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Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics deals with particles at the atomic and subatomic level. It was developed to explain properties of matter that classical mechanics could not, such as blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect. The dual wave-particle nature of matter is described by the Schrödinger equation, and properties like position and momentum cannot be known with complete certainty according to the uncertainty principle.

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harikrishnan
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96 views

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics deals with particles at the atomic and subatomic level. It was developed to explain properties of matter that classical mechanics could not, such as blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect. The dual wave-particle nature of matter is described by the Schrödinger equation, and properties like position and momentum cannot be known with complete certainty according to the uncertainty principle.

Uploaded by

harikrishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUANTUM

MECHANICS
Course outcome
Analyze the behavior of matter in the atomic and
subatomic level through the principles of quantum
mechanics to perceive the microscopic processes
in electronic devices. Identify appropriate seed
idea for entrepreneurial realization.
Deals with smaller Failure of classical
particles mechanics
Atoms, molecules, electrons, Classical mechanics failed to
protons etc. explain many observed properties
of matter. Eg., black body
radiation, photoelectric effect.

Hypothesis of Answers the


quanta inconsistencies in
Radiation is emitted or Newton’s mechanics
absorbed by matter in discrete
packets called quanta.
Wave nature of particles
•
Wavelength of a ball of mass Wavelength of an electron
100g moving with a speed of moving at a speed of
10m/s is 107m/s is
• Although the dual nature of matter is applicable to all material
objects, it is significant for microscopic bodies only.
• In a wave, there is something that varies periodically.
• in water waves - height of the water surface varies.
• in sound waves - pressure varies.
• in light waves - electric and magnetic fields varies.
• The quantity whose variations make up matter waves is called
the wave function, denoted by ψ.
• ψ is a mathematical function which describes the state of a
particle or a system.
Characteristics of wavefunctions
Probability interpretation of wave function

ψ itself has no physical signficance or is not observable.


But ψ*ψ gives the probability of finding the particle in a
region and is observable.
Uncertainity Principle
•
• Similar relations can be written for other pairs of
variables.

Position-momentum Angular Time-Energy


displacement-angular
momentum

• These uncertainities are not due to inadequate measuring


techniques or defects of the experimenter. It is in the nature of
the quantities involved.
Applications of Uncertainity
principle
1. Absence of electrons inside a nucleus.
2. Natural line broadening.
Absence of electrons inside a nucleus
•
•
Natural line broadening
•
THE SCHRODINGER
EQUATIONS
• Time dependent schrodinger equations
• Time independent schrodinger equations
17
•
•
Time independent schrodinger equations
•
•
Application of schrodinger equation:
Particle in a box
• Electrons are restricted to move
around nucleus in a fixed orbits.
Behaviour of such bound electrons can
be described by particle in a potential
well.
• Consider a particle of mass ‘m’
confined in a one dimensional potential
box of infinite depth and finite length L, m
moving in x direction.
• The box has potential V=0 inside the
box and V=∞ outside the box, so that
particle cant leave the box.
•
Using the boundary conditions,

• •
•
•

Quantum numbers and enrgy levels of a particle


in a 1D box
•
•
In every quantum state there are preferred positions of
maximum probability. Clasically,there is equal probability
of finding the particle anywhereinside the box.
Quantum mechanical tunneling
• According to classical mechanics,
When a particle of energy E
approaches a potential barrier V, (E<V)
it bounces off without entering the
otherside.
• But in quantum mechanics, the
wavefunction representing the particle
doesnt vanish on the otherside.
• There is a fine probability of particle
penetrating through the barrier.
• This phenomenon of penetration
particles through barriers higher than
their energy is quantum tunneling.
•
•
•
•
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS!
• Derive one dimensional time dependent schrodinger equation
from one dimensional wave equation. Also write 3D time
dependent schrodinger equation.
• Derive the normalized wave function of particle in a box. Find its
energy eigen values.
• What is quantum mechanical tunneling?
• What is uncertainity principle?
• Write two applications of uncertainity principle.
• Prove that electrons cannot exist inside a nucleus.
• What do you mean by natural line broadening?
• What is the physical significance of wavefunction?
• What are the characteristics of wavefunction?
• Plot the energy states of particle in a box, along with their eigen
values.
• Plot the probability distribution graph for particle in a box.
• What is de-broglie wavelength?
• Write the normalization condition.

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