A REVIEW PAPER: EFFICIENCY OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE

SYSTEM AND WASTEWATER REMEDIATION

Fideldia, Mary Joy, Catibayan, Darlon, Esteban, Michelle

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, Bataan
Peninsula State University – Main Campus, Capitol Compound, City of Balanga, Bataan
2100, Philippines
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The most common kind of natural calamity, floods happen when water
inundates typically dry ground. Water that collects on nearby surfaces may be too much
for drainage systems to handle. The largest hazard to floods is sewage backing up mains
and clogged drains. In addition, storm water runoff and human activity result in the
contaminated form of water known as wastewater. Sanitation refers to hygienic steps
used to protect human health by avoiding contact with waste risks. Feces, solid waste,
home wastewater, and industrial waste are a few types of waste that might have
negative health effects. The major objective of this study is to provide answers or
alternatives to prevent flooding and water shortages in order to address the issue of
flooding and the progressive shortage of fresh water, which is the most pressing concern
for all humans. Cities flood as a result of poor drainage facility maintenance, improper
drainage facility design, and clogged by debris carried by floods. Sustainable Urban
Drainage Systems can significantly contribute to the decrease of urban flooding, but they
are not a remedy for the issue.

KEYWORDS: Flood, Drainage, Storm water, Waste, Wastewater, Sustainable Urban

Drainage System

INTRODUCTION

Floods are the most common type of natural disaster and occur when water
floods normally dry land. Floods are often caused by heavy rains, rapid snowmelt,
storm surges from tropical cyclones, or tsunamis in coastal areas. Drainage systems may
not be able to handle the amount of water that accumulates on surrounding surfaces.
Especially if the surrounding surface is saturated with large amounts of water. In this
case, even a small amount of additional precipitation can cause flooding. Clogged drains
can cause major flooding problems. Clogged mains are the biggest threat to sewage
clogging toilets and drains throughout your home. These types of floods are usually
localized but can still cause significant damage.

Based on an analysis of the collected literature, these are among the few that
focus almost equally on the occurrence of floods in our region or parts of other
countries. First, the conventional drainage system is still in use, which raises the risk of
flooding because the drainage channel's size is insufficient for effectively managing
rainfall and preventing severe flooding. Utilizing flood storage areas and developing a
control system to distribute the water volumes and lower the flow peak are two ways to
lessen the impact of flooding [1-2]. Second, the main causes of flooding in Cabanatuan
City were prolonged heavy rains, blockage of rivers, canals and streams, lack of
prevention infrastructure and equipment, and inadequate implementation of waste
management systems. Flood prevention and mitigation efforts to control rivers and land
are reasonably implemented, and other mitigation measures introduced by the city
1
government are well implemented. Regarding the flood prevention and mitigation
efforts implemented by the Cabanatuan City Government, there is no significant
difference in the responses of his three groups of respondents. Monthly flood seminars
for proper awareness and preparedness, rigorous implementation of the Act, proper
coordination with communities and government agencies, and improvements in flood
control and its mitigation plans have all contributed to the improvement of respondents
to flood-free cities [3]. Year-to-year improvements to existing drainage channels,
including cleaning and desludging of drainage channels and estuaries leading to
pumping stations, have increased the volume of flood water that must be pumped in the
pumping station jurisdiction during rainy days and flood emergencies [4].

Climate change is altering weather and water patterns around the world, causing
water shortages and droughts in some regions and flooding in others. At current
consumption rates, this situation is only getting worse. By 2025, two-thirds of the
world's population could be affected by water scarcity. 70% of the water utilized
worldwide is for irrigation, 20% is for industry, and 10% is for homes. The basic goal of
wastewater treatment is to ensure that human and industrial effluents can be disposed
of without endangering human health or causing the environment unacceptable harm
[5]. Despite the fact that freshwater supplies are rapidly running out and demand is
rising, wastewater reclamation or reuse is one of the most crucial requirements of the
present situation. Treated wastewater is typically used for non-potable tasks like
farming, landscaping, irrigation, groundwater recharging, irrigation for golf courses,
vehicle washing, toilet flushing, fighting fires, and construction projects. Domestic water
and treated wastewater both contain different types of nutrients like phosphorus,
nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur, but wastewater contains the majority of these elements
in quantities that are easily assimilated by plants, making it ideal for irrigation. In
developed countries, using treated wastewater is subject to tight guidelines. In contrast,
it is common in underdeveloped countries to use untreated wastewater directly, which
raises major issues for the environment and human health [6].

The problem of flooding and the gradual shortage of fresh water, most needed
for all human beings, warrants investigation and the provision of solutions or
alternatives to avoid floods and water shortages is the main goal of this study.

This is some figure or situations are currently happening when a typhoon hits our
Country.

Figure 1: Manila Submerged by Tropical Storm Karding

(Source: https://blogs.worldbank.org/water)

2
 Figure 2: Water shortage: No water, no life.
(Source: https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/opinion/manila-water-crisis-who-is-to-
blame-a00203-20190314,https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2021/09/securingwaterurgent-
impossible-ignore-housing-inequalities/, https://www.caritas.org/2018/03/sharing
water/)

SECTION 1

Flood Control, Prevention and Mitigation

Floods are the most common type of natural disaster and occur when water floods
normally dry land. Floods are often caused by heavy rains, rapid snowmelt, storm
surges from tropical cyclones, or tsunamis in coastal areas.

Floods have many effects. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and
other species. Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant deposition of
sediment elsewhere (e.g., further downstream or along the coast). Fish spawning
grounds and other wildlife habitats can be contaminated or completely destroyed.
Continued high levels of flooding can cause traffic delays in areas without flyovers.
Flooding can affect drainage and economic use of land. B. It affects agriculture.
Structural damage can occur to abutments, shorelines, sewers, and other structures
within flood channels. Shipping and hydropower are often affected. Economic losses
from flooding typically run into the millions of dollars each year.

Flood control is designed to protect coastal and river areas, including urban and rural
communities, housing and other economically valuable areas, and the people who live
there. Several methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times. These
methods include planting vegetation to retain additional water, terraced hillsides to
slow downhill runoff, and building flood channels (man-made channels to drain
floodwaters). Other techniques include building embankments, dikes, dams, or
reservoirs to hold additional water during floods.

In many countries, flood-prone rivers are carefully managed. Defensive structures such
as dikes, dikes, reservoirs and weirs are used to keep rivers from overflowing their
banks. When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags and portable
inflatable tubes are deployed. Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and
America by coastal defenses such as levees, beach fills, and breakwaters.

Levees are another method of flood protection. Dikes reduce the risk of flooding
compared to other methods. Helps prevent damage. However, it is better to combine
levees with other flood protection methods to reduce the risk of levee failure.

Weirs, also known as Low head Dams, are most commonly used to create mill ponds,
but the Humber in Toronto near Raymore Drive to prevent recurrence of flooding
caused by 1954 Hurricane His Hazel. A weir was built on the river. 1/5 of the street.

The devastating impacts of floods on human settlements and economic activity are
numerous. Floods can be profitable; however, flooding can Make the soil more fertile
and supply the missing nutrients. Regular flooding was essential to the well-being of
ancient communities along the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Ganges, Yellow, etc. rivers.

3
The profitability of hydrologically-based renewable energy sources is higher in flood-
prone areas.

Various measures are in place to reduce flooding and flood damage, but drainage issues
are still one of the problems main tasks. Alternative flood protection measures include:
Reservoirs to reduce peak flood discharge. based on Hydrological, Topographic and
Flood Information Collected from Governments and Individuals Agencies, tank systems
have been proposed in research as alternative flood control measures Area to reduce
flood level and determine planned storage tank volume. [10] As an improvement of the
drainage system, Damage to houses and public facilities. Minimize public and private
losses Real estate contributes greatly to the improvement and enhancement of living
standards Stability of life and serious traffic congestion Flooding in Metro Manila.
Limited information on the current status of existing drainage channels. [4] Effective
flood management in densely populated urban areas is a major challenge. Computer
modeling It plays an important role in the proper management of urban drainage
systems. Efforts have been made in this research It was created to develop an efficient
urban drainage model where hydraulic results are obtained from the developed model.
The SWMM model was linked to a PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) controller to
control flooding. The resulting model can be significantly optimized for flood levels in
urban water bodies and can be used as follows. An effective tool for controlling urban
floods. [11]

Subsection 1

Flood Control System Introducing Storage Tank in Manila City Hall

According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA), flooding is characterized as an “abnormal progressive rise in
the water level of a stream that may result in the overflowing by the water of the normal
confines of the stream with the subsequent inundation of areas which are not normally
submerged (2006).” Floods are categorized according to its natural and artificial causes.

In the city of Manila, the natural causes of flooding includes the overflowing of the
Pasig-Marikina-San Juan Rivers due to high river level coupled with high tides during
the wet season from May to October; inadequate inland drainage facilities to handle the
excess local surface run-off particularly in the low-lying central part of the city; high
water level in Laguna Lake which affects the lake’s shores for extended periods, as a
result of excessive run-off and limited lake outflows; and probable-land subsidence
(Daligdig, & Besana, 1993).

Such human interventions like squatter encroachment on the waterways resulting in

blockage of its flow and restricted access for undertaking maintenance activities; lack of
upgrading the drainage capacity in the construction of roads, water supplies, telephone
system and other infrastructural facilities; rapid random urbanization which results in
increased surface runoff; bridges which are too low and/or too narrow to allow the
passage of increased flow in rivers and creeks during the wet season; and indiscriminate
disposal of rubbish on the roads, and in drains, rivers and channels which causes
clogging and reduction of capacity of drainage (UN-Habitat, 1995). Historically, Manila
suffered from major floods from the 1940s to the 1980s (Department of public works and
highways. To reduce and prevent flood hazards, Measures implemented by structurally
related structural measures Construction and non-physical measures, including zoning
ordinances, education and public Information (JICA, 1990 & 2005). Retention ponds are
one of the effective methods available to reduce impacts. Urbanization by runoff (Lee,
4
1985). According to the Federal Highway Administration in 2011, An important function
of drainage is flood control, as its capacity contributes to this. The severity of flooding,
especially in highly urbanized areas. in line Researchers Decide to Introduce Retention
Ponds as Alternative Flood Underground drainage control system for stormwater runoff
It provides water volume control especially applied in urban areas. Small places where
other alternatives for flood protection are not available due to lack of space.

Flood mitigation approaches fall into two categories: structural and non-structural.
Structural forms of mitigation reduce damage by restructuring the landscape. Non-
structural measures reduce damage by removing people and objects from the hazard
area.

Figure 2: Forms of Flood Mitigation (Source:

https://www.ncsl.org/research/environment-and-natural-resources/flood-
mitigation.aspx#:~:text=They%20include%20floodwalls%2Fseawalls%2C
%20floodgates,%2C%20subdivision%2C%20and%20building%20codes.)

Subsection 2

Flood Control and Drainage System of Espana Boulevard in Metro Manila

Flood control and drainage are used as a means of reducing the depth of floods or
eliminating them by 'controlled flooding' in order to make crop production safer. In

5
1964, a master plan was drawn up containing 58 flood control and drainage projects
covering an area of approximately 5.8 million hectares.

Philippine Atmosphere, Geophysics, Astronomical Service the United States

Government (PAGASA) defines “flood” as an abnormally progressive rise in sea level.
The water level of a river that causes it to overflow above its normal level Current limits
with subsequent flooding in areas where they are not Dive normally.

In Luzon, Notable examples are the Agno River, the Pampanga River Basin, and the
Marikina River. The Pasig Delta where the city of Manila was built. Based on an analysis
of the current situation of sewage intakes in Manila, Suburbs are created considering the
flow rate and flow capacity of existing drainage channels. Channels, directional flow on
the drain side, interconnectivity within each channel Drainage blocks and catchment
topography.

The analysis results show the discharge and flow capacity of the drainage laterals in
manila and suburbs to be inadequacy of several channels for 2 year and 10-year floods
[10]. Because of the inadequacy capacity of drainage storm water of the most drainage
laterals, drainage mains and open channels, the low-lying areas of Manila and suburbs
such as Sampaloc (North of the Pasig River) and San Antonio-Palanan Pio Del Pilar
(South of the Pasig River) become prone to flooding.

The limited flow capacity of drainage channels was found out to be the caused by one or
several combinations of the following: undersized drainage channels, unevenly laid
slope of the conduit, irregular channel profile inconsistent drain size, clogged manholes
sediments deposits along the drainage channels, overflowing of the estuary, floodwater
spilling to neighboring areas and submerged crown elevation at the outlet[1].Also
contribute the significant reduction of their carrying capacity, and thereby aggravating
the problem of flooding in the most part of Manila and suburbs area: the encroachment
of estuary and waterways by informal settlers, uncoordinated infrastructure
development activities by various public utility agencies, indiscriminate disposal of
garbage, and increased run-off resulting from rapid urban development. Considering
that the flooding problem is regional in the scope and involves several closely connected
drainage blocks, drainage mains, estuary, and pumping stations that is necessary to
comprehensive drainage planning should be undertaken through a master plan study.
to develop long-term solutions The master plan will either find a balance in the flood
problem or combination of structural and non-structural measures. structure is Add the
following: Construction, improvement of additional drainage Rehabilitation and
improvement of existing drainage lines in estuaries, etc. Divert the drain to a less
stressed line and seal the drain block Reduce problem areas to manageable levels and
redesign or Reconstruction of the entire drainage system. Study of drainage system
along Boulevard de España aims to improve health Society, safety and quality of life.
Metro Manila suffers floods every rainy season The main cause is due to the malfunction
of the existing drainage system. Reasonable maintenance under these circumstances.

Existing drainage systems in Manila and suburbs consist of closed type Main channel
and open channel called "drain main" or "fallout" A "stream" or "estuary" called
secondary or tertiary drainage "Drainage line" and pump station. First drainage work It
was based on the Manila and Suburban Drainage Plan. master plan Created in 1952 by
then-Bureau of Public Works (BPW), later system Improvements were based on a lateral
revision of the 1952 master plan [10, 4]. one of Such revisions were made in 1978 as part
of Manila and Suburban Flood Control. project”, the other was implemented in 1984
under the “Metro Manila Integrated Municipal Drainage”. Flood Control Master Plan by
Ministry of Public Works and Highways” This is called the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH) [11]. DPWH is now responsible for the installation and
6
maintenance of drainage channels. Facilities along the highway. Local Government Unit
(LGU) On the other hand, they are responsible for the construction and maintenance of
the drainage system. Facilities along town roads and city roads. DPWH has installed 35
drainage mains (drains) along national highways in Metro Manila, all of which are the
total length is 34 kilometers [11], [5]. No consolidated data as for the drainage works
built by various LGUs, most streets in the city Drain pipes are installed in Manila and
suburbs. Suburbs of Manila with 15 sump pumping stations Stormwater into the Pasig
River or Manila Bay [4]. All these stations are in operation, maintained by DPWH and
designed to drain 10 years of rainwater Return time for these pumping stations. 7 bodies
have gathered Operated with foreign funding from 1976 to 1977 Economic Cooperation
Fund (OECF) [5, 7]. These seven stations are shown in Figure 1. Valencia, Quiapo,
Pandacan, Aviles Sampaloc, Paco and train station. Clara and Tripa de Galina [6]

Manila Water Company Inc currently provides water collection, production, distribution
and reuse services to the public, especially in the eastern part of Metro Manila, with the
vision of ensuring safe drinking water for Filipino citizens. is a private water company.

As water travels long distances between states, multiple pumping stations are deployed
at various locations in the region. For example: Lucban Pumping Station, San Rafael
Pumping Station, Siruna Pumping Station, Tikling Reservoir, etc… In 2010, Manila
Water is proud to announce that it has chosen Phoenix Contact Automation's space-
saving solutions including I/O, relays, Ethernet switches and power supplies to
participate in a remote pumping station control and monitoring upgrade. think.

Figure 3: Manila Water Inc (Pumping Station Monitoring and Control System)
(Source:https://blog.phoenixcontact.com/marketing-sea/2011/03/case-study-manila-
water-inc/)

Subsection 3

Flood control in an urban drainage system using a linear controller

Flash floods occur mainly in cities It is highly variable in time and space due to its
relatively large enclosed area. This is due to high infrastructure development rates and
correspondingly low penetration rates. Increased runoff (El Alfy 2016) often exceeds
existing stormwater runoff, causing flooding. A realistic and financially viable option is
therefore to use existing drainage networks and introduce control structures such as
7
gates in appropriate locations. Therefore, it is important to consider all variables to
achieve efficient and effective governance. Since the mid-1960s, there has been research
into implementing optimal control algorithms. Complex canal system (Levin 1969; Liu et
al. 1999; Clemens & Wallin2004; Litrico & Fromion 2004), an algorithm was developed to
determine gate scheduling. Based on linear programming, nonlinear programming, or
dynamic programming. Application of automatic control technology to urban drainage
system is a means to overcome the problem of urban flooding. Non-linearity, probability
theory precipitation patterns, etc. Papageorgiou and Messmer (1985) proposed some
design rules that can be easily applied to a fairly wide class. Water flow and water level
problem based on linear control theory. Follow-up (1989) They designed a proportional-
integral (PI) controller based on the long-flow dynamic model. Natural flow control
problem.

This study also Includes a feasibility study of linear proportional-integral-derivative

(PID) controllers. Quickly and efficiently achieve water level targets in urban water
bodies. Experience in developing countries has shown that existing drainage systems
cannot cope with this. Rapid urbanization creates excess runoff during severe storms.
The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology. This is the SWMM program
used for hydraulic results. PID controller for efficient operation of urban drainage
systems.

3.1 Control system

Control systems have become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing
and industry process. The first step in design is setting goals for the system. B. maybe
exactly Check flow or level in open channels. The second is to identify the variables to
control (e.g., opening settings and water body levels) and third, describe related
specifications. the precision you need. The latter leads to the identification of sensors to
measure what is being controlled. variable. This is where the concept of compromise
comes into play. An acceptable compromise between desirable and conflicting
standards. The design process requires efficient compromises under conditions such as
overshoot, ringing, etc. Time or error convergence. Then you can select your controller.
proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers play an important role in flow and
level control in the process industry (Wong & Wheels 1994; Campisano & Modica 2002).
Although there are many studies reporting on its use, management of irrigation canals
(Balogun et al. 1988; Sawadogo et al. 1995), there are few reports on its application to
urban drainage networks. PID controllers have been the most popular form in the
process industry since the 1960s. However, important developments have been made in
advanced control theory (Dong & Brosilow 1997). Calculations (algorithms) for PID
controllers include proportional, Integral and derivative values, hence their name. The
proportional value determines the response. The current error, the integral determines it
based on the sum of the last error and the derivative Determine it for the rate at which
the error changed. the weighted sum of these three Actions are used to adjust the
process via controls such as aperture settings. In civil engineering, control theory has
been applied to a variety of problems, such as gating irrigation canals (Reddy 1991).
Eker et al. (2003) designed a level controller using H ∝. Optimization procedure
involving water flow and head for sequential pump systems many reservoirs.

3.2 Control system concepts

Continuous control systems usually require a target, called a setpoint, such as the water
level. and drainage system flow, which should be designed in a targeted manner.
Requirements Very diverse. B. Small trajectory error, good interference suppression,
relatively low control effort; Low sensitivity to measurement noise, high robustness to
8
modeling errors, low overshoot, high speed Even if you're used to it, you still have to
cram everything into a small set of design specs. Handled by available design methods.

Figure 4: Modeling and real-time manipulate of city drainage systems (Source:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0309170815001931)

SECTION 2

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Primary Treatment

In this preliminary step, raw wastewater is being treated to eliminate gross,

suspended, and floating solids. Screening is used to catch solid items, and sedimentation
using gravity is used to get rid of suspended solids. Although chemicals can
occasionally be employed to speed up the sedimentation process, this physical
solid/liquid separation is a mechanical process. [6] Sedimentation's primary objective is
to enable the separation of solid and liquid phase fractions in wastewater. As a result, it
removes the swiftly settling particles, mostly organic and foaming materials like fats,
oils, and lipids. [7] Gravitational settling of heavy particles suspended in a mixture is a
basic and often utilized unit operation in wastewater treatment. Grit and other particle
matter are removed using this method in the main settling basin, biological flock is
removed using this method in the activated sludge settling basin, and chemical flow is
removed using this method when using the chemical coagulation process. [Wastewater
Treatment Methodologies, Review Article]

Secondary (Biological) Treatment

This step aids in getting rid of any dissolved organic materials that got past the
initial treatment. The organic material is eaten by microbes, who use it as fuel by
breaking it down into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The biological process is then
followed by further settling to remove more of the suspended particles. Secondary
treatment can get rid of around 85% of the suspended solids and biological oxygen
demand (BOD). This procedure additionally separates the biological sludge from the
clear water by removing carbonaceous contaminants that collect in the secondary
settling tank. This sludge can be used in a biogas plant as a co-substrate along with other
wastes to produce biogas, which is a mixture of CH4 and CO2. In order to spread energy
further, it produces heat and electricity. The remaining, clear water is subsequently

9
treated to remove the carbon and nitrogen using nitrification or denitrification. In
addition, the water is treated with chlorine after passing through a sedimentation basin.
The water may still be contaminated with various microbiological, chemical, and metal
contaminations at this point. Therefore, the water must go through additional filtration
before entering a disinfection tank in order to be reused, such as for irrigation. Here, the
wastewater is cleaned using sodium hypochlorite. The water has been treated, and it is
now deemed safe to use for irrigation. The gravity thickening tank, which operates with
a constant supply of air, is used to further process the solid wastes produced during the
main and secondary treatment operations. [6]

Tertiary or Advanced Treatment Processes

It can be regarded as the aerobic attached-growth biological treatment method

that removes organic material from wastewater that is utilized the most frequently.
[Wastewater Treatment Methodologies, Review Article] When particular components,
chemicals, or pollutants cannot be entirely eliminated following the secondary treatment
phase, the tertiary treatment method is used. Therefore, the tertiary treatment
procedures guarantee that about 99% of all pollutants are eliminated from wastewater.
Water is treated separately or in combination using cutting-edge techniques like US
(ultrasonication), UV (ultraviolet light treatment), and O3 (exposure to ozone) to make it
safe for drinking. This procedure aids in removing bacteria and heavy metal
contamination that is still present in the water after treatment. The water is secondarily
treated for the purpose by first subjecting it to ultrasonication, after which it is subjected
to UV radiation and then passed through an ozone chamber to completely remove
contaminant. [6] Fungus, viruses, and protozoa are effectively eradicated by the
straightforward, inexpensive, and environmentally sustainable water treatment process
known as solar water disinfection (SODIS). Microorganisms can be killed by solar
ultraviolet (UV) light through direct or indirect methods. It has been shown that SODIS
and H2O2 significantly improve disinfection. After being disinfected, it breaks down
into water and oxygen. [7]

10
Fig. 3 A wastewater treatment schematic highlighting the various methods that result in
a progressively improved quality of the wastewater from the source to the intended use
of the treated wastewater for irrigation purposes

We advocate measuring the quality of treated water at each stage of the

treatment process, which is a key component of our wastewater treatment approach.
The treated water can be made accessible for irrigation, drinking, or other home
applications after it has been confirmed that the required purification criteria have been
fulfilled. [6]

Wastewater Treatment by Using Plant Species

Since some naturally occurring plants use pollutants and toxins as a source of
nutrients, they can potentially be used to clean wastewater. Utilizing certain plant
species for wastewater treatment may be simple to operate, cost-effective, and energy-
efficient. The effectiveness of five plant species (Centella asiatica, Ipomoea aquatica, Salvinia
molesta, Eichhornia crassipes, and Pistia stratiotes) in phytoremediation was examined in
situ, where the wastewater is being produced, and a significant reduction in three
pollutants, namely phosphate concentrations, ammoniacal nitrogen, and total
suspended solids (TSS). [6]

Wastewater Treatment by Using Microorganisms

There is a wide variety of bacteria that can be used in biological wastewater

systems, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and various Bacillus
strains. During the treatment of wastewater, these bacteria function in cluster forms such
as floc, biofilm, or granules. Due to their use in wastewater treatment, microalgae have
recently captured the interest of researchers as an alternative solution. The unicellular or
multicellular photosynthetic microbe known as algae can thrive in salt water, on water
surfaces, or in moist soil. Through their anaerobic system, they use an excessive amount
of nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon for their growth and
metabolism. This characteristic of algae also prevents eutrophication, or the excessive
deposition of nutrients in bodies of water. Algae produce oxygen during the process of
digesting nutrients, which the heterotrophic aerobic bacteria can then use to break down
both organic and inorganic contaminants. [6]

Wetlands

These could be manmade (human) wetland areas or natural systems for releasing
specific types of effluent. Wetland systems purify water through flotation, settling, and
microbial decomposition. Wetlands have the potential to act as permanent sinks for
these contaminants by acting as organic debris and sediment filters. [7] By altering
current streams or water courses, most frequently through excavation, in-stream
wetlands are produced. By driving water around islands, land wedges, dense
vegetation, or other obstructions, flow pathways are optimized. Wetland outlets may be
created with a restricted flow, holding back water for a longer time. Reduced velocities
can encourage the deposition of sediments and solids in the wetland and also lessen the
possibility of downstream bank erosion. [5]

Dichlorination

Before being reused or discharged to receiving waters, dichlorination is the

removal of free and total mixed chlorine residue from chlorinated wastewater effluent.
Dichlorination can be done with activated carbon or by adding a reducing agent like
sodium sulfite (Na2 SO3), sodium metabisulfite (Na2 S2 O5), or sulfur dioxide (SO2). It's
vital to remember that dichlorination won't get rid of any existing hazardous
byproducts. [Wastewater Treatment Methodologies, Review Article]
11
Absorption

Due to its effectiveness, affordability, and environmental friendliness, adsorption

is regarded as one of the best technologies used for wastewater treatment. It is strong
enough to enforce industry-wide high runoff regulations and water reuse obligations.
Adsorption essentially involves the mass transfer of a metal ion from a solution to the
surface of a sorbent, where it is bonded by physical and/or chemical interactions. The
efficacy, capacity, selectivity, and reusability of these adsorbents are thus significantly
influenced by the functional groups.

Generally speaking, the following are the key steps in the adsorption of
contaminants on solid adsorbent:
1. metal ion transfer from bulk solution to the adsorbent's outer surface.
2. Internal mass transfer from the outer surface of the adsorbent to the inner
surface of the porous structure via pore diffusion.
3. Adsorption of adsorbate onto the porous adsorbent's active regions.
4. The last step of adsorption is quite quick compared to the other two steps,
therefore either film formation or intra particle diffusion—or both—determines the
overall rate of adsorption.

SECTION 3

Sustainable Urban Drainage System

SUDs Techniques
Iinsufficient drainage systems has grown to be a serious issue. Green-fields
development and urban renewal are increasing [9] . The SUD system with green strips,
ponds, marshes and green roofs has many advantages such as: B. Attenuate stormwater
runoff, reduce the risk of urban flooding, and improve urban water management. They
act as noise dampeners and reduce air pollution. In addition, green roofs also enhance
wildlife and biodiversity and create new habitats to reduce heat in the local
microclimate. As well as prevent flooding and increase water availability. [8]

Table 1: Put the caption here center-aligned and in sentence case

(Source: SUDS 2: E-Learning Platform for IFM)

Green roofs can reduce stormwater runoff and velocity by using the vegetation
placed on top of the building to retain water. Beneath the surface of this plant are layers
of soil or substrate, drainage protection, impregnation, and insulation.

Permeable sidewalks can be used to reduce runoff rates and volumes from urban
areas. They control runoff and at the same time maintain the area's value for urban
development. The surface permeability should be greater than the design rainfall
intensity and should include all runoff from adjacent impervious areas. Storage volume
12
can be calculated based on the volume and porosity of the underlying storage layer. It
takes 1-2 days for the reservoir to empty.

Troughs may be designed for infiltration and removal of contaminants, but

primarily transport water from the site. Pollutants can be removed during frequent
minor storms, but during infrequent storms (every two years or once every decade),
swallows act as a storage and transport mechanism. Wetlands can be difficult to
incorporate into steep sites where it is difficult to slow the flow. Wetlands require
relatively slow water flow to remove contaminants and prevent erosion. Velocity
depends on soil type, but should not exceed 2 m/s.

Ponds increase the duration of a river's hydrograph, resulting in reduced peak

flow. Also known as rainwater ponds, reservoirs, and wet extension reservoirs, they can
be used for water pollution attenuation, storage, and wetlands. Retention, storage,
permeation, recreational purposes

Wetlands generally include shallow water and aquatic basins that can provide
biofiltration. Engineered wetlands remove contaminants through sedimentation, plant
uptake, microbial degradation and filtration. Storm marshes are specifically designed to
treat surface water. It can have an antechamber to collect suspended solids (SS) and can
be designed to hold longer at lower currents. Despite the fact that the sides may be
sloping or sloping to facilitate varying water depths, there is a higher percentage of
emerging vegetation compared to open water. They are typically not designed to
provide significant damping, but can provide temporary storage above the permanent
water level. [9]

Bbenefits of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs)

The term sustainable urban drainage (SUD) is used to describe forms of urban
drainage that provide environmental, environmental and social benefits. SUDs are
generally related to rainwater or rainwater quantity and quality (runoff quality) and the
recreational value of surface water in urban environments. This is in contrast to other
types of urban drainage such as open monsoon drains and open canals which can cause
flash floods, water pollution and soil contamination. This has increased the magnitude
and frequency of floods. This is because traditional urban open drainage systems, such
as concrete monsoon drains, do not address flash floods and poor-quality rainwater. [8]
Large, open monsoon drains are also subject to garbage disposal due to their high levels
of pollution, and the rivers that flow into them are similarly polluted.

As a result, SUDs must combat flash floods not only by retaining stormwater at
its source, but also by effectively draining cities further downstream into receiving water
bodies. The Sustainable Urban Drainage System 'SUDS' is an innovative and aesthetic
approach to stormwater management for urban land development that replicates the
natural drainage regime and its characteristics. Rainfall runoff is collected and
temporarily stored via SUDS to avoid flash floods. This type of drainage also allows
natural treatment of stormwater at the source prior to infiltration, and the treated
stormwater flows into the receiving area via controlled release. We integrate into the
landscape surrounding the development and carry out water treatment for the purpose
of pollution prevention, flood control, groundwater recharge, and environmental
improvement. Effluents are processed through enhanced natural mechanisms such as
filtration, osmosis, biological uptake and deposition. It is important to understand how
these techniques work together to achieve sustainability goals in the most practical, cost-
effective and profitable way. In addition, SUD systems, including green spaces,
vegetation and green roofs, are also effective in cooling effects controlling unsustainable
heat and his UHI, lotions and mudflows. [8]

13
 Figure 1: Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Benefits
(Source: Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) | The Flood Hub)

Sustainable urban drainage systems adopt strategies

 Reduces the likelihood of contaminants entering the water body.

 Reduce impermeable areas to reduce runoff.
 Damping suppresses outflow.
 Allow the water to soak into the soil.
 Slowly pump water to the surface (where it is easy to inspect and potentially
provides local comfort and wildlife habitat). Allow the sediment to settle.
 Only then should the effluent be diverted from the site if it cannot be managed on
site, but still slowly.

CONCLUSION AND INSIGHTS

Heavy rainfall, clogging of rivers, canals and streams, lack of prevention

infrastructure and equipment, and poor implementation of waste management systems
can be the main causes of flooding. Inadequate design of drainage channels and
structures, poor maintenance of drainage facilities, and clogging with debris carried by
floods cause cities to become submerged. Based from the findings and conclusions, the
following are offered for remediation of polluted drainage: Review of drainage design,
Weekly monitoring, and The development of minor treatment technologies is necessary
to collect and reuse storm-water or flood water in place of reusing sewage water in order
to achieve ecological, social, and economic objectives. This risk increases as the world's
population moves more and more into cities, and the question of how to address it
persists. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems are not a solution for the problem of
urban floods, but they can play a significant role in its reduction.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All the authors are highly grateful to the many other authors whose articles, journals
were made as their references, and wishes to express their unending gratitude to the
authority of the respective departments and institutions for theirs ssupport in doing this
compilation of information and references of this paperr.

Above all, thanks and praises to the Greatest Mentor of all.

14
REFERENCES

[ Binesh, N., Niksokhan, M. H., Sarang, A., & Rauch, W. (2019). Improving
1 sustainability of urban drainage systems for climate change adaptation using
] best management practices: a case study of Tehran, Iran. Hydrological Sciences
Journal, 64(4), 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1585857

[ Wihaji, W., Achmad, R., & Nadiroh, N. (2018). Policy evaluation of runoff,
2 erosion and flooding to drainage system in Property Depok City, Indonesia.
] IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 191(1).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/191/1/012115

[ Joefil Jocson, E. C., Noel TFlorencondia, E., Gener SSubia, E., Centro, A., Norte,
3 A., Sur, A., Sikat, B., Bayan, B., & Bulalo, B. (2019). Flood Prevention and
] Mitigation Initiatives towards a Flood-Free City. Technology, and Sciences
(ASRJETS) American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, 58(1), 215–224.
http://asrjetsjournal.org/

[ Ganiron, T. U. (2015). Flood Control and Drainage System of Espana

4 Boulevard in Metro Manila. International Journal of Disaster Recovery and
] Business Continuity, 6, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijdrbc.2015.6.03

[ Rashed, A., & Rachid, A. (2008). Polluted Drainage Water Natural On-Stream
5 Remediation Samaha-Dakahliya municipal wastewater treatment Plant View project.
] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277248495

[ Kesari, K. K., Soni, R., Jamal, Q. M. S., Tripathi, P., Lal, J. A., Jha, N. K.,
6 Siddiqui, M. H., Kumar, P., Tripathi, V., & Ruokolainen, J. (2021). Wastewater
] Treatment and Reuse: a Review of its Applications and Health Implications. In
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution (Vol. 232, Issue 5). Springer Science and Business
Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05154-8

[ Abd-Elaty, I., Kuriqi, A., & Shahawy, A. el. (2022). Environmental rethinking of
7 wastewater drains to manage environmental pollution and alleviate water
] scarcity. Natural Hazards, 110(3), 2353–2380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-
05040-w

[ <div class="csl-entry">Chan, N. W., Tan, M. L., Ghani, A. A., &#38; Zakaria, N.

8 A. (2019). Sustainable urban drainage as a viable measure of coping with heat
] and floods due to climate change. <i>IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science</i>, <i>257</i>(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-

15
 1315/257/1/012013</div>

[ García, L., Barreiro-Gomez, J., Escobar, E., Téllez, D., Quijano, N., & Ocampo-
9 Martinez, C. (2015). Modeling and real-time control of urban drainage systems:
] A review. Advances in Water Resources, 85, 120–132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.08.007

[ <div class="csl-entry">Harold, J., Castro, S., Aiselyn, G., Badenas, T., Caldit, W.
1 M., Saiyari, D. M., &#38; Eurolfan, B. G. (n.d.). <i>A Study on Flood Control
0 System Introducing Storage Tank in Manila City Hall Area</i>.
] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278968140</div>

[ <div class="csl-entry">Rai, P. K., Dhanya, C. T., &#38; Chahar, B. R. (2017). Flood

1 control in an urban drainage system using a linear controller. <i>Water Practice and
1 Technology</i>, <i>12</i>(4), 942–952. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.102</div>
]

https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/flood-control-and-disaster-
management#:~:text=Some%20methods%20of%20flood%20control%20have%20been
%20practiced%20since%20ancient%20times.&text=These%20methods%20include
%20planting%20vegetation,made%20channels%20to%20divert%20floodwater).

https://www.iwapublishing.com/news/flood-control-and-disaster-
management#:~:text=Some%20methods%20of%20flood%20control%20have%20been
%20practiced%20since%20ancient%20times.&text=These%20methods%20include
%20planting%20vegetation,made%20channels%20to%20divert%20floodwater).

https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/
Flood_Control_Drainage_and_Irrigation_Projects

https://www.who.int/health-topics/floods

16