,

Ans: The peak value of the voltage across the resistor R will be,
V0 R
VR =I0 R=
R 2 +X L 2

The peak value of the voltage across the inductor L will be,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 23

 V0 X L
VL =I0 X L =
R 2 +X L 2

(b) phase difference between the applied voltage and current.

Ans: The phase difference is the angle between the resistor and inductor,
Hence,
XL
tan φ =
R
XL
⇒φ =tan −1
R
As in the circuit inductor is present then the voltage will leads the current by an
angle of φ as the voltage and current in resistor are in same phase.

31. 3 Marks
(a) Write the expression for the speed of light in a material medium of
relative permittivity ε r and relative magnetic permeability μ r .

Ans: The speed of electromagnetic waves is represented as,

1
c=
με

Where, ε is the electric permittivity and μ is the magnetic permeability.

Given:
Relative permittivity ε r

Relative permeability μ r

We know,
μ=μ rμ 0

And ε=ε r ε 0

Now using this speed of the light in the material medium,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 24

 1 1
v= =
με μ r μ 0ε r ε 0

(b) Write the wavelength range and name of the electromagnetic waves are
used in
(i) radar systems for aircraft navigation and
Ans: The electromagnetic wave use in radar system for aircraft id the microwave
whose wavelength range is in between 1mm to 0.1m .
(ii) Earth satellites to observe the growth of the crops.
Ans: The electromagnetic wave used in earth satellites to observe the growth of
crops is the infrared wave or we can say IR ray whose wavelength lies in the
range 1mm to 700nm .

32. 3 Marks
(a) Two cells of emf E1 and E2 have their internal resistances r1 and r2
respectively. Deduce an expression for the equivalent emf and internal
resistance of their parallel combination when connected across an external
resistance R. Assume that the two cells are supporting each other.
Ans:

Given,
Emf are E1 and E 2 .

Internal resistances r1 and r2 .

Here the total current I is,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 25

I=I1 +I 2……(1)

Let V is the potential difference between point A and B.

Then V=E1 -I1r1

E1 -V
⇒ I1 = ……( 2 )
r1

And, V=E 2 -I 2 r2

E 2 -V
⇒ I2 = ……( 3)
r2

Now putting equation (2) and (3) in equation (1) we will get,
E1 -V E 2 -V
I= +
r1 r2

E E  1 1
I=  1 + 2  -V  + 
 r1 r2   r1 r2 
Or we can say,

 E r +E r   r r 
V=  1 2 2 1  -I  1 2 
 r1 +r2   r1 +r2 
If we replace this with a single cell it can be written as,
V=E equivalenet -Irequivalent

Now on comparing we will get,

 E r +E r 
E equivalenet =  1 2 2 1 
 r1 +r2 

 rr 
requivalent =  1 2 
 r1 +r2 
(b) In case the cell are identical, each of E=5V and internal resistance r=2Ω
calculate the voltage across the external resistance R=10Ω .

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 26

Ans: Given:
r1 =r2 =2Ω

 2×2 
requivalent =   =1Ω
 2+2 
E1 =E 2 =5V

 5×2+5×2 
E equivalenet =   =5V
 2+2 
Now the external voltage will be,
E ext =IR

E equivalent
I=
R+r
Now,
E equivalent
E ext = ×R
R+r
5V
⇒ E ext = ×10=4.54Volts
10+1

33. 3 Marks
(a)write an expression of magnetic moment associated with a current (I)
carrying circular coil of radius r having N turns
Ans: Magnetic moment of a current carrying circular coil of radius r and having
N turns is given as,
M=NIA where A is the area bounded by the circular loop.
Now we can write the area as,

A= πr 2
On putting the magnetic moment will be,

M= NIA= NI πr 2

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 27

(b) consider the above-mention places in YZ planes with its magnetic Field
due it at point (x,0,0).
Ans:

Now according to the above figure due to the current carrying element dl which
at A the magnetic field at P is given as,
 
μI dl×r
dB= 0
4π r 3
Since vector dl and r perpendicular to each other, dl×r=dlr

Now it become,
μ 0 I dl
dB=
4π r 2

From the figure, r 2 =X 2 +R 2

Hence,
μ 0 I dl
dB=
4π X 2 +R 2
Consider a current elements opposite to that of A that is on B, then we can see
that the Y component of the magnetic field the current element get cancelled and
that of X component is present.
Now,
dBX =dBcosθ

The net magnetic field at P will be,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 28

B= ∫ dBX = ∫ dBcosθ

μ 0 I dl
⇒ B= ∫ cosθ
4π X 2 +R 2
R
From figure, cosθ=
X 2 +R 2
μ 0 I dl R
⇒ B= ∫
4π X 2 +R 2 X 2 +R 2
μ 0I R
⇒ B=
4π 3 ∫ dl
( X +R )
2 2 2

μ 0I R
⇒ B= 3
2πR
4π
( X +R )
2 2 2

μ 0 IR 2
⇒ B= 3
2 ( X +R
2 2 2
)
Or
3 Marks
(a) Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Write its Expression
Ans: Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the ratio of deflection
produced in a galvanometer to the current flowing through it.
We can also say it as the deflection per unit current.
Expression for the current sensitivity as,
θ
Si =
I
Where, θ is the deflection and the I is the current.
So its SI unit is radian per ampere.
(b) A galvanometer has resistance G and shows full scale deflection for
current Ig.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 29

Ans: We have a galvanometer having resistance G and shows full scale deflection
that is Ig.
(i) How can it be converted into an ammeter to measure current up to IO
(IO>Ig) ?
Ans: A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a shut
parallel to it so as to measure the current up to IO.
Expression for such type of connection is,

( I -I ) R =I G .
o g s g

Where, RS is the shunt resistance.

(ii) What is the effective resistance of this ammeter?
Ans: As the shut is connected in parallel with the galvanometer the effective
resistance will be,
R SG
R eff =
R S +G

Where, R s ||G .

34. The nucleus 23592Y , initially at rest, decays into 231

90 X by emitting 234 231 4
an α particle 92Y → 90 X+ 2 He+energy .

The binding energies per nucleon, the daughter nucleus and α particle are
7.8MeV, 7.835MeV and 7.07MeV respectively. Assuming the daughter
nucleus to be formed in the unexcited state and neglecting its share in the
energy of the reaction, find the speed of the emitted α particle.

(Mass of α particle = 6.68×10-27 ) 3 Marks

Ans: Given: The binding energies per nucleon is 7.8MeV, the daughter nucleus
is 7.835MeV and the α particle is 7.07MeV.
We know the energy released is,

Q=  M ( 231 X ) +M ( 4 He ) -M ( 235 Y )  c 2

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 30

 = ( 7.835×231) + ( 7.07×4 ) - ( 7.8×235 )  MeV

= [1809.9+28.28-1833] MeV

=5.18×1.6×10-13J
Now this entire kinetic energy is taken by the α particle as,
1 2
mv =5.18×1.6×10-13J
2
Mass of the α particle = 6.68×10-27
Now,
1
6.68×10-27 v 2 =5.18×1.6×10-13J
2
2×5.18×1.6×10-13
2
⇒v =
6.68×10-27

2×5.18×1.6×10-13
⇒ v=
6.68×10-27
Hence the speed of the α particle is,

v=1.57×107 ms-1 .

SECTION - D
35. 5 Marks
(a) Derive the expression for the torque acting on the rectangular current
carrying coil of a galvanometer. Why is the magnetic field made radial.
Ans:

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 31

From the figure let us consider a loop ABCD in a uniform magnetic field strength
donated as B and a current through the path is I.
The magnetic forces of AB and Cd are equal and opposite to each other but have
a different kind of action.
Hence the force produce in the rectangular coil ABCD be,
τ=F×PD
Where PD is the perpendicular distance between two force arm i.e bsin θ and the
force is also represented as, F = IlB where, l is the length of the rectangular coil,
I is the current flowing through is and B is the magnetic field strength.
Now torque,
τ=IlBbsinθ
Where lb = A,
τ=IABsinθ
The magnetic field is made radial because I is not directly proportional to φ . We
can ensure this proportionality by having θ=90° . This is possible only when the
magnetic field. In such filed the plane of rotating coil is always parallel to B.
(b) An α particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10kV and
move alone x-axis. It enters in a region of uniform magnetic field B=2×10-3T
acting along y-axis. Find the radius of its path. (Take mass of the α particle
= 6.68×10-27kg )

Ans: Given:

Mass of α particle = 6.68×10-27 kg

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 32

B=2×10-3T
V=10kV

Q = 2×1.6×10-19C
We know the radius of circular path is,

1 2mV
r=
B Q

1 2×6.68×10-27 ×10×103
⇒ r=
2×10-3 2×1.6×10-19
1 1 1 1
⇒ r= -3
= 2-3 = -1 =10m
2×10 50 10 10
Or
5 Marks
(a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the working of a Step-up
transformer. Give reasons to explain the following:

Ans: We can explain this with help of the diagram

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 33

The transformer work on the principle of the mutual induction that is whenever a
current is associated with the primary coil charges then an emf is induced in the
secondary coil. Hence when a transformer in which the output that is the
secondary voltage is greater than its induce or primary voltage it is known as step
up transformer.
Now the induced emf across the primary coil is,
dφ
E P =-N P
dt
Where, NP is the number of turns in a primary coil, φ is the flux associate in the
coil.
Similarly induced emf in the secondary coil is,
dφ
ES =-NS
dt
Where, NS is the number of turns in a secondary coil, φ is the flux associate in
the coil.
Taking the ration of both the induced emf,
ES NS
=
EP NP

(i) the core of the transformer is laminated

Ans: The core of the transformer is laminated so as to reduce the eddy current
produces due to the flow of current
(ii) Thick copper wire is used in windings.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 34

Ans: Thick copper wire is used in winding so as to reduce the heat loss because
large amount of heat is produce during this process.
(b) A conducting rod PQ of length 20 cm and resistance 0.1 Ω rests on two
smooth parallel rails of negligible resistance AA' and CC'. It can slide on
the rails and the arrangement is positioned between the poles of a permanent
magnet producing uniform magnetic field B = 0.4 T. The rails, the rod and
the magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions as shown
in the figure. If the ends A and C of the rails are short circuited, find the
Ans: Given:
Length of PQ = 20cm = 0.2m
Resistance = 0.1Ω
B = 0.4T
(i) external force required to move the rod with uniform velocity v = 10 cm/s,
and
Ans: v = 10 cm/s 0.1m/s
Now the external force require to remove the rode will be,

B2 vl2
F=
R
0.42 ×0.1×0.22
⇒ F= =6.4×10-3 N
0.1
(ii) power required to do so
Ans: We know power is the product of force and velocity.
P=Fv

⇒ P=6.4×10-3×0.1=0.64×10-3 Watt

36. 5 Marks
(a) Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final
image is formed at infinity. Write the expression for the resolving power
of the telescope.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 35

Ans: The ray diagram of an astronomical telescope when the final image is
formed at infinity is as given below:

Here, fO is the focal length of the objective lens and fe is the focal length of the
eyepiece lens.
The expression for resolving power of the telescope is gien as,
D
Resolving power =
1.22λ
Where, D is the diameter of aperture objective lens and the λ is the wavelength.
(b) An astronomical telescope has an objective lens of focal Length 20 m and
eyepiece of focal length 1 cm .
Ans: Given:
Focal length of the objective lens = 20cm (fO)
Focal length of eyepiece lens = 1cm = 0.01m (fe)
(i)Find the angular magnification of the telescope.
Ans: Angular magnification of astronomical telescope is given as,
f O 20m
Angular Magnification = = =200
f e 0.01m

(ii) If this telescope is used to view of the Moon, find the diameter of the
image formed by the objective lens.

Given diameter of the Moon is 3.5×106m and radius of lunar orbit 3.5×106
is 3.8×108m .
Ans: Given:

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 36

Diameter of the Moon is D=3.5×106 m .

Radius of lunar orbit is x=3.8×108m .

Diameter of the image = ??
We know,
D x
=
d fO

Df O 3.5×106 ×20
d= = 8
=18.4×10-2 m=18.4cm
x 3.8×10
Or
5 Marks
(a)An object is placed in front of a concave mirror it is observed that a
virtual image is formed. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation
and hence derive the mirror equation.
Ans:

From the diagram,

From ΔA'B'F and ΔMPF using similarity criteria we get,
A'B' B'F
=
MP FP
We have,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 37

PM=AB
Now,
A'B' B'F
=
AB FP
Now from ΔA'B'P and ΔABP using similarity criteria we get,
AB' B'P
=
AB BP
Now equation (1) and (2),
B'F B'P
=
FP BP
Where,
B’F = v+f
BP = u
FP = f
B’P = v
Therefore,
B'F B'P
=
FP BP
v+f v
=
f u
Dividing both side by v and applying sign convention we will get,
1 1 -1
- =
v f u
1 1 1
= +
f v u
Hence proved.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 38

(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a Plano-convex lens with its spherical
surface of radius of curvature 20 cm. If the refractive index of the material
of the lens is 1.5, find the position and nature of the image formed.
Ans: Given: R=20cm
Object distance, u=30cm
By lens maker formula,

1 1 1 
= ( μ-1)  - 
f  R1 R 2 
For Plano convex lens,
R1 =R

R2 = ∞

μ=1.5

Therefore,
1 1
= ( μ-1)  
f R 
1  1 
⇒ = (1.5-1) 
f  20cm 
f=40cm
Now using mirror formula we will get,
1 1 1
= +
40cm v 30cm
⇒ v=-12cm
Therefore the image is virtual.

37. 5 Marks

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 39

(a) Using Gauss law, derive expression for electric field due to a spherical
shell of uniform charge distribution a and radius R at a point lying at a
distance x from the center of shell, such that
Ans: Let us assume that R be the radius of the spherical shell and Q be the charge
that is uniformly distributed on the source

(i) 0 < x < R, and (ii) x > R

Ans: 0<x<R
For a point inside the shell is,
By using Gauss’s Law we can write,
Qin
E×4πx 2 =
ε0

Here x be the distance from the center of the shell and the charge Qin inside the
shell is zero.
Hence,
E=0
(ii) x>R
For a point outside the shell is,
By using Gauss’s law we can write,

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 40

 Qout
E×4πx 2 =
ε0

Where x is the distance from center of shell and the change Qout is on the surface
of the shell.
Qout
E=
4πx 2ε 0

(b) An electric field is uniform and acts along + x direction in the region
of positive x. It is also uniform with the same magnitude but acts in - x
direction in the region of negative x. The value of the field is E=200 N/C for
x > 0 and E = - 200 N/C for x < 0. A right circular cylinder of length 20 cm
and radius 5 cm has its center at the origin and its axis along the x-axis so
that one flat face is at x = + 10 cm and the other is at x = - 10 cm. Find :
Ans: Given: E=200 N/C for x > 0 and E = - 200 N/C for x < 0.
Right circular cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its center at the origin.
(i) The net outward flux through the cylinder.
Ans: The net outward flux = 2EA

φ = 2EA = 2×200×3.14× ( 0.05 ) =3.14Nm 2C-1

2

(ii)The net charge present inside the cylinder.

Ans: The net change present inside the cylinder, Q is

Q=ε 0 × φ =
8.854×10-12 ×3.14=27.8×10-12C

Or
5 Marks
(a)Find the expression for the potential
 energy of a system of two point
charges q1 and  q2 located at r1 and r 2 and respectively in an external
electric field E .
 
Ans: Given: two point charges
 q1 and q2 located at r 1 and r 2 respectively in

an external electric field E .

Now work done in bringing q1 from the infinity against the electric field is
represented as,
Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 41
 
W1 =q1V r1

Similarly work done in bringing q2 from the infinity against the electric field
is represented as,

W1 =q1V r2

Now work done q2 against the filed due to q1

q1q 2
W=
4πε 0 r12

Hence the potential energy of the system = Total work done in assembling
the system.
  qq
Vsystem =W1 +W2 +W=q1V|r1|+q 2 V|r 2 |+ 1 2
4πε 0 r12

(b) Draw equipotential surfaces due to an isolated point charge (— q)

and depict the electric field lines.
Ans: Equipotential surfaces are always perepmdilar to the electric field. This the
diagram of an equipotential surface due to an isolated point charge of -q charge.
The electric field lines terminate on negative change or we can say direction of
electric field lines are inward.

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 42

(c) Three point charges, 1μC-1μC , and 2μC are initially infinite distance
apart. Calculate the work done in assembling these charges at the vertices of
an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm.
Ans: Three point charges:
q1 =1μC , q 2 =-1μC and , q 3 =2μC are present in an equilateral triangle of side
r=10cm

We know,
Work done = Charge in potential energy
 qq qq qq 
W=  k 1 2 +k 1 3 +k 2 3 
 r12 r13 r23 

Where,
r12 =r13 =r23 =r=10cm=0.1m

k
W= [q1q 2 +q1q3 +q 2q3 ]
r
9×109
W= [-1+2-2] =-9×1010J
0.1

Class XII Physics Theory www.vedantu.com 43