Emerging Technologies Chapter 4

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Chapter Four: Internet of Things (IoT)

4.1. Overview of IoT

• important features of IoT:
➢ AI
▪ IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart” with the power of
data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks
➢ Connectivity
▪ IoT networking - networks between its system devices
▪ Networks are smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical
➢ Sensor
▪ transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an
active system capable of real-world integration
➢ Active Engagement
▪ active content, product, or service engagement
➢ Small Devices
▪ Devices have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over
time
 ▪ purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and
versatility
4.1.1. What is IoT?
• IoT is the networking of smart objects, huge number of devices intelligently
communicating in the presence of internet protocol that cannot be directly
operated by human beings
• smart objects have some constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and
processing accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart objects
• IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the presence of
the internet in such a way that new applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication in the cloud.
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

Generally
• IoT is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to
collect and exchange data
• IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers
and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-
human or human-to-computer interaction
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 • IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data over
the internet without any human intervention
• Simply stated, the Internet of Things consists of any device with an on/off
switch connected to the Internet
• IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and
integration within a system
• IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and
robotics. IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices,
and modern attitudes towards technology
4.1.2. History of IoT
Development necessary component for developing the Internet of Things:
✓ first radio voice transmission took place on June 3, 1900
✓ development of computers began in the 1950s
✓ The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part of
DARPA in 1962 and evolved into ARPANET in 1969
✓ Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993,
Satellites and landlines provide basic communications for much of the IoT
✓ IPV6’s remarkably intelligent decision to increase address space
• The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999.
One of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the early 1980s
and was a Coca Cola machine
• By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a system using
multiple technologies
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 • Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was the first to
describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999 speech.
• Kevin Ashton stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a
prerequisite for the Internet of Things. He concluded if all devices were
“tagged,” computers could manage, track, and inventory them
• To some extent, the tagging of things has been achieved through
technologies such as digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes
4.1.3. IoT – Advantages
1. Improved Customer Engagement
✓ to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
2. Technology Optimization
✓ aid in more potent improvements to technology
✓ IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data
3. Reduced Waste
✓ IoT provides real-world information leading to the more effective
management of resources
4. Enhanced Data Collection
✓ It allows an accurate picture of everything
4.1.4. IoT – Disadvantages
1) potential that a hacker could steal confidential information
2) likelihood of every connected corruption due to a bug in the system
3) difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each
other
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 4) millions of IoT devices; collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.
4.1.5. Challenges of IoT
• list of some its major issues:
a. Security
✓ IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating over networks
✓ The system offers little control despite any security measures
✓ It leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
b. Privacy
✓ sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.
c. Complexity
✓ complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance
d. Flexibility
✓ Concern about IoT system to integrate easily with another because of
several conflicting or locking systems
e. Compliance
✓ Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging
4.2. How does it work?
4.2.1. Architecture of IoT
• IoT device consists of hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors
• four major components:
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 1. Sensing Layer
▪ It identify any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain data
from the real world
▪ It is consists of several sensors
▪ Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs
➢ sensor hub: a common connection point for multiple sensors
that accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing unit
of a device
➢ Actuators: intervene to change the physical conditions that
generate the data.
✓ Example: actuator might shut off a power supply, adjust
airflow valve
▪ Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three:
A.Motion Sensors
o measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of
the devices
o two types of motions
o linear motion - refers to the linear displacement of an
IoT device
o angular motion - rotational displacement of the device
B.Environmental Sensors
o sense the change in environmental parameters in the
device’s peripheral
o such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc
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 o It help the devices to take autonomous decisions according
to the changes of a device’s peripheral
C.Position sensors
o deal with the physical position and location of the device
o The two common position sensors
• Magnetic sensors - used as digital compass and help
to fix the orientation of the device display
• Global Positioning System (GPS) - for navigation
purposes
2. Network Layer
▪ Act as a communication channel to transfer data, collected in the
sensing layer, to other connected devices
▪ allow data flow between other devices within the same network
▪ implemented by using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, etc.)
3. Data Processing Layer
▪ takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to
make decisions based on the result
▪ In some IoT devices it also saves the result of the previous analysis
to improve the user experience
▪ It may share the result of data processing with other connected
devices via the network layer
4. Application Layer

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 ▪ implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to
accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices
▪ It is user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users
▪ Example: smart transportation, smart home, personal care, etc
4.2.2. Devices and Networks
• Every device talks to other related devices in an environment to automate
home and industrial tasks, and to communicate usable sensor data to users,
businesses and other interested parties
• devices can be categorized into three main groups: consumer, enterprise and
industrial
➢ Consumer connected devices - smart TVs, smart speakers, toys,
wearables, smart appliances
➢ industrial and enterprise IoT devices - smart meters, commercial security
systems, smart city technologies
• IoT network typically includes a number of devices with constrained resources
(power, processing, memory, among others) and some of those devices may
be massively deployed over large areas whereas others may be deployed in
hard-to-reach areas
• The efficient management of IoT networks requires considering both the
constraints of low power IoT devices and the deployment complexity of the
underlying communication infrastructure

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 • IoT landscape is depicted by an increasing number of connected devices
characterized by their heterogeneity and the presence of resources
constrained networks.
• Developing an IoT network management solution is not an easy task because
of the intrinsic constraints of IoT networks (architecture, technologies, physical
layer)
✓ it is necessary to take into account several elements such as scalability,
interoperability, energy efficiency, topology control, Quality of Service
(QoS), fault tolerance, and security
• M4DN.IoT (Management for Device and Network in the Internet of Things)
✓ It Is platform for IoT networks and devices management
✓ integrates and controls the individual functionalities of the devices in an
IoT network as well as the status and characteristics of the network
✓ defines a management structure in two scopes
➢ local management - the platform runs in the same environment as
the devices
➢ remote management – the platform controls the devices in different
networks
✓ structure of the platform is expandable, allowing the addition of new
types of network devices or applications
✓ the platform provides standard web services, such as device discovery,
data storage, and user authorities, which are basic requirements for
creating IoT applications
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4.3. IoT Tools and Platforms
IoT Platform
➢ KAA
• Manage an unlimited number of connected devices
• Set up cross-device interoperability
• Perform real-time device monitoring
• Perform remote device provisioning and configuration
• Collect and analyze sensor data
• Analyze user behavior and deliver targeted notifications
• Create cloud services for smart products
➢ SiteWhere
• Run any number of IoT applications on a single SiteWhere instance
• Spring delivers the core configuration framework
• Add devices through self-registration
• Integrates with third-party integration frameworks such as Mule any point
• Default database storage is MongoDB
• Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
• InfluxDB for event data storage
• Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data
➢ ThingSpeak
• Collect data in private channels
• Share data with public channels
• MATLAB analytics and visualizations
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 • Alerts
• Event scheduling
• App integrations
• Worldwide community
➢ DeviceHive
• Directly integrate with Alexa
• Visualization dashboard of your choice
• It supports Big data solutions such as ElasticSearch, Apache Spark,
Cassandra and Kafka for real-time and batch processing
• Connect any device
• It comes with Apache Spark and Spark Streaming support.
• Supports libraries written in various programming languages, including
Android and iOS libraries
• It allows running batch analytics and machine learning on top of your device
data
➢ Zetta
• Supports a wide range of hacker boards
• Zetta allows you to assemble smartphone apps, device apps, and cloud
apps
➢ ThingsBoard
• Real-time data visualization and remote device control
• Customizable rules, plugins, widgets and transport implementations
• Allows monitoring client-side and provision server-side device attributes.
• Support multi-tenant installations out-of-the-box.
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 • Supports transport encryption for both MQTT and HTTP(s) protocols.
4.4. Applications of IoT
❖ Agriculture
➢ indoor planting
✓ monitoring and management of micro-climate conditions
➢ outside planting
✓ sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data
✓ better control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems
✓ prevents wasting a precious resource
❖ Consumer Use
✓ in the form of wearables and smart homes
✓ make life easier
➢ Wearables – Fitbit, smartphones, smart watches, health monitors
➢ Smart homes
▪ house is at peak comfort
▪ Security is made more accessible
✓ Ability to control to control appliances
✓ activating a smart lock
❖ Healthcare
✓ wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’ health at home
✓ In hospitals, smart beds
✓ Putting IoT sensors on critical equipment means fewer breakdowns and
increased reliability

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 o sensors can also determine if a patient has fallen or is suffering a
heart attack
❖ Insurance
✓ Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT
wearables such as Fitbit
✓ By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies
and encourage healthier habits, which in the long run benefits everyone,
insurer, and customer alike.
❖ Manufacturing
✓ RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a product from
its start to its placement in the destination store, the whole supply chain
✓ Sensors attached to factory equipment can help identify bottlenecks in
the production line, thereby reducing lost time and waste
✓ track the performance of the machine, predicting when the unit will
require maintenance, thereby preventing costly breakdowns
❖ Retail
✓ Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control warehouse
automation and robotics, information gleaned from IoT sensors; Much of
this relies on RFIDs
✓ IoT can help analyze mall traffic so that stores located in malls can make
the necessary adjustments that enhance the customer’s shopping
experience while reducing overhead
✓ IoT helps retailers target customers based on past purchases
✓ a retailer could craft a personalized promotion for their loyal customers
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 ❖ Transportation
✓ The GPS is being utilized to help transportation companies plot faster
and more efficient routes for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding up
delivery times
✓ city planners can also use that data to help determine traffic patterns,
parking space demand, and road construction and maintenance
❖ Utilities
✓ IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions such
as humidity, temperature, and lighting
✓ The information provided by IoT sensors can aid in the creation of
algorithms that regulate energy usage and make the appropriate
adjustments
✓ With IoT-driven environmental control, businesses and private residences
can experience significant energy savings
✓ On a larger scale, data gathered by the Internet of Things can be used to
help run municipal power grids more efficiently
✓ sensors can help pinpoint outages faster, thereby increasing the
response time of repair crews and decreasing blackout times
4.4.1. IoT Based Smart Home
• Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor
different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web with
no physical distance limitations
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with each other
given the permanent availability to access the broadband internet connection
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 ➢ Remote Control Appliances:
✓ Switching on and off remotely appliances
✓ avoid accidents and save energy
➢ Weather:
✓ Displays outdoor weather conditions with the ability to transmit data
over long distances
➢ Smart Home Appliances:
✓ Refrigerators - telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire and
with all the information available on a smartphone app
✓ Washing machines - monitor the laundry remotely
✓ Kitchen - allowing remotely adjustable temperature control and
monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature
➢ Safety Monitoring:
✓ cameras, and home alarm systems
➢ Intrusion Detection Systems:
✓ Detection of window and door openings and violations to prevent
intruders
➢ Energy and Water Use:
✓ Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on
how to save cost and resources, & many more
4.3.2. IoT Based Smart City
✓ In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous
vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in
▪ energy management
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 ▪ traffic management
▪ security
➢ Structural Health:
✓ Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges and
historical monuments
➢ Lightning:
✓ intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights
➢ Safety:
✓ Digital video monitoring
✓ fire control management
✓ public announcement systems
➢ Transportation:
✓ Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages and
diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like
accidents or traffic jams.
➢ Smart Parking:
✓ Real-time monitoring of parking spaces
✓ residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces
➢ Waste Management:
✓ Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection
routes
✓ Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff
to see when garbage has been put out
4.3.3. IoT Based Smart Farming
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 ➢ Green Houses:
✓ Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and
vegetables and its quality
➢ Compost:
✓ Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc
✓ prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants
➢ Animal Farming/Tracking:
✓ Location and identification of animals grazing
✓ Study of ventilation and air quality in farms
✓ detection of harmful gases from excrements
➢ Offspring Care:
✓ Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its
survival and health
➢ Field Monitoring:
✓ Reducing spoilage and crop waste

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