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2nd Quarter Earth Science Notes

This document discusses endogenic and exogenic forces that shape the Earth's surface. It describes the structure of the Earth including the core, mantle, and crust. A major section explains plate tectonics, how the plates move via convection currents, and examples of plate interactions like subduction. Geological processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides are defined as well as related natural hazards. The document concludes by outlining preparedness and mitigation steps for typhoons.

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Janelle Esteban
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46 views

2nd Quarter Earth Science Notes

This document discusses endogenic and exogenic forces that shape the Earth's surface. It describes the structure of the Earth including the core, mantle, and crust. A major section explains plate tectonics, how the plates move via convection currents, and examples of plate interactions like subduction. Geological processes like earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides are defined as well as related natural hazards. The document concludes by outlining preparedness and mitigation steps for typhoons.

Uploaded by

Janelle Esteban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Earth Science 11: Endogenic

Process, Plate Tectonics,


Geologic Process

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

Geomorphic Process 
 Geo - Earth  
 Morphic - shape, form,
structure

Exogenic Forces
 External
 Outside the Earth’s
surface

Endogenic Forces
 Internal
 Within the Earth’s
Surface

Exogenic Forces
 These are external forces
that operate and act on the
surface of the Earth. 
 These forces are also
known as ‘destructive
forces.
 Weathering, mass wasting,
erosion, and deposition are
the main exogenic
processes.
 It creates changes visible
over a period of thousands
or millions of years.

Endogenic Forces
 These are internal forces
that exist deep inside the
Earth. 
 These forces are also
known as ‘constructive The Mantle
forces.  Layer of Earth between the
 Endogenic forces produce crust and the core 
after-effects that are  Contains most of the
visible only after it causes Earth’s mass
sudden damage.  Has more magnesium and
 Examples: Earthquakes less aluminum and silicon
and volcanic eruptions. than the crust
 Are geological processes  Is denser than the crust
that occur beneath the
surface of the Earth.

Main Endogenic Process


 Takes place mainly along
the plate boundaries
 It happens at the locations
where two tectonic plates
interact

I. PLATE TECTONICS
Structure of the Earth
The Earth is made up of 3 The Core
mainlayers:  Below the mantle and to
 Core the center of the Earth.
 Mantle  Believed to be mostly
 Crust Iron, smaller amounts of
The Crust Nickel, almost no Oxygen,
 This is where we live! Silicon, Aluminum, or
 The Earth’s crust is made Magnesium.
of:
Continental Crust 
 thick (10-70km)
 buoyant (less dense than
oceanic crust)
 mostly old
Oceanic Crust
 thin (~7km)
 dense (sinks under
continental crust)
 young
Plate Tectonics How Plates Move?
 Pieces of the lithosphere  Convection current –
that move around. movement in a fluid or air
 Each plate has a name due to uneven cooling
 Fit together like a jigsaw 1. the denser plate moves
puzzle below into the earth
 The word, tectonic, refers 2. heated to liquid
to changes in the crust 3. decreases in density
because of plate 4. rises to surface again
interaction 5. it cools and increases in
density 
World Plates

Plate Movements
 “Plates" of lithosphere are
moved around by the
underlying hot mantle
convection cells
Iceland: An example of
continental drifting
 Iceland has a divergent
plate boundary running
through its middle

Subduction
 Oceanic plate ssubducts
underneath the continental
plate
 Oceanic plate heat sand
melts
 The melt rises forming
volcanoes
 E.g.The Andes
III.GEOLOGIC PROCESS

Geological Processes and


Hazards

Geological Process
 Naturally occurring events
that directly or indirectly
impact the geology of the
earth.
 Plate Tectonics,
Earthquakes, Weathering,
Volcanic, Mountain
Formation, Erosion,
Flooding, Landslides etc.

Hazards
 Are phenomena (natural or
man-made) which poses
threat to humans, animals,
properties and
environment.
 Classifications
 Natural Hydrometeorological hazards
 Anthropogenic
Hydrometeorological processes
Earthquake
 A sudden shaking or - Are processes or phenomena of
vibration in the earth’s atmospheric, hydrological or
crust oceanographic nature.

- May cause loss of life, injury or


other health impacts, property
damages, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic
disruptions, or even environmental
damages.

Eathquake Hazards MOST COMMON


1. Ground Shaking HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
2. Surface Faulting PROCESSES
3. Landslide
4. Liquefaction Tropical cyclone
5. Tsunamis - Are wind systems circulating
around low-pressure area.
Volcanic Eruption
 Occurs when magma is - Formed over warm ocean
released form a volcano.  Typhoon
 Magma-molten liquid rock
located deep within the - Large, powerful and violent
Earth’s mantle tropical cyclone
 Lava-molten liquid rock
that has reach the Earth’s - It is a low- pressure area rotating
surface. counter-clockwise and containing
rising warm air that forms over
warm water in the western Pacific
Ocean.
Landslides
 The movement of rock - Less powerful tropical cyclones
down a slope. are called tropical deppression and
 natural hazard but human tropical storms.
activities may speed up or
trigger its occurrences.
- Called hurricane in the atlantic
ocean. Flood
Hazard brought about by heavy
Tropical cyclone rains where there is a progressive
rise in water level.
-Hazards due to tropical cyclones
are strong winds with heavy Thunderstorm
rainfall that can cause widespread A thunderstorm is a weather
flooding/flash floods, storm condition that produces lightning
surges, landslides and mudflows. and thunder, heavy rainfall from
cumulonimbus clouds and possibly
TYPES OF TROPICAL a tornado. It is a violent local
CYCLONES disturbance accompanied by
lighting, thunder and heavy rain
Tropical Depression - have a and often by strong gust of wind,
maximum of sustained winds of and sometimes by hail.
between 35 KPH and 64KPH.
Tornado
Tropical Storm-have a maximum a tornado is described as a violent
of sustained winds of between 65 rotating column of air extending
KPH and 118KPH. from thunderstorm to the ground.
Storm Surge
Typhoon-have a maximum of Is the rise of the normal sea level
sustained winds of between 118 caused by the winds (strong-very
to184 KPH. strong) that are directed toward the
shore.
Super typhoon-have a maximum
of sustained winds greater than MARINE AND COASTAL
185 KPH. PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

Monsoons Coastal Processes – are events


Are seasonal wind and rain pattern happening in the marine
environment (Coast - is the part of
Amihan- Northeast Monsoon the land near the sea)
Brings cloudless skies and cold
morning Waves, tides, sea level change,
October-November crustal movement, and storm
surge
Habagat- Southwest Monsoon
Brings heavy rains Coastal Hazards caused by
June to September different coastal processes that
expose marine environment to risk
of property damage, loss of life
and ecological degradation.

PREPAREDNESS AND
MITIGATION

BEFORE A TYPHOON

1. Stay at home or in a safe place.


2. Stock up on supplies
3. Secure your home
4. Have a safety plan for your pets
5. Ready your tech
6. Have a plan for your family

DURING A TYPHOON

1. Watch out also for flying objects


and debris 2. Cancel all travel and
outdoor activities
3. Wear dry and warm clothes.
4. Keep yourself updated on the
latest weather news
5. Secure important belongings on
high ground

AFTER A TYPHOON

1. Leave the evacuation area only


when the authorities declare that
it’s safe to return home.
2. Watch out for live wires or
outlets submerged in water.
3. If your home was ruined by the
typhoon, check first if it’s safe and
stable before entering.
4. Report any damaged in electric
posts and cables to the authorities.
5. Inspect your vehicle for any
damage caused by flooding

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