STUDY OF STEP-UP AND STEP-DOWN

TRANSFORMERS

SESSION 2022-2023

NAME: SAMRUDDHI PATIL

CLASS: 12TH CBSE SCI

ROLL NO: 15631171

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

SUBMITTED TO: MR. PATHAN I.M.

 CERTIFICATE

This project “Study of step up and step-down transformers” has

been completed by Mast. /Miss. Samruudhi Avinash Patil
studying at PODAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SATARA
Class XII CBSE [SCIENCE (MATHS)]
ROLL NO.- 15631171 . During the year 2022- 2023.

Teachers Signature Principal Signature

Examiner College Stamp

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete

this success. Then I would like to thank my physics
teacher Mr. Pathan I.M.,whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this and make it full proof
success his suggestions and his instructions has served as
the major contributor towards the completion of the
project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable suggestion
and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of this project.

Finally, I would like to thank my classmates who

Helped me a lot.
 INDEX

1. Certificate of Excellence
2. Objective
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Apparatus Required
6. Procedure Followed
7. Observation
8. Conclusion
9. Precaution
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice
versa. A Transformer based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an E.M.F is
induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

changing the A.C voltages. A
transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high
current circuit.
As such transformer are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weighs only a few tones gram whereas in high
voltage power circuits, it may weigh hundreds

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is called a
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER.

A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is called a

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece

of apparatus both for high and lowcurrent circuits
 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between the ratio of: -

1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self-made transformer.
 THEORY

• When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P1

P2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The alternating
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces alternating voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary is
equal to that induced in eachturn of the primary.

• Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of

the e.m.f’s induced in the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and dϕ/dt= rate of change of flux in each turn-
off the coil at this instant, we have
1. Ep= -Np dϕ/dt… (1)
And
2. Es = -Nsdϕ/dt… (2)
• Since the above relations are true at everyinstant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
3. Es/Ep = -Ns/Np… (3)

• As Ep is the instantaneous value of back

• e.m.f induced in the primary coil P1, so the instantaneous
current in primary coil is dueto the difference
• (E – Ep) in the instantaneous value of the applied and back
• e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, P1 P2
• coil is given byIp = E-Ep
/Rp E-Ep= Ip Rp
• Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
• Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep = Es/E
• output e.m.f = input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = K
• Where K is constant turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es˂E so K ˂ 1, Hence NS ˂NP

If
Ip = value of secondary primary current atsame instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = EpIp
And
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
no losses of power in the transformer, then
input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip=Es Is
Or
E s/Ep=Ip/Is=K
Illustration
 IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es˃E so K˃1, hence Ns ˃Np As, K ˃1, so Ip ˃Is

is or
Is > Ip
i.e., current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer steps down the current
& a step down transformer steps up the current.
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power.
i.e., η=output power/input power= Es Is/Ep Ip
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η=1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

Efficiency = 1 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡-𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 - I12R1+W1/V1I1cosϕ1

η = 1- I1 R1 /V1 cosϕ – W/ V1I1cosϕ1

differentiating above equation with respect to I1

𝑑𝜂 = 0 – R1/ V1cosϕ1+ W/ V1I12cosϕ1
𝑑𝐼
η will be maximum at 𝑑𝐼𝑑𝜂 = 0

R1/ V1cosϕ1 =+ W/ V1I12cosϕ1

I12R1=W1
 ENERGY LOSSES

1.Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2.Iron Loss is the energy loss in the formof heat in the iron core
of thetransformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3.Tearage of magnetic flux occurs despite best insulations.

There, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1
S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1 P2

4.Hysteresis Loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of iron core when A.C. is fed
to it.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The mutual inductance term in the primary circuit represents the load of the
secondary. It has the negative sign because it helps the source to produce more
current in response to increasing load in the secondary circuit.

Vp = IpR1 + L1∆Ip / ∆t – M(∆Is/t)

M(∆Ip/t) = Is R2 +L2∆Is/∆t

The mutual inductance term in the secondary

represents the couping from the primary and acts as
the primary and acts as the voltage source that drives
source that drives the secondary circuit.
 PROCEDURE

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick

paper and wind many turns of thin
Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step-downtransformer.
3. Connect P1, P2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through S1 and S2.
5. Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformer by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner, etc.
2. A step-down transformer in used for weldingpurposes.
3. A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
4. A step-up transformer is used for the production of X –
Rays and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformer are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformer are used in the transmission of A.C. over
long distances.
7. Small transformer are used in radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bells
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio ( Ns/ Np) with
respect to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

2.While taking the readings of current and voltage of
A.C. should remain constant.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT textbook class 12

2. NCERT physics lab manual
3. www.yahoo.com
4. www.scribd.com
5. www.google.com