UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
MARA

Lab Report: CES511 – STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

KAMPUS PULAU PINANG

CES511 –STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LAB EXPERIMENT: TWO & THREE HINGED ARCH (CO2:PO5)
SEMESTER : OCT - FEB 2021 DATE OF LAB : 18 OCTOBER 2020
GROUP : PEC221 5D1 LAB LEVEL OEL : 1
LECTURER : MADAM NOOR SYAFEEKHA BINTI MOHAMAD SAKDUN
CO2: Organize laboratory work on structural elements and materials.
PO5: Ability to utilize appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and IT tools in predicting and modelling
of complex civil engineering problems with an understanding of the limitations.

CRITERIA
NO STUDENT ID NAME
1 2 3 4 TOTAL
1. 2019653678 NUR BATRISYIA BINTI MOHAMAD BASARI
2. 2019695342 NUR IFFA FARIZA BINTI ISMAIL
3. 2019848594 LAYLA SALIKIN BINTI CHE ROSMIN
4. 2019455512 MUHAMMAD DARWISH BIN ZULKIFLI
5. 2019814318 MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD

PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

PERFORMANCE
SCALE
NO. CRITERIA
Developing Functional Proficient Advanced
0 1 2 3 4 5
Independently
Often requires Generally able to designed / identified
Has a very low ability to Independently
Ability to design and Unable to design/ instructor to design / design / identify basic the idea / task of the
design/ identify the designed / identified
conducted a identify the basic idea / identify basic idea / idea / task of the experiment with
basic idea / task of the idea / task of the
1 research- based task of the experiment. task of the experiment. experiment. additional supporting
experiment. experiment.
experiment (P1-P2) references.
Helps are required to Helps are required with Able to conduct the
Helps are required to Able to conduct a
conduct the whole refinement in several experiment with Show an outstanding
conduct the whole research-based
experiment. major details and minimal guide from ability in conducting
experiment. experiment.
conduct the experiment. the instructor. research-based
experiment.
Successfully
Cannot complete tasks Low ability to complete Successfully complete Successfully complete Successfully complete Successfully complete
2 performs experiment procedures experiment procedures experiment
experiment without and standard tasks and standard experiment
procedures. procedures. with moderate with minimal independently. independently.
guidance based on supervision. supervision.
level of
Openness
(P3-P4)

Ability to All of the results have

manipulate the data Incorrect Incomplete Minimal with 1 Almost all of the All of the results have
been interpreted
leading to findings interpretation of interpretation of trends sentence describing the results have been been correctly
correctly, with sufficient
trends and comparison and comparison of data main finding of the correctly interpreted interpreted, with only 1
3 (P5-P6) support of important
of data indicating a indicating a lack of experiment. but without sufficient sufficient support of
trends or data
lack of understanding understanding of support of important important trends or
comparisons
of results. results. trends or data data comparisons.
comparisons.
Ability to adapt the Show excellent
obtained result with Failed to show any No ability to adapt the Show effort to give Display effort to Display effort to
understanding between
logical justification idea at all result with any suitable reasonable justification understand the understand the finding
justification. but incorrect finding with major with minimum flawed the results to adapt
4 (P5-P6)
flawed interpretation interpretation with logical justification

Instruction to Students
1. Two (2) weeks duration is given for each lab report submission.
2. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited, the group will be penalized and marks will be deducted.
Table of Content

1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................2

2.0 Problem Statement..................................................................................................................... 3

3.0 Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 3

6.0 Result Analysis.......................................................................................................................... 5

7.0 Discussion.................................................................................................................................. 8

8.0 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 9

9.0 Reference................................................................................................................................. 10

1
1.0 Introduction

The two hinged arch is a statically indeterminate structure of the first degree. A typical
two-hinged arch is shown in figure 1.0 .The horizontal thrust is the redundant reaction and is
obtained by the use of strain energy methods. Two hinged arch is made determinate by treating it
as a simply supported curved beam and horizontal thrust as a redundant reaction. The arch
spreads out under external load. Horizontal thrust is the redundant reaction is obtained by the use
of strain energy method.

Figure 1.0 Typical Two-Hinged Arch

Figure 1.1 Internal Forces in Two-Hinged Arch

The horizontal thrust is given by :

H = 5 W L (k4 – 2k3 + k) / ( 8h )

2
2.0 Problem Statement

In the case of two-hinged arch, we have four unknown reactions, but there are only three
equations of equilibrium available. Hence, the degree of statically indeterminacy is one for two
hinged arch.

3.0 Objectives

To study two hinged arch for the horizontal thrust of the roller end for a given system of loading
and to compare the same with those obtained analytically.

4.0 Materials & Apparatus

i. Digital indicator

ii. Load hanger

iii. Loads , N (5N,10N,15N,20N,25N)

iv. Ruler

v. Vernier caliper

vi. Two-hinged arch apparatus

-roller support

-pinned support

3
5.0 Procedure

1. The indicator was switched on 10 minutes before taking readings for stability of the reading.

2. The two support were fixed tightly to the support frame and the span of the arch was
measured.

3. The ‘Tare’ button was pressed to set the dial indicator reading to zero.

4. Then, load was placed on the load hanger at point A as shown in the figure 1.2.

5. Wait until the digital indicator was stabled then reading was recorded.

6. The applied load was increased and step 4&5 were repeated.

7. The experiment was repeated to get an average of two readings.

A
0.32 m

1.0 m

Figure 5.0 Shows the actual measurement

4
 6.0 Result Analysis

Length of span, L = 1000mm

Distance W2 from pinned support, k = 260mm

Distance W5 from pinned support, k = 760mm

Height of Arch, h = 320 mm

SET 5

LOAD (N) HORIZONTAL THRUST (N)

PERCENTAGE
POINT
EXPERIMENT ERROR, %
W2 W5 ACTUAL
AL
TEST 1 5 5 4.8 4.5 6.25
TEST 2 10 10 9.4 8.69 7.55
TEST 3 15 15 13.8 13.04 5.51
TEST 4 20 20 18.4 17.38 5.54
TEST 5 25 25 22.4 21.73 2.99

SET 6

LOAD (N) HORIZONTAL THRUST (N)

PERCENTAGE
POINT
EXPERIMENTA ERROR, %
W3 W5 ACTUAL
L
TEST 1 5 5 4.9 5.16 5.3
TEST 2 10 10 9.8 10.31 5.20
TEST 3 15 15 14.4 15.47 7.43
TEST 4 20 20 19.0 20.62 8.53
TEST 5 25 25 22.2 25.78 16.13

5
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION

Set 6, Test 1

Actual Horizontal Thrust,

☘Ꮋ t
H=

H= Load 2 + Load 5

〼㈰㹂 㹂㈰ 〼 t 㹂㈰ 〼 㹂㈰ 〼 〼㈰㹂 㹂㈰Ǥ t 㹂㈰Ǥ 㹂㈰Ǥ

H= 㹂㈰ t
+ 㹂㈰ t

H = 3.05 N + 2.11 N

H = 5.16N

Percentage Error Calculation

rror O D Wrr o r ‫ ݐ ݏ‬D‫ ܧ‬Wrr O D OWrr o r

Percentage error = ‫ ݐ ݏ‬D‫ ܧ‬Wr O D OWrr o r
〼㹂㹂

㈰〼 ㈰ܽ
Percentage error = ㈰ܽ
〼㹂㹂

Percentage error = 5.31%

6
Figure 6.0 show the graph of SET 5 of data

Figure 6.1 show the graph of Set 6 of data

7
6.0 Discussion

Based on the collected data, the relationship of a two hinged parabolic arch is the
horizontal thrust will increase when the applied load increased. The given structural
arch, is statically determinate which one end is pinned and other end is roller support.

The given data for this experiment are the distance from pinned support to point load
2 is 0.39m, and the distance from pinned support to point load 5 is 0.76 m. The height
of arch is 0.32m with the first load of 5N with an increment of 5N.

For example, based on data collected in set 5, when we applied 5N of load at point
load 2 and point load 5 which is located 0.29m and 0.76m from the pinned support,
the horizontal thrust is 4.8N and then when we applied 10N of load at the same point
load, the horizontal thrust is 9.4N. This means that the weight of load can affect the
horizontal thrust.

Based on data collected in set 5, we applied 15N of load at point load 2 and point load
5 which is located 0.29m and 0.76m from the pinned support, the horizontal thrust is
13.8N. Then, based on data in set 6, when we applied 15N of load at point 3 and point
5which is 0.51m and 0.76m from the pinned support, the horizontal thrust is 14.4N.
This means that the value of horizontal thrust also increase when the distance from the
support is increase. The position of the load applied on the arch affects the values of
horizontal thrust at both support.

From the collected experimental and theoretical data, we can plot the graph. The
relationship between the horizontal thrust and the load is directly proportional. So, if
the load increase, the horizontal thrust will increase too.

We can check the accuracy of the experimental result with respect theoretical value
by using percentage error. The purpose of a percentage error is to know the difference
value of experimental value to a theoretical value. Percentage error is the difference
between an experimental and theoretical value, divided by the theoretical value and
then multiplied by 100 to give a percentage.

8
7.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, the outcome of this experiment was very comparable due to the
value of experimental and actual of the experiment. Therefore, the purpose of
conducting this experiment was reached to the objectives. The two hinged arch for the
horizontal thrust of the roller end is being considered and the value of horizontal
thrust that obtained from the experiment is taken and can be calculated by using the
formula given.

According to the result that has been obtained, the experimental value is more
higher than the actual value. Based on the procedure given, the load which was
hanged on the load hanger may gave some errors to the digital indicator. This mistake
can lead to the increasing of percentage error.

Thus, there might be some uncertainties or errors due to this experiment. For
example, the uncertainties of taking the length of span, distance from support or the
height of arch. This circumstances might have impacted the actual horizontal thrust as
the information is used in the formula.

Lastly, the problem statement is solved by conducting the experiment and

analyzed the data given. Therefore, the unknown reactions can be calculated or
determined by performing this two-hinged arch experiment.

9
8.0 Reference

1. M.K.Pant, Second Edition 2014, Open-Ended Manual for Structural Engineering

Laboratory (ver 1.0 Instruction for Student),Universiti Teknologi Mara Pulau Pinang,
Fundamentals of Structural Analysis.

2. Russell Hibbeler, 10th Edition 2017, Arch and Cable, Structural Analysis.

3. Author unknown, Theory of Arched Structures, https://link.springer.com/ , (accessed

October 25, 2020)

4. Temple University Press, Chapter 6: Arch and Cables, http://temple.manifoldapp.org/ ,

(accessed October 22, 2020)

5. Structx, Two Hinge Arch - Parabolic, http://structx.com/Arch_Formulas_012.html ,

(accessed October 22, 2020)

10